here we will look at two points of references, they are very interesting for two reasons, first the render this historical transition from metaphysics, to aesthetics . their render understand good understandable, and this is a second reason, they have the virtue of exposing the fundamental problems of a model approach to fictions.
please do not from the very outset, please do know that these approach, this approach takes it origin in Leibniz than in Wollf, I told you last time, in Wollf, who as it were I complete. she's the hypothesis for which we have reached for the moment nearly the empty place, so what I mean we're about to discover, that fictions may be understood as possible worlds, but and this approach we have, but I have already this approach by reading Leibniz thousands, say this so in to some extent, we discover it to the empty place of such a definition, but Wollf the school teacher of Germany I told you.
the school teacher of German y all German philosophers especially count refer, Wollf produced such a definition, that is what we are about to study, Wollf is trying to induce states to make it clear, is trying to induce states, the Leibniz for this, that novels are possibilities is trying to make it clear, to elucidate Leibniz chance faces, that novels are possibilities separating.
first of all, first of all, that it means the absence of internal contradiction at least this possibility, means that there is no internal contradiction in to fiction, especially novels, and he repeats that these stories as pure possibilities are not composable with the created world. we knew of that, Wollf is not is only making that very clear, and he's adopting a positive point of view on it, of course it is not enough, that he pursues he is systematic resigning by positively is.
it is the first time, first time and not the last I told you, it is still the most important point of view in contemporary series of fiction, so he pursues this systematic returning by positively, this designating the nature of the links which puts the fictional story together in a systematic, whole are there remained virtual, the only clear children's links are only virtual, the relationships of compatibility included in novels, these relationships refer by definition to other possible worlds.
this is the first time, a feel of her set that fictions especially narratives refer to all the possible worlds, are you have to know that inner peace technology today. especially in American , it is similar g this point of view he is adopted, a dog the laws of nature. so we may imagine feed you all the lives of nature by postulating that to other possible words, if I have enough time I will come back to this later.
so please um read this text, this very important, it is a bit long oh and you can't read the whole tale of its books.
rational souls on god, the world and the soul of human beings, I have to tell you something about the details of the book, for well, a few centuries when Wollf is writing this book, metaphysics was divided into several parts, you have to know this it was very important, well if you reading hydrogen it is still very important in the history of western philosophy, so you have to know this, I tell you this only in order to comment the title of the book.
so metaphysics all first philosophy of was divided in first, general metaphysics, general metaphysics, which concerned with which are deals with all possible things, all possibilities, in fact, all possibilities either they exist or not or they don't good, it's about the possibility as general that's can be, of course in that sense, one of the most important principle in metaphysics, he's the principle of contradiction, because it defines in a very simple way what is possible.
metaphysics other knows about special applied to three important beings, first god, second, the human cell, and the third about is about the world.
in that sense, the book and referring to could have this teacher rational souls own special metaphysics. it would be the same, remember this, this is important you would not even understand, counts critic of pure reason if you didn't know that.
especially the geologic encounter critic of pure reason, that was not my point, but for your culture it I think it's important to know this, let's come back to the text.
when such a story is organized with such intelligence, intelligence really has here some kind of a computational meaning, or intelligence doesn't been here genius, it means the capacity to organize a very complex system without contradictions.
we such intelligence do some of you know, German I know that I am French, but I would forgive you, so do some of you know German now, this is not a big problem, but for waging who perfectly knows German, the German words here are middle on first, under when touch a story is organized with such intelligence, that we find nothing contradictory within it.
then, I can say nothing else, oh my god except that it is possible that the singing question happens, if we always only read this, we may believe it is possible in our world, no possibility here only means that there is no contradiction in it, only that.
therefore it may happen, but it may happen at the vague Adam may happen, if we asked whether or not, that it's actually a cured, then we will doubtless this discovery, that this contradicts the prison combination of things, this contradicts, the present combination of things, what does it mean the present combination of things, that is to say our world, so this contradicts our world, that is to say this story is not composable with our world, and as a result that it was not possibly in our world.
，however， it remains true and from this point we are living Leibniz, we quote Leibniz, almost precise, I would prefer to say that we reach the phases whose place which place was empty Leibniz, it was about to say that, but he didn't however it remains true, that is what is missing in order to be able to become real, must be sold outside of this world, that is to say in another connection of things, it's a story, when it is well organized and complex enough, in fact refers that is our question dean at eight another connection of sins another world.
I didn't tell you it was not quite useful, but Wollf is using a word to design this connection of things in general, this is a Wollf term which means in order in another world, here we are.
a story well organized and I told you I think it's important that it is a story, because its structure has something to do with the order of time, that is to say with composable it in the second sense, a story refers to another world, and in this way I have never considered any of these stories, and as anything but the account of something that can happen in another world.
I have never considered any of these stories as anything, but anything else but the account of something, that can happen in another world narratives narratives are about events, that can happen in another world, and the way we are believing in rules, in these events, the way we are believing in it, is grounded on the postulation of this kind of possibility.
there could be a world in which the story would a cube, this is, of course a very important text and besides I told you. this is the birth in fact of the semantic of possible worlds, this is a way to answer to see is very difficult question, what are fictions denoting, that is to say what are we believing in when we are reading novels narrative fictions.
let's go on, in a certain way, I would like to insist on it in a certain way, it can be saved that these statements merely draw the consequences from Leibniz ids, it's not wrong, but I insist it must be emphasized that they were first exposed by Leibniz in a controversial context against something else, Spinoza Hobbes Descartes, they did not imply that, we would deduce positive definition of them.
remember this, Leibniz Wollf what was far more careful, you will be convinced when we will adopt is its second first fifteen, that is to say a new way to understand the law of fictions in metaphysics, definition of Wollf definition of the novel, which refers the nature of fiction to the same antique of possible worlds.
this definition has gained not worthy fame going well beyond the seventeenth and eighteenth century, as regards the invention of philosophical aesthetics in the eighteenth century, I will mention only the writings of your own case of god shade, you will see why I will only refer to these offer your own quest of god shade, he played an important rule in the invention of aesthetics, there is a reason why I chose him, that is that god shade had the virtue of referring directly to the very important page of rational of the rational source of Wollf.
so he is working in the field of aesthetics, but he is referring to the very page I showed you in the rational sorts of Wollf, that is the reason why I choosing all of philosophers as offers in German y especially in German y would write precisely the same, at the same time, he wrote an important book well at least.
it's important for German s, he wrote quite a famous work, they say on a German critical poetic theory, and he said on a German critical poetic theory, and in this essay, this also places the question of fiction at the hurt of aesthetic investigation.
that is important, before the invention of aesthetics in the eighteenth century, the main question was imitation the main question concerning arts was imitation, well, it is not true anymore the main question according to god shadow, all the feels office is fiction, of course it is far broader give you a short, yes the fable this definition is interesting to no sorry not yet well, it's so short I didn't put it in the boy upon presentation, sorry so please do listen whoever is not able to invent good fables, does not deserve to be called the poet, even if he can write the most beautiful verses in the world.
so the main problem now is to create fictions, from this point, we must importantly to the question of the denotation of literary fictions, that is our question now, what is the notation of literary fiction that is our question, that is what is interesting is now, a question to which Wollf theory of possible worlds provides and apparently effective answered, I told you, it is very effective the problem is you will see later problem is that it is quite a in heavy posted supposition.
in fact god shed texts testifies choose put a new shift, he's not such a good chill as a fair he played an important law in aesthetics, but he's not such a good feel of her, so he testifies to a spontaneous shift, that involves giving fiction giving fictions as production of the mind, we are inventing it giving fiction an ontological foundation, this is an important shift, a very important shift, this is the production of the mind and in order to solve the problem of its denotation, but it meets on ontology code foundation.
, a metaphysical foundation if you prefer, you know the worlds metaphysics are laws the possibility of fiction, you see metaphysics make the possibility of fiction, possible metaphysics are law the possibility of fiction by placing the fable in a causal structure of a world, we may give a foundation to our fictions, if we refer them to the global causal structure of the world.
the fable to some extent we are about, we are writing a nice story of fables of philosophical views on fable, remember the beginning was in the Descartes, the fable is the recounting of and even that is possible in certain circumstances, yet that has not truly happened, and holds a useful moral truths, the fable is about a useful moral truths, it's a new point in philosophical language, it could be saved what is the favor that it is a piece of another world, it is a piece of another world, it's a remarkable definition.
we are going to make a short break, and then we will go on reading these really book of god shed, I repeat all the texts I using these lectures are in the book presentation, we are sending you to you, and believe me if you just make this a thought to read.
these texts things will appear for easier as you believe, but it's not a serious way to discover a philosophy not reading the text, you have to read text, this is our material in science as you have all the grounds also materials in philosophy is of materials is consisting in all the states, let's make a break.