Linux系统下KVM虚拟机的基本管理和操作

@TOC

一、检查本地环境

1.检查系统版本

[root@serer1 ~]# cat /etc/os-release 
NAME="CentOS Linux"
VERSION="7 (Core)"
ID="centos"
ID_LIKE="rhel fedora"
VERSION_ID="7"
PRETTY_NAME="CentOS Linux 7 (Core)"
ANSI_COLOR="0;31"
CPE_NAME="cpe:/o:centos:centos:7"
HOME_URL="https://www.centos.org/"
BUG_REPORT_URL="https://bugs.centos.org/"

CENTOS_MANTISBT_PROJECT="CentOS-7"
CENTOS_MANTISBT_PROJECT_VERSION="7"
REDHAT_SUPPORT_PRODUCT="centos"
REDHAT_SUPPORT_PRODUCT_VERSION="7"

2.检查防火墙状态

[root@serer1 ~]# systemctl status firewalld
● firewalld.service - firewalld - dynamic firewall daemon
   Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/firewalld.service; disabled; vendor preset: enabled)
   Active: inactive (dead) since Wed 2022-10-19 00:09:43 CST; 7s ago
     Docs: man:firewalld(1)
 Main PID: 642 (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS)

3.检查selinux

[root@serer01 ~]# getenforce 
Disabled

3.检查libvirtd服务状态

[root@server ~]# systemctl status libvirtd
● libvirtd.service - Virtualization daemon
   Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/libvirtd.service; enabled; vendor preset: enabled)
   Active: active (running) since Sun 2022-10-16 17:53:24 CST; 2 days ago
     Docs: man:libvirtd(8)
           https://libvirt.org
 Main PID: 29472 (libvirtd)
    Tasks: 18 (limit: 32768)
   Memory: 34.8M
   CGroup: /system.slice/libvirtd.service
           └─29472 /usr/sbin/libvirtd --listen

4.检查kvm安装结果

[root@server ~]# lsmod|grep kvm
kvm_intel             183621  4 
kvm                   586948  1 kvm_intel
irqbypass              13503  3 kvm

5.检查kvm虚拟机状态

[root@server ~]# virsh -c qemu:///system list
 Id    Name                           State
----------------------------------------------------
 9     kvm01                          running

6.检查virsh版本

[root@server ~]# virsh --version
4.5.0
[root@server ~]# virt-install --version
1.5.0

二、virsh常用命令

1.列出虚拟机

[root@server ~]# virsh list
 Id    Name                           State
----------------------------------------------------
 9     kvm01                          running

[root@server ~]# virsh list --all
 Id    Name                           State
----------------------------------------------------
 9     kvm01                          running

2.虚拟机开关机操作

virsh start kvm01    #虚拟机开机
virsh shutdown kvm01  #关闭虚拟机
virsh destroy kvm01  # 强制停止虚拟机

3.删除虚拟机

virsh undefine kvm01  #彻底销毁虚拟机,会删除虚拟机配置文件,但不会删除虚拟磁盘

4.设置虚拟机在宿主机开机时自启

virsh autostart kvm01    # 宿主机开启时自启
virsh autostart --disable  kvm01   #  取开机自启

5.挂起虚拟机

virsh suspend  kvm01    # 挂起虚拟机
virsh resume  kvm01       #   恢复挂起的虚拟机

6.查看虚拟机的配置文件

[root@server ~]# virsh dumpxml kvm01 

  kvm01
  65438c9d-81cd-cd83-01de-77a5ed5af051
  None
  1048576
  1048576
  2
  
    /machine
  
  
    hvm
    
    
    
  
  
    
    
    
  
  
    IvyBridge-IBRS
    Intel
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
  
  
  destroy
  restart
  restart
  
    /usr/libexec/qemu-kvm
    
      
      
      
      
      
      
+107:+107

7.对虚拟机配置文件操作

virsh edit vm-name  #修改虚拟机的配置文件
virsh define file-name.xml  #根据配置文件定义虚拟机

8.查看KVM虚拟机相关配置文件

[root@server ~]# ls /etc/libvirt/qemu/
autostart  kvm01.xml  networks
[root@server ~]# ls /etc/libvirt/qemu/networks/
autostart  br0.xml
[root@server ~]# ls /etc/libvirt/qemu/networks/autostart/
br0.xml

三、KVM虚拟机的磁盘管理

1.查看磁盘格式

[root@server ~]# qemu-img info /nas/kvm/centos_kvm.img 
image: /nas/kvm/centos_kvm.img
file format: qcow2
virtual size: 40G (42949672960 bytes)
disk size: 2.2G
cluster_size: 65536
Format specific information:
    compat: 0.10

2.将raw格式磁盘文件转化为qcow2


$ qemu-img convert -f raw -O qcow2  /data/centos7.raw  /data/centos7.qcow
# qemu-img covert -f 源格式 -O 目标格式   源磁盘文件   目标磁盘文件

3.创建空的qcow2格式的磁盘文件

[root@server kvm]# qemu-img create -f qcow2 /nas/kvm/test.qcow2 5G
Formatting '/nas/kvm/test.qcow2', fmt=qcow2 size=5368709120 encryption=off cluster_size=65536 lazy_refcounts=off 
[root@server kvm]# qemu-img info /nas/kvm/test.qcow2 
image: /nas/kvm/test.qcow2
file format: qcow2
virtual size: 5.0G (5368709120 bytes)
disk size: 196K
cluster_size: 65536
Format specific information:
    compat: 1.1
    lazy refcounts: false

4.修改镜像文件大小


[root@server kvm]# qemu-img resize ./test.qcow2 +7G
Image resized.
[root@server kvm]# qemu-img info /nas/kvm/test.qcow2 
image: /nas/kvm/test.qcow2
file format: qcow2
virtual size: 12G (12884901888 bytes)
disk size: 200K
cluster_size: 65536
Format specific information:
    compat: 1.1
    lazy refcounts: false

5.给虚拟机新增硬盘——临时生效

virsh attach-disk kvm01 /nas/kvm/test.qcow2 vdb --subdriver=qcow2
# virsh  attach-disk  <虚拟机名称>  <新增磁盘路径>  <设备名>  <磁盘格式类型>

6.给虚拟机新增硬盘——永久生效

virsh attach-disk kvm01 /nas/kvm/test.qcow2 vdb --subdriver=qcow2  --config

7.卸载硬盘

virsh detach-disk kvm01 /nas/kvm/test.qcow2    #卸载临时生效
virsh detach-disk kvm01  /nas/kvm/test.qcow2  --config      # 卸载永久生效

8.查看虚拟机硬件情况

[root@server kvm]# virsh dumpxml kvm01 |grep  dev
    
    
  
    
      
    
      
    
      
      
      
    
      
  

9.在WebVirtMgr上查看虚拟机硬盘新增情况

Linux系统下KVM虚拟机的基本管理和操作_第1张图片

四、KVM虚拟机的网卡管理

1.查看网卡

[root@server kvm]# virsh domiflist kvm01
Interface  Type       Source     Model       MAC
-------------------------------------------------------
vnet0      bridge     br0        virtio      52:54:00:6c:cb:10

2.新增网卡

[root@server kvm]# virsh attach-interface kvm01 --type bridge --source br0 
Interface attached successfully

3.使新增网卡生效

[root@server kvm]# virsh dumpxml kvm01 > /etc/libvirt/qemu/kvm01.xml 
[root@server kvm]# virsh define /etc/libvirt/qemu/kvm01.xml 
Domain kvm01 defined from /etc/libvirt/qemu/kvm01.xml

4.虚拟机查看新增网卡

[root@server kvm]# ssh [email protected]
The authenticity of host '192.168.3.169 (192.168.3.169)' can't be established.
ECDSA key fingerprint is SHA256:SMUWtN77SI+zUIX2bBR7/hY176zJLiWvY7KpIUlK0dw.
ECDSA key fingerprint is MD5:df:58:7e:61:73:82:b5:56:03:25:60:f1:80:a6:b1:0b.
Are you sure you want to continue connecting (yes/no)? yes
Warning: Permanently added '192.168.3.169' (ECDSA) to the list of known hosts.
[email protected]'s password: 
Last login: Tue Oct 18 23:19:15 2022 from 192.168.3.11
[root@serer01 ~]# ip add
1: lo:  mtu 65536 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN 
    link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00
    inet 127.0.0.1/8 scope host lo
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
    inet6 ::1/128 scope host 
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
2: eth0:  mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast state UP qlen 1000
    link/ether 52:54:00:6c:cb:10 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
    inet 192.168.3.169/24 brd 192.168.3.255 scope global eth0
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
    inet6 fe80::5054:ff:fe6c:cb10/64 scope link 
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
3: docker0:  mtu 1500 qdisc noqueue state UP 
    link/ether 02:42:5d:4a:c4:9f brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
    inet 172.17.0.1/16 brd 172.17.255.255 scope global docker0
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
    inet6 fe80::42:5dff:fe4a:c49f/64 scope link 
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
5: veth0604e80@if4:  mtu 1500 qdisc noqueue master docker0 state UP 
    link/ether be:7f:bd:57:88:71 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff link-netnsid 0
    inet6 fe80::bc7f:bdff:fe57:8871/64 scope link 
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
6: ens7:  mtu 1500 qdisc noop state DOWN qlen 1000
    link/ether 52:54:00:45:1b:53 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff

5.删除网卡

需要将虚拟机关机再进行删除网卡操作
[root@server kvm]# virsh detach-interface kvm01 --type bridge --mac 52:54:00:45:1b:53 --config
Interface detached successfully

[root@server kvm]# virsh dumpxml kvm01 > /etc/libvirt/qemu/kvm01.xml
[root@server kvm]# virsh define /etc/libvirt/qemu/kvm01.xml
Domain kvm01 defined from /etc/libvirt/qemu/kvm01.xml

[root@server kvm]# virsh domiflist kvm01
Interface  Type       Source     Model       MAC
-------------------------------------------------------
-          bridge     br0        virtio      52:54:00:6c:cb:10

五、KVM虚拟机的快照管理

1.创建快照

[root@server kvm]# virsh snapshot-create kvm01
Domain snapshot 1666155063 created

2.查看快照列表

[root@server kvm]# virsh snapshot-list kvm01
 Name                 Creation Time             State
------------------------------------------------------------
 1666155063           2022-10-19 12:51:03 +0800 shutoff

3.查看快照信息

[root@server kvm]# virsh snapshot-info kvm01 --current 
Name:           1666155063
Domain:         kvm01
Current:        yes
State:          shutoff
Location:       internal
Parent:         -
Children:       0
Descendants:    0
Metadata:       yes

4.查看快照目录

[root@server kvm]#  ll /var/lib/libvirt/qemu/snapshot/
total 0
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 28 Oct 19 12:51 kvm01
[root@server kvm]#  ll /var/lib/libvirt/qemu/snapshot/kvm01/
total 8
-rw------- 1 root root 5550 Oct 19 12:51 1666155063.xml

5.删除快照

[root@server kvm]#  virsh snapshot-delete kvm01 1666155063
Domain snapshot 1666155063 deleted

6.恢复快照

virsh snapshot-revert kvm01  1666155063  --running

7.snapshot-revert用法

snapshot-revert用法:snapshot-revert [] [--current] [--running] [--paused] [--force]
选项:
     [--domain]  :指定domain名称,id或者uuid
     [--snapshotname]  : 指定快照名称
     --current  :恢复到当前快照
     --running :在恢复快照后自动运行虚拟机
     --paused  :在恢复快照后自动暂停虚拟机
     --force  :强制执行快照,有风险的恢复选项

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