虚拟语气和被动语态共同点:主要针对谓语动词的部分进行变化。
虚 拟 语 气
虚拟语气,其实就是英文中谓语动词的一种变化形式,用来表示说话者的不同意图。
1.
虚拟语气:表示假想的情形,实际上并不能实现,或者是实现的可能性非常小。
例:如果我是你,就怎么怎么样。
If I were you,…
2
虚拟语气:表示对现在时间的虚拟,与现在事实相反或可能性很小。
构成:
从句:If+主语+动词一般过去时(如果是be动词则用were)
主句:主语+ should/would/might/could+do
例1:If I had time now, I would help them.
如果我现在有时间,我就会帮他们的。
例2:If I knew her number, I would tell you.
如果我知道他的电话号码,我就会告诉你。(事实:不知道)
例3:If there were no air or water, there would be no living things on the earth.
如果没有水和空气,地球上就不会有生物。(事实上是有水和空气,假设与事实相反)
3.
虚拟语气:表示对过去时间的虚拟,与过去事实相反。
构成:
从句:If+主语+had+done
主句:主语+should/would/might/could+have done
例1:If I had seen the film, I would have told you about it.
我如果看过这场电影,我就会把电影内容告诉你了。(事实:过去没看这部电影)
例2:If you had got there earlier, you should have met that celebrity.
如果你早点到那儿,你就会见到那个明星了。(事实:去晚了,没见着)
4.
虚拟语气:表达对将来时间的虚拟,是说话人的一个设想或者愿望。
构成:
1. 从句:If+主语+were to do
主句:主语+should/would/might/could+do
例1:If Helen were to be here next Monday, I would tell her about the matter.
如果海伦下周一来这儿的话,我就会告诉她这件事的始末。
2. 从句:If+主语+should+do
主句:主语+should/would/might/could+do
例.If he should go to a top University, he would make full use of his time.
如果他要上一所顶尖大学的话,他就会充分利用他的时间了。
3. 从句:If+主语+动词一般过去式(be动词用were)
主句:主语+should/would/might/could+do
例.If there were a heavy snow next Sunday, we would go skating.
如果下周日下大雪,我们就去滑冰。
总的来讲,虚拟语气有四种情况,对事实/现在/过去/将来的假想。对于将来的情形只能是假设;对于现在的情形既可以是假设,也可以是谈与现在事实相反的情况;对于过去,只能是与事实相反的情形。
被 动 语 态
被动语态是动词的一种形式,用以说明主语与谓语动词之间的关系。
英语的语态共有两种:主动语态和被动语态。
主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者,被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者。
构成:be+过去分词
被动语态由“be+及物动词的过去分词”构成。
主动语态的及物动词如果要变成被动语态,就把be变为动词原本的时态,再加上这个动词的过去分词。句中动词的主语这时变为被动语态动词的施动者。这个施动者经常不被提及,直接省掉了。若要提到,可置于by之后或放在从句的后面。
1
一般时态:do—be done
例1:We keep the butter here.
我们把黄油放在这儿.
变为被动:
The butter is kept here.
黄油在这里放着。
例2:They broke the window.
他们把玻璃窗打碎了。
变为被动:
The window was broken by them.
玻璃窗被他们打碎了。
2
进行时态:be doing—be being done
例1:They are repairing the bridge.
他们正在修桥。
变为被动:
The bridge is being repaired.
桥正在修理当中。
例2:
They were carrying the injured player off the field.
当时,他们正把受伤的选手抬出比赛场地。
变为被动:
The injured player was being carried off the field.
当时,受伤的选手正被抬出比赛场地。
3
句中有情态动词:must/should...do—must/should… been done
例1:You must shut these doors.
你必须把这些门关上。
变为被动:
These doors must be shut.
这些门必须关上。
例2:They should have told him
他们本该告诉他才是。
变为被动:
He should have been told。
本应该告诉他才是。
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