使用 ❶ 连接 符号, ❷ 连词:并列连词,连接副词,❸ 关系词 连接句子。
连接符号:破折号,冒号,分号
并列 连词:(连接句子时,连接 并列的主句)
副词 连词(=连接副词): 连接句子,连接 副词从句 = 状语从句
关系词
——
(解说),❷ 冒号 :
,❸ 分号;
**,
;
有连词的功能:
;
= 逗号 ,
+连词(and,so,but…) = 并且,因此,然而…;
I like him very much;√, so
I like him very much;√;
that , because of his temper
插入语 , he had no friends to count on ;
and that he expected me to help him.
;
swimming, which she often does on Sundays 插入语;
and jogging .so
, 而且/同时 and
,因为 because
,既然since
,虽然 though
,但是 but
,然而 yet
…;
才能成一句。否则,就是两句。如 however,therefore…while
,既能做 ❶ 并列连词 连接主句,也能做 ❷ 副词连词 引导 副词从句。
while
= whereas
并列连词,引导 主句。
while
his brother is bad并列的主句.whereas
his brother is bad.
While
I was writing a letter副从, she was dancing主句.and
I enjoy singing .(并列的人称代词= 并列的主语)
and
B + 动词复数
。and
handsome (并列的形容词 = 并列的主语补足语)
but
hatescvt her.(并列的动词)
并
❷ 告诉他实情。
and
(to) tell him the truth .(并列的 不定式短语)
还是
❷ 北京 工作?
or
in Beijing?(并列的 介词短语)
不是
❶ 很好 而是
❷ 很差。
not
good at Englishbut
poor at it.(并列的 形容词短语 = 主语补语)
而
❷ 他的父亲 以他为荣。
, and
his father is proud of him.(并列的句子 = 并列的两个主句)和
❷ 他很自私(从句2)。
because
he was lazy从句1 and
he was selfish从句2(并列的 从句)
但
他的老师 喜欢他。
, but
his teacher likes him.(并列的句子 = 并列的两个主句)
还是
因为他粗心?
or
because he was careless ?(并列的 副词从句)
or
he will send a substitute.
or
+ 句子而
❷ 他的弟弟却很自大,很难相处。
but
whose brother is too arrogant to associate with .(并列的 形容词从句)
and,or,but 连接句子 的用法
例: 而他接受了我的劝告。(劝告是啥?要说明。)
And
he took my advice. ×,没说明前情,没有用这个连词的意义,连接了一个寂寞 ╮(╯▽╰)╭。例:他不确定 如何处理这个问题,但我告诉他 在他父亲来之前 别担心。而他 接受了 我的建议。
And
he took my advice .
基本 并列连词 3 个:and ,or,but
连词短语 并列连词:由基本 and ,or,but 变化和组合
both
…and
…either
…or
…
neither
…nor
conj…
not
…but
…not only
…but also
…as well as
Brather than
(= A ,not B)以上的连词短语 可以连接:并列的单词,短语,句子。
和
❷ 玛丽 都
努力工作。
Both
Peter and
Mary work hard .(并列的人名 = 并列的主语)
动词复数
和
我 都喜欢音乐。
is
fond of music.
as well as
B + A 动词
。(动词的单复数,由第一个主语 A 决定)不是
❶ 仁慈 而是
❷ 残忍。
not
kind but
cruel .(并列的形容词 = 并列的主语补足语)
不是
❶ 留就是
❷ 走。
either
stay or
leave .(并列的动词)
而不是
❷ 我。
rather than
I is
fond of music.(并列的人名 = 并列的主语)
而不是
❷ 俊的。
rather than
handsome.(并列的形容词 = 并列的主补)
, not
:A, not B,
not 本来是副词,也可以用作连词,连接两个名词,句中,not B 前后 必须加 俩逗号 ,
而不是
❷ 我。
, not
I,
is fond of music.(并列的人名 = 并列的主语),
, not
handsome.(并列的形容词 做主补)A, not B
,连接两个形容词,只加一个逗号。Ⅰ. A 和 B 做主语 的表达方式
and
B +动词复数as well as
B + A动词
no less than
B + A动词together with
B宾格 + A动词
along with
B宾格 + A动词
例: 他和我 都对音乐感兴趣。
and
I are interested in music .
as well as
I is interested in music .
no less than
I is interested in music .
together with
prep meo.=宾格 is interested in music .along with
prep meo.=宾格 I is interested in music .rather than
B + A 动词
instead of
B宾格 + A 动词
, not
B, + A 动词rather than
I is interested in music .instead of
prep meo.=宾格 is interested in music .
, not
I ,
is interested in music .
, not
that one.rather than
that one.both
A and
B +复数either
A or
B +B动词
neither
A nor
B + B动词
not
A but
B + B动词not only
A but also
B + B动词Both
he and
I are happy about it .Either
he or
I am wrong .Neither
you nor
he is wrong .Not
he but
I am to be responsible for it .Not only
they but(also)
John has passed the exam.Not only
he but(also)
I am wrong .Is
not only
he but(also)
I wrong ?不仅
❶ 去学习中文,也是
❷ 去了解更多的中国文化。
not only
to learn Chinese but also
to learn more about Chinese culture.(并列的 不定式短语)
既
❶ 因为他的聪明 也
❷ 因为他的努力。
both
because of his intelligence and
because of his hard work .(并列的 介词短语)
而不是
❷ 对绘画 感兴趣。
rather than
in painting .(并列的介词短语)
rather than
in B和
❷ 了解更多美国文化。
as well as
to learn more about American culture. (并列的 不定式短语)
and
to learn more about American culture.(并列的 不定式短语)
不连接 主句 的连词短语
例: 她 既擅长英语,也擅长 数学。
Both
she is good at English主句1 and
she is good at math主句2.both
English and
math. √ (连接 并列的名词)
例:他成功 既
❶ 因为他聪明 也
❷ 因为他工作努力。
both
because he was intelligent and
because he work hard .(既…也,连接 并列的 副词从句)
例: 你 既不能
在这里说话,也不能
在这里吃动词。
nor
you can eat food here主句2.neither
talk nor
eat food here.(既不也不,连接 并列的动词)
例: 不是
他错了,而是
你错了。
Not
he is wrong主句1,but
you are wrong主句2(不是而是,可以连接 并列主句,但一般不这样造句,非最佳选择。)Not
he but
you are wrong.(最佳)例: 你要么
听我的话,要么
就给我滚。
Either
you should listen to me主句1, or
you should get out of my sight 主句2.(可以,但不是最佳)either
listen to me or
get out of my sight .最佳(并列的 动词短语)
例: 他失败 ❶ 是因为他懒 而不是
❷ 因为他不聪明。
rather than
because he was not intelligent .(并列的 副词从句)
例: 我爱他 是因为他聪明,也因为他体贴。
as well as
because he is considerate .(并列的 副词从句)
例: 她不仅会
唱歌,她也会
跳舞。
Not only
can she sing , but
she can (also
) dance .(并列的 主句)
Not only
she is cleverNot only
is she clever , but she is also可省略 polite .Not only
is she clever , but she is polite .Not only
canmodal. she sing, but
she can Not only
hasaux he learned a lot from his teacher, but
he has done quite well in academic affairs.例: 她 不仅歌唱得好,舞跳得 也好。
Not only
does she sing well, but
she dances beautifully.
例: 我 不仅爱他,我 还想拥抱他。
Not only
do I love him, but
I feel like hugging him.例: 他那时 不仅诗歌写得好,他还能作曲。
Not only
did he write good poems, but
he could compose music.不仅…也… :
① not only…but also…
as well
(放后面)
not merely
…but also…(also 也可被替换 but…as well
)
not just
…but also… (also 也可被替换 but…as well
)
例: 她不仅漂亮,她还很善良。
Not only
is she beautiful, but
she is (also)可省略 kind.
Not only
is she beautiful, but
she is kind as well
.(连接 并列的主句)not only
beautiful but
(also)可省略 kind.
not only
beautiful but
kind as well
.(连接 并列的形容词 = 并列的主补)例: 不仅他错了,我也错了。
Not only
he but
(also)可省略 I am wrong.
Not only
he but
I as well
am wrong.(连接 并列的主语)
例: 她不仅喜欢跳舞,也喜欢唱歌。
not only
dancing but also
singing.
not merely
dancing but also
singing.(连接 并列的动名词 = 并列的宾语)not just
dancing but also
singing.not only
dancing but
singing as well
.not merely
dancing but
singing as well
.not just
dancing but
singing as well
.从句
。因为
她很好相处。
because
副词连词 she is easy to get along with从句.当
他来的时候
,我正在唱歌。
When
he came副从 I was singing主句.
随着
年龄的增长 而变得更聪明。
as
we grow older副从.because
副词连词 she is easy to get along with从句.Because
副词连词 she is easy to get along with从句,
I like her主句.because
……so
……though
……but
……Though
she is very nice,but
I don’t like her.Though
she is very nice, I don’t like her.√ (一句 一个连词,正确)but
I don’t like her.√ (一句 一个连词,正确)条件句:
可以表示条件的 副词连词:
条件句中的将来 如何表示?
现在时
现在完成时
主句中的将来 如何表示?
将来时
表示将来,没特殊变化。
例: 当我(将来)有钱了,我就会买俩车。(将来有钱,将来会买车,将来时)
When
I am
rich, I will buy a car.√ (条件句,用现在时 表示将来,正确)例: 如果他有时间,他会来。(将来时)
If
he has
time, he’ll come here.√ (条件句,用现在时 表示将来,正确)If
he will have time例: 我一做完,就会让你知道。(条件句:将来完成时,现在没做完,将来做完时)
As soon as
I have done
it, I’ll let you know.√ (条件句,用现在完成时 表示将来完成时,正确)As soon as
I will have done it,例: 一旦 有时间,我就会 出国旅行。
Once
I am
free, I will take a trip abroad.√ (条件句,用现在时 表示将来,正确)例: 除非他明天回来,否则我就要走了。
Unless
he comes
back tomorrow,I will leave.√ (条件句,用现在时 表示将来,正确)例: 他还要两年 才能毕业。(在他毕业前 还要两年,即 毕业是以后的事)
before
he graduates
.√ (条件句,用现在时 表示将来,正确)例: 他还要多久 才来?
before
he comes
条件句?√ (条件句,用现在时 表示将来,正确)I
saw him副从 I
felt happy.
seeing
him, I felt happy.v-ing
)I
was in Beijing, I
had a good time.
being
去掉 主+be
)。I'm
unhappy, I
don’t feel like talking.主v
变 v-ing
I have
money, I’ll buy a car.having
money, I’ll buy a car.√主be 去掉
I am
rich,I’ll buy a car.being
I am
tired, I’ll take a rest.I have
money, I’ll buy a car.副词连词(= 连接副词):
when
,if
,because
,so
…连接性 副词:≠ 连接副词(= 副词连词)
however
,nevertheless
,类似 连词 but
therefore
,thus
,类似 连词 so
moreover
,furthermore
,besides
,in addition
,类似 连词 and
;
however ,
I don’t like him.;
I ,however ,
don’t like him.;
:用小写,因为分号 是连词的功能,还是一句。
;
however ,
I don’t like him..
:用大写,因为被分成了两句。
.
However ,
I don’t like him.有连接性副词 时,如何 连接句子?
;
,让分号 充当连词。连接性 副词 和 连接副词(副词连词) 的区别?
例: 他很好,然而 我不喜欢他。
but
I don’t like him.;
however ,
I don’t like him.
;
I ,however ,
don’t like him.(1句).
I ,however ,
don’t like him.(2句话);
nevertheless
I don’t like him.
.
However ,
I don’t like him.
.
Nevertheless
I don’t like him.
例: 他很好,所以 我喜欢他。
so
I like him.√ (so 是副词连词 = 连词,能连接句子)therefore
;
来充当 连词的功能。;
therefore,
I like him.√ 正确了
;
I ,therefore,
like him.√ (1句,一个句号。therefore 放在主语后,两边 双逗号).
I ,therefore,
like him.√ (2 句,两个句号。)
;
thus
I like him.√ 正确了
例: 她舞跳得好,而且还(此外还)擅长唱歌。
and
she is good at singing.
;
furthermore,
she is good at singing.;
moreover,
she is good at singing.;
besides,
she is good at singing.;
in addition,
she is good at singing..
Furthermore/Moreover/Besides/In addition,
she is good at singing..
的时候,首字母要大写。no matter how
+adj.+ 主+动 = however
+adj.+ 主+动no matter how
+adv.+主+动 = however
+adv.+ 主+动例: 他人很好,然而我却不喜欢他。
;
however
连接性副词 I don’t like him.(分号 作为连词,起到连接作用。however 是副词,不能连接两个句子).
However
连接性副词 I don’t like him.(两个句子).
I,however
连接性副词=插入语, don’t like him.例: 不论他有多好,我都不喜欢他。
No matter how
副词 nice
adj. he is, I don’t like him.However
副词连词 nice
adj. he is, I don’t like him.例: 不论他工作多努力,我都不会尊敬他。
how
adv hard
adv he works, I don’t respect him.However
副词连词 hard
adv he works, I don’t respect him.例: 他是否富有 都没关系。
Whether
名词从句连词 he is rich (or not)名词从句=主句主语 doesn’t matter动词.it
形式主语 doesn’t matter whether
名词从句连词 he is rich (or not)名词从句=主句主语.例: 无论 他是否富有,那都没关系。
Whether
副词连词 he is rich (or not)副词从句 ,
it
主语 doesn’t matter主句.(主从句之间,有逗号分隔)who
(人主格),whom
(人宾格),which
(物主格=物宾格),that
whose
whoever
,whomever
,whichever
,what
,whatever
)
whoever
= anybody who,任何人…(无论谁…)
whomever
= anybody whom,任何人…(无论谁…)whichever
,任何一个…(无论哪个,两者或三者以及以上)
what
,❺ whatever
which
which
,替代 从句那个 指示代词 这个this,这些 these,那个 that,那些thosewhen
,where
,why
,how
⑥ 复合关系副词:wherever
, whenever
,however
是复合关系副词,表示"不论"。复合关系副词 = 关系副词+ever。
wherever
they are.Whenever
I talked to him, he seemed like a pretty regular guy.No matter how
副词 nice
adj. he is, I don’t like him.However
副词连词 nice
adj. he is, I don’t like him.
⑦ 准关系代词 3 个:than
,as
,but
准关系代词的功能
Ⅰ. than
Ⅱ. as
such n.
+ as
+句子
the same n.
+ as
+句子
as adj.
单数可数 n
+as
+句子
Ⅲ. but
but 做准关系代词的 前提
no
+ 名词 + 关系代词引导的 否定句 (前否定,后否定)
not
…双否定句 关系代词 替换成 but 的方法
than,as,but 做 准关系代词的 条件
关系代词:
能做 连词,连接句子,用以 引导 形容词从句 (=定语从句)。
常见 关系代词
who
(做主语),whom
(做宾语)which
(主格= 宾格 = which,做主语,宾语,都是这个)which
(主格 = 宾格 = which,做主语,宾语,都是这个)that
(可替代 who,whom,which),前提条件 ↓
as
,as = which,替代整个主句。
❶ as 引导的 从句的位置
which
关系代词 is known to us .
as
关系代词=从句主语 is known to us .(替代整个主句时,as 是关系代词)As
关系代词=从句主语 is known to us , he is nice.which
we all know.
as
关系代词=从句宾语 we all know.As
关系代词=从句宾语 we all know, he is nice.❷ as 替代主句时,be 动词的省略
which
was mentioned before.
as
was mentioned before.as
mentioned before.(as 替代主句,从句被动 省去 be)❸ as 的特殊省略
as
关系代词=整个主句=主语 is usual with him.
as
usual.
as
adv what
关系代词=从句主语 follows. (as,adv. 例如,诸如)as
adv follows.(省掉 从句的主语 what)
follows
,这是省去的 what 决定的。形容词从句(定语从句) :
...的
(= 限定修饰 ≠ 非限定修饰)。动词
= 形容词从句 (= 定语从句)主+动
= 形容词从句(= 定语从句)介词
+ 关系代词 宾格做宾语/补语 + 主+动
= 形容词从句(= 定语从句)主+动+介词
(优,首选)主+动+介词
(优,首选)which
)可省略 you should pay attention to
prep. √to which
you should pay attention. × (这样表达不好,破坏了动词短语的完整性,理解上也造成困难)whom
I called on
prep yesterday is my teacher.(介词 放后面)on
prep yesterday is my teacher.(关系代词 可省去)on whom
I called yesterday is my teacher.(介词 放前面)×(错,固定的动词短语 call on 要放在一起,介词不能放在前面。)先行词
(= 被形容词修饰的主语)替代的成分
:
例: 他是个 说话算话的 人。
who
关系代词 always means what he says形容词从句.
例: 那是 我喜欢的 书。
which
关系代词 I like形容词从句.
例: 他努力工作,是 我们都知道的 事实。
which
关系代词 is a fact that
关系代词 we all know.
例: 他是个 学习努力的 好学生。
who
studies hard.
例: 他是个 大家都很喜爱的 男孩。
whom
everyone loves.例: 我们住的 房子 很大。
in which
we live形容词从句 is very large .
which
we live in
介词 is very large .in
介词形 is very large . (省掉关系代词 which,句子直接放在 先行词后面)例: 约翰很懒,却在考试中 考了相当高的分数,这件事,使我有点惊讶。
who
was lazy, scored quite high marks on the exam, which
关系代词 somewhatadvsurprised me形容词从句.
例: 我们把衣服摊开 在太阳下 晒干,而它们真的很快就干了。
which
they did very quickly .and
they dried very quickly.
例: 我喜欢 坐在那里的 女孩。
who
is sitting there.
that
is sitting there.
例: 他是个 我们都尊敬的 人。
whom
we all respect.(限定修饰,做形容词从句的 宾语)that
we all respect.例: 他是男人,他从不食言。(错,是不是男人,大家看得出来,这不是个具有特殊性的词,所以,应该加上限定)
, who
never breaks his words.×(加了逗点,不翻译成…的,直接翻译成句子,前面的 a man 缺少限定。)例: 他是个 从不食言的 人。
who
never breaks his words.√(正确,没加逗点,翻译成…的,限定 a man)例: 她是个 工作努力的 女孩。
who
works hard.(限定修饰:女孩,一般名词,无特殊性,可以加限定 …的女孩。不加逗点。形容词从句,翻译时 放在先行词前)例: 我喜欢 他昨天买的 那本书。
which
he bought yesterday.(限定修饰: 那本书,可以加限定 …的那本书。)例: 这就是 他杀了玛丽用的 那刀。
which
he killed Mary withprep.that
he killed Mary withprep.with which
he killed Mary.(介词 放在 关系代词 which 前,which 前可以加介词)with that
he killed Mary哪些词 用非限定修饰,不能翻译成“…的”?
例: 这是我那位 很爱我的 妈妈。× (错,这是在暗示 还有一个妈妈,一个不爱自己的妈妈,但妈妈只有一个,是独一性的名词,不能这样限定)。
who
loves me very much.× (没加逗点,限定修饰,翻译成“…的 先行词”,错误,因为,妈妈只有一个,爱不爱我,都只有一个,这个不能是限定修饰。)例: 这是我的妈妈,她很爱我。
,who
loves me very much.√ (妈妈,独一性名词,加逗点,非限定修饰,直接翻译成句子,不修饰先行词。)例: 我遇到了杰克,他是我的同班同学。
,
who
is my classmate.(人名 ,专有名词,特殊性,非限定,加逗点。)例: 他刚从纽约回来,那是美国的 一个大城市。
,
which
is a big city in the United States.(地名 ,专有名词,特殊性,非限定,加逗号)例: 我的父亲来了,他是个英语老师。
,
who
is an English teacher.(父亲,独一性名词,只有一个爸爸,非限定,加逗号)例: 那是我 唯一的儿子,他正在读大学。
only
son,
who
is attending college now .(唯一的儿子,独一性名词,非限定,加逗号。)例: 我今天早上 去了 那个火车站,车站里 挤满了乘客。
the
train station this morning,
which
is crowded with passengers.(the
特指,那个火车站,说和听的人 都知道是哪个,视为 独一性名词,才用非限定,加逗号)例: 他是个绅士,从不食言。√
,
who
never breaks his words.√(非限定修饰:加了逗点,不翻译成…的,直接翻译成句子,也没有问题。)例: 他是个 从不食言的 绅士。(也可能有 会食言的 绅士)
who
never breaks his words.√(限定修饰:正确,没加逗点,翻译成…的,限定 a gentleman)例: 他是个好孩子,很用功。
,
who
studies hard.(非限定修饰,有逗点,翻译成句子)例: 他是个 很用功的 好孩子。
who
studies hard.(限定修饰,无逗点,翻译成 …的)简记:非限定有逗点,成句子不放前,限定无逗点,的来形容要放前。
关系代词的省略 条件
例: 这是 我昨天看见的 男孩。
whom
I saw yesterday.例: 我喜欢读 我昨天买的 书。
which
I bought yesterday. (限定修饰,which 做宾语,可省去)例: 这是一个 你应该注意的 问题。
which
you should pay attention to .(限定修饰,which 做 介词的宾语,介词在后面,关系代词 可省去)例: 这是 他住的 房子。
which
he lives inprep.(限定修饰,介词的宾语,which 可省略)the very
+ 名词 = just the
+名词all
,everything
后面
the only
the only
修饰,先行词只能用 that例: 赌博是 我最不愿意做的 事。
that
I would do.√ (限定修饰:先行词 = 序数词 修饰,用 that)which
I would do例: 站在那里的 人是谁?
Who
疑问词 is the man that
关系代词 is standing there ? √Who
疑问词 is the man who
关系代词 is standing there ? × (关系代词who ,可以做疑问词,与前面的疑问词 who 重复,看上去好像两个问句,会给人造成混乱,that 不是疑问词,则不会造成混乱)例: 他正在读的 是什么?
What
疑问词 is it that
关系代词 he is reading? √(特殊疑问句,关系代词 只用 that)What
疑问词 is it which
关系代词 he is reading例: 你昨天买的 书在哪里?
Where
疑问词 is the book that
关系代词(例: 一个月前来拜访你的 人怎么样?
How
疑问词 is the man that
(例: 诚实的人 谁会说谎呢?
Who
疑问词 that
(例: 她是我教过的 最好的学生。
that
(例: 在我看来,我所见过的 最漂亮的风景 是极光。
that
(例: 他正是 我昨天遇见的 人。
the very
man that
(just the
man that
(例: 所有 正在这学习的 学生 都很努力。
All
the students that
(例: 他说的一切 是真的。
All
that
(All
he said is true. (all 做宾语,省略)Everything
that
(例: 他是 我拥有的 唯一的朋友。
the only
friend that
I have.(先行词)例: 他工作努力,这是 我们都知道的 事实。
which
关系代词1 is the fact that
(例: 他不是 曾经是的 人。(他不是当年的他了)
that
(例: 注意看 正朝这边来的 男孩和狗。
that
are coming this way. (不同性质的先行词 共用一个先行词时, 只能用 that)Ⅰ. 形容词从句 变 分词短语的 条件
Ⅱ. 形容词从句 变 分词短语的 方法
v-ing
是动名词,还是 现在分词,如何区别?
例: 昨天在这跳舞的 女孩 是我的妹妹。
who
danced here yesterday is my sister.(限定+做主语,可以变分词短语)dancing
here yesterday is my sister.(去主语关系代词,动词 变 现在分词)例: 正站在那边的男孩 是谁?
that
is standing over there ? (限定+做主语+主be,being 可省去,即 = 去掉主 be)standing
over there ?例: 我喜欢那辆 停在邮局前面的 车子。
which
is parked in front of the post office.(限定修饰+做主语+主be → 去 主be)
parked
in front of the post office.例: 我遇到了约翰,他是我的好朋友。
who
is a good friend of mine形容词从句.(非限定+主be,可变分词短语,去主be,变 先行词的 同位语)例: 我的好朋友 约翰 昨天来看我了。
例:他工作努力,这是大家都知道的 事实。
which
is a fact that
is known to us.(非限定+主be,去主be 变同位语)介词关代 + to do sth
)
to do sth + 介词
)
例: 他没有 他能住的 房子。
in which
he can live形容词从句.in which
to live.in
prep.which
to live in
例: 把你的笔借给我,我能 用它 写我的地址。
with which
I can write my address.with which
to write my address.形容词从句中的关系代词: 不受 插入语的影响
插入语的构成
常见的插入语
认知动词的两种 词性
who
关系代词=主语 I think插入语 is nice 形容词从句.be
动词,关系代词 用 who
(认知动词 = 插入语)whom
关系代词=宾语 I thinkivt to be nice宾补. (后面是宾补,此处的 think 是 不完全及物动词,所以 I think 不是插入语,而是形容词从句的 主语和动词)to be
动词,关系代词 用 whom
(认知动词 非插入语)形容词从句 放置插入语的方法
例: 他是一个 从不食言的 人。
who
主语 never breaks his words形容词从句.例: 我认为插入语 他是一个 从不食言的 人。
who
主语 I think
插入语 never breaks his words.(插入语 不影响关系代词:who 不会因为 插入语 I think 而变成 宾格 whom,依然是主格 who)例: 他是我昨天遇到的 那个人。
whom
宾语 I met yesterday形容词从句.例: 我相信插入语 他是我昨天遇到的那个人。
whom
宾语 I believecvt 插入语 I met yesterday.关系代词 所有格是什么?
whose
关系代词 所有格的作用
物
的所有格”时,仅限 物,人不行of which
替代(which 做关系代词时,替代物)of which
+ the
n.
the
n. + of which
of which
和 the
。例: 她有一个 名字叫彼得的 叔叔。
whose
关系代词所有格 name is Peter形容词从句.
例: 我喜欢 地点看起来不错的 那栋房子。
whose
关系代词所有格 location looks good to me形容词从句.
例: 我讨厌约翰,他的话 我不相信。
,
whose
words宾语 I don’t believecvt.
,whose
words介词宾语 I havevt no trust宾语 in
介词 .(介词在后 最佳),in whose
words介词宾语 I havevt no trust宾语 .(介词提前,可以,但不佳)
例: 这是一辆漂亮的车,我喜欢 它的颜色。
whose
coloro. I likecvt very much.
of which the
coloro. I likecvt very much.(替代物的所有格,whose 被替换) the
color of which
o. I likecvt very much.(替代物的所有格,whose 被替换)
of which
替换the
例: 这位是汤姆,他的父亲 是英语老师。
,whose
father is an English teacher.(Tom 人名,专有名词,只能用 非限定修饰,需要加 逗点)例: 我见到一位 父亲是英语老师的 男孩。
whose
father is an English teacher. (a boy,不是专有名词,也不是独一性名词,用 限定修饰,不需要 加逗点)when
(= in which,on which,at which)
where
(= in which,on which,at which)
in
,小地点 at
in
,上面 on
why
(= for which)
the reason
how
(= in which)
the way
that
he handles things. (不严谨。先行词 the way,that 替代 how 做关系副词,不严谨)how
he handles things.√(严谨)例: 他星期五来的,那时候 正在下大雨。
on which
it was raining very hard.when
it was raining very hard.
例: 那就是 他毕业的 那年。
in which
he graduated .(介词 in + 关系代词 = in which)when
he graduated .(in which = 时间 关系副词 when)when
he graduated .(先行词 the year = be 的主补,可省略,保留关系副词)
例: 太阳五点半 升起,那时大多数人 还在睡梦中。
at which
most people were in their dreams .(at 时刻,at + 关系代词 which)when
most people were in their dreams .(at 时刻,at + 关系代词 which,at which = 时间 关系副词 = when)
例: 这就是 我遇见杰克的 那个城市。
This is the city in which
I met Jack.(介词+关系代词 = in which)
= This is the city where
I met Jack.(介词+关系代词 = in which = 关系副词 = where)
= This is where
I met Jack.(先行词 the city = be 的主补,先行词可省略,保留 关系副词)
≠ This is the city I met Jack .×(错,虽然是 限定修饰,但 地点关系副词 where 不能省略)
例: 我再车站遇见他,那里有很多乘客。
at which
there were many passengers. (介词+关系代词 = at which)where
there were many passengers. (介词+关系代词 = at which = 关系副词 = where)
例: 我买了一个 我可以把书存放在里面的 柜子。
in which
I could store books.(介词 + 关系代词 = in which)where
I could store books.(介词 + 关系代词 = in which = 关系副词 = where)
例: 你看见 那张 上面有本书的 桌子了吗?
on which
there is a book ? (介词 + 关系代词 = on which)where
there is a book ?(介词 + 关系代词 = on which = 关系副词 = where)
例: 我不知道 他哭的 原因。(我不知道 他为什么哭。)
for which
he cried.why
he cried.the reason
例: 那就是 他自杀的 原因。
for which
he committed suicide.why
he committed suicide.why
he committed suicide. (先行词 the reason = be 的主补,可省略 先行词,保留关系副词)
例: 那就是 他处理这件事的 方式。
in which
he handled the thing.how
he handled the thing.how
he handled the thing.(先行词 the way = be 的主补,可省略 先行词,保留关系副词)
例: 我讨厌 他看我的 样子。
in which
he looks at me.how
he looks at me.例: 他一听到这篇报道,就哭了起来。
The moment
when
he heard the story形容词从句, he burst into tears.The moment
副词连词 he heard the story副词从句, he burst into tears.(先行词 the moment = 副词连词 “一…就…”,可以单独引导副词从句,修饰主句,所以,即使是非限定修饰,也可以去掉 关系副词 when。)The instant
副词连词 he heard the story副词从句, he burst into tears.(the moment,可被替换,the moment = the instant = the minute)The minute
副词连词 he heard the story副词从句, he burst into tears.(the moment,可被替换,the moment = the instant = the minute)as soon as
副词连词 he heard the story副词从句, he burst into tears.例: 当他来时,我正在睡觉。
when
he came, I was sleeping.When
he came, I was sleeping.(去掉先行词,when 做副词连词,当…时,引导 副词从句)例: 当他离开时,正在下雨。
when
关系副词 he left, it was raining.When
副词连词 he left, it was raining.例: 每次她哭,我就会发脾气。
when
关系副词 she cries, I lose my temper.(形容词从句)When
副词连词 she cries, I lose my temper.(副词从句,修饰主句)例: 那就是 他要来的 日子。
when
he’ll come .when
he’ll come .when
he’ll come .(先行词= be的主补,省略先行词,留 关系副词)例: 那就是 他出生的 地方。
where
he was born.where
he was born.where
he was born.(先行词= be的主补,省略先行词,留 关系副词)例: 那就是 他离开的 原因。
why
he left.why
he left.why
he left.(先行词= be的主补,省略先行词,留 关系副词)例: 那就是 他处理它 的方式。
how
he did it.how
he did it.how
he did it.(先行词= be的主补,省略先行词,留 关系副词)例: 我不知道 他在哪。
where
he is名词从句=宾语.(疑问代词 where,引导 名词从句 做宾语)例: 我不知道 他什么时候会来。
when
he’ll come名词从句=宾语 .(疑问代词 when,引导名词从句 做宾语)例: 我不知道 他为什么离开。
why
he left名词从句=宾语 .(疑问代词 why, 引导名词从句 做宾语)例: 我不知道 他将如何做这事。
how
he’ll do it名词从句=宾语 .(疑问代词 how ,引导 名词从句 做宾语)例: 把它放在 你发现它的 地方。
at which
介词+关系代词 you found it .where
关系副词 you found it .(介词+关系代词,用地点副词 where 替换,at which = where)
where
副词连词=连词 you found it .(去掉先行词,where 变 副词连词)
例: 有意志的地方 就有路。
in which
介词+关系代词 there’s a will , there’s a way .(介词+关系代词 which,引导 形容词从句)where
关系副词 there’s a will , there’s a way .(关系副词,引导 形容词从句)where
副词连词 there’s a will , there’s a way .(去掉先行词,where 变副词连词,引导的是 副词从句 = 状语从句)关系指示代词的功能
关系 指示代词 1 种
which
例: 他很自大,这种态度 我很讨厌。
this
指示代词 attitude I am sick of it. × (错,指示代词 this,没有连词的功能,不能连接句子 )which
关系指示代词 attitude I am sick of it.√(关系 指示代词 which 替换 this,可以连接句子,引导 形容词从句)
例: 他的车是蓝色的,那种颜色我很喜欢。
that
color I like very much. × (错,指示代词 that,没有连词的功能,不能连接句子 )which
color I like very much. √(关系 指示代词 which 替换 that,可以连接句子,引导 形容词从句)例: 他在哪里待了 一个星期,在那段时间里 他什么都没做。
this
time he did nothing. ×which
time he did nothing.√whoever
= anybody who,任何人…(无论谁…)
whomever
= anybody whom,任何人…(无论谁…)whichever
,任何一个…(无论哪个,两者或三者以及以上)
what
,❺ whatever
whichever 和 whatever 如何选用?
例: 任何 犯了这种错 的人,都应该被惩罚。
who
关系代词 makes such a mistake should be punished.Whoever
复合关系代词 makes such a mistake should be punished.(先行词和关系代词,替换成 复合关系代词,不再需要先行词,复合关系代词 做从句的主语)
例: 我讨厌 任何 说谎 的人。
who
关系代词 tells a lie.whoever
复合关系代词 tells a lie.(去掉先行词和关系代词,替换成 不需要先行词的 复合关系代词,引导形容词从句,在从句中 做主语)
例: 把它给 任何
你喜欢 的人
。
whom
关系代词=宾语 you like.whomever
复合关系代词=宾语 you like.(去先行词,关系代词 变 复合关系代词)which
关系代词 you like.which
关系代词 you like.whichever
复合关系代词 you like.例: 他说 的话
是真的。
which
关系代词=从句宾语 he said is true.What
复合关系代词 he said is true.
例: 他说 的任何话 都是真的。
which
关系代词=从句宾语 he said is true.Whatever
复合关系代词=从句宾语 he said is true.
例: 我对 他正在做 的事
有兴趣。
which
关系代词 he is doing.what
复合关系代词 he is doing.(去掉了 先行词)
例: 我对 他正在做 的任何事
都有兴趣。
which
关系代词 he is doing.whatever
复合关系代词 he is doing.(去掉了 先行词)
例: 让我困扰 的事
是我没有时间。
which
关系代词=从句主语 bothers me is that I have no time名词从句=主语补足语.What
复合关系代词=从句主语 bothers me is that I have no time名词从句=主语补足语.例: 我不相信 他说 的话。
which
关系代词 he said.what
复合关系代词 he said.
例: 他说 的任何话,都是谎话。
Whatever
复合关系代词 he says is a lie.(复合关系代词,在从句中 做宾语,引导 形容词从句,从句做主语)
which
关系代词 he says is a lie.(关系代词 引导形容词从句,修饰先行词,关系代词 在从句中 做宾语)例: 不论 他说什么话,都是谎话。
Whatever
副词连词 he says,
it is a lie.(副词连词 引导副词从句,修饰主句)
,
it is a lie.例: 任何 犯了这种错 的人,都应该被惩罚。
who
关系代词=从句主语 makes such a mistake should be punished.
Whoever
复合关系代词 makes such a mistake should be punished.(先行词和关系代词,替换成 复合关系代词,不再需要先行词,复合关系代词 做从句的主语)
例: 不论谁 犯了这种错 ,都应该被惩罚。
Whoever
副词连词 makes such a mistake,
he should be punished.(副词连词 引导副词从句,修饰主句)
No matter who
makes such a mistake,
he should be punished.no matter how
+adj.+ 主+动 = however
+adj.+ 主+动no matter how
+adv.+主+动 = however
+adv.+ 主+动例: 他人很好,然而我却不喜欢他。
;
however
连接性副词 I don’t like him.(分号 作为连词,起到连接作用。however 是副词,不能连接两个句子).
However
连接性副词 I don’t like him.(两个句子).
I,however
连接性副词=插入语, don’t like him.(两个句子,做插入语)例: 不论他有多好,我都不喜欢他。
No matter how
副词 nice
adj. he is, I don’t like him.However
副词连词 nice
adj. he is, I don’t like him.
例: 不论他工作多努力,我都不会尊敬他。
how
adv hard
adv he works, I don’t respect him.However
副词连词 hard
adv he works, I don’t respect him.准关系代词的功能
① than
② as
such n.
+ as
+句子
the same n.
+ as
+句子
as adj.
单数可数 n
+as
+句子
③ but
no
+ 名词 + 关系代词引导的 否定句 (前否定,后否定)
not
…than,as,but 做 准关系代词的 条件
than 在从句中 做主语
例: 我有的钱 比需要的还多。
than
准关系代词=从句主语 is needed.
which
关系代词=从句主语 is needed
例: 来的客人 比受邀请的多。
than
准关系代词=从句主语 were invited came.who
关系代词=从句主语 were invited came.
例: 有超过 需要 的书。
than
准关系代词=从句主语 are needed.
which
关系代词=从句主语 are needed.than 在从句中 做宾语
例: 我有的钱 比他所需要的多。
than
准关系代词=从句宾语 he needsvt.which
关系代词=从句宾语 he needsvt.
例: 我有的书 比你的多。
than
准关系代词=从句宾语 you havevt..
which
关系代词=从句宾语 you havevt..which
关系代词than
准关系代词=从句宾语 you do
vt..(动词替换:前后动词相同,替换成 do)than
准关系代词=从句宾语 you.(动词省略:替换成 do后,do 可省略)
than 做 be 动词的 主语补足语
例: 他是个 比你 更好的学生。
than
准关系代词=从句be主补 you are.that
关系代词=从句be主补 you are.(关系代词的替换:先行词是身份时,关系代词 whom 做 be 动词的主补时, 被 that 替代)
than
准关系代词=从句be主补 = than the student that
关系代词=从句be主补as 在从句中 做主语
such
adj. a man先行词 as
准关系代词=从句主语 tells lies.
such
adj. a man as the man先行词 who
关系代词=从句主语 tells lies.
as 在从句中 做宾语
such
adj. an honest man先行词 as
准关系代词=从句宾语 you described.such
adj. an honest man as the man先行词 whom
关系代词 you described.as = 从句中的 be 动词的主补(be 动词 一般省略)
such
a man先行词 as
准关系代词=从句主补 Mr. Wang is
.
such
a man as the man先行词 that
关系代词 Mr. Wang (is).
such
a man先行词 as
Mr. Wang Such
a lazy student先行词 as
准关系代词=从句的be主补 John (is) will get nowhere.(as 做 be 的主补)
as
准关系代词 = as the man先行词 whom关系代词 = as the man that
as = 从句主语
the same
adj. book先行词 as
准关系代词=从句主语 is laid on the desk .
as
准关系代词 = as the book which
关系代词as = 从句宾语
the same
book先行词 as
准关系代词=从句宾语 you boughtvt yesterday.
as = be 的主语补足语 (be 动词 一般省略掉)
the same
book先行词 as
准关系代词=从句be主补 this one 例: 我有一本 和你的 一样好的书。
as
adv. good a book as
准关系代词=从句宾语 you have. (as = 从句宾语)as
adv. good a book as
准关系代词=从句宾语 you (例: 他是 世界上 最勤奋的人。(他是 有史以来的 如此勤奋的 一个人。)
as
adv diligent a man as
准关系代词=从句主语 everadv lived.(as = 从句主语)as
adv diligent a man as any man that
关系代词 ever lived.
例: 他是个 和约翰 一样好的人。
as
adv. good a man as
准关系代词=从句主补 John (as
,as = which,替代整个主句。
which
关系代词 is known to us .
as
关系代词=从句主语 is known to us .(替代整个主句时,as 是关系代词)As
关系代词=从句主语 is known to us , he is nice.which
we all know.
as
关系代词=从句宾语 we all know.As
关系代词=从句宾语 we all know, he is nice.which
was mentioned before.
as
was mentioned before.as
mentioned before.(as 替代主句,从句被动 省去 be)as
关系代词=整个主句=主语 is usual with him.
as
usual.
as
adv what
关系代词=从句主语 follows. (as,adv. 例如,诸如)as
adv follows.(省掉 从句的主语 what)
follows
,这是省去的 what 决定的。many
+可数复数名词,少数的 few
+可数复数名词much
+ 不可数名词,少数的little
+ 不可数名词例: 他是如此好的男孩 以至于我喜欢他。
so
good a boy单数可数 that
I like him.错误:This is so good music 不可数 that I like it.×(错误,so that 只搭配 单数可数名词,不能搭配 不可数名词)
such
good music 不可数 that
I like it. √(so 变 such,such…that,such 后面的名词,没有限制,不限制单复数,也不限制是否可数)错误:They are so good students 可数复数 that I like them.×(错误,so that 只搭配 单数可数名词,不能搭配 可数的复数名词)
such
good students 可数复数 that
I like them. √(so 变 such,such…that,such 后面的名词,没有限制,不限制单复数,也不限制是否可数)例: 他是个 像彼得一样 英俊的人。
as
handsome a man as
Peter (is).错误:This is as good music 不可数 as that (is).× (as…as,as 的后面 不能加不可数的名词,只能加 单可名(=单数可数名词))
as
good as
that (is) . (不可数名词 music 提前 做主语)错误:They are as good students 可数复数 as those (are) .×(错误,as…as,as 不能搭配 可数的复数名词)
These
students 可数复数 are as
good as
those (are) .√(they 变 these,可数复数名词 提前)例: 他太老了,而不能做这事。
too
old a man单数可数 to
do it.错误:This is too difficult work不可数名词 to do.×(too…to,too 后不能加 不可数名词,只能加 单数可数名词)
too
difficult to
do.√(不可数名词 提前)错误:They are too difficult problems可数复数 to handle.×(too…to,too 后面不能放 可数复数)
These
problems可数复数 are too
difficult to
handle.(they→ these,可数复数 problems 提前)例: 他是个 多么 伟大的人啊!
How
great a man单数可数 he is!错误:How good music不可数名词 it is! × (how 后面的名词,只能是单数可数名词,不可数名词 不能用)
What
good music不可数名词 it is! (how→ what,what 后 可接任何名词,可以接 不可数名词)错误:How good students可数复数 they are ! ×(how 后面的名词,只能是单数可数名词,可数复数名词 不能用)
What
good students可数复数 they are !(how→ what,what 后 可接任何名词,可以加 可数复数名词)What
a good student he is! (how→ what,what 后 可接任何名词,可以加 可数单数名词 。)
常态:so…that,as…as,too…to,how 一般只搭配 可数单数名词
特殊:名词 与表示 数量的形容词 并用时,可搭配 可数复数 和 不可数名词
many
+可数复数名词,少数的 few
+可数复数名词much
+ 不可数名词,少数的little
+ 不可数名词例: 他有这么多的事情要做 以至于不能和我们一起去野餐。
so
many thingsmany+可数复数 to do that
he can’t go picnicking with us.例: 有这么多工作要做,我想我不能很早睡觉。
so
much workmuch+不可数 to do that
I don’t think I can go to bed early.例: 他剩下的钱太少了,不能买车了。
too
little moneylittle+不可数 left to
buy a car.例: 我不知道 你能给我多少时间 去做那个工作。
how
much timemuch+不可数 you can give me for that job.but
准关系代词
no
+ 名词 + 关系代词引导的 否定句 (前否定,后否定)
not
…形容词从句 有 be 动词:变 but 去 not,保留 be。
例: 没有人 不会对它兴趣。
who
关系代词 is not interested in it.but
准关系代词 is interested in it.(双否句,变but,去 not,保留 be)例: 没有什么东西 是他不喜欢的。
that
关系代词 he is not fond of.but
准关系代词 he is fond of.形容词从句中 有一般助动词(=can,will,may,should…):变 but 去not,保留助。
例: 没有什么 是他做不到的。
that
he cannot do.
but
he can do.形容词从句中 有 3d助动词(do,does,did):变 but 去not,去3d,动词变形⇒ 去 3d助否。
例: 没有 他不爱读的 书。
which
he does not like to read.but
he likes to read. (例: 没有什么人 是他不讨厌的。
whom
he didn’t hate.but
he hated. (去3d助否: