Linux文件管理命令分别有cd,mkdir,rmdir,ls,tree,pwd命令等
cd：change directory 改变目录
- cd：切换家目录
- cd ~：切换回家目录
- cd ~USERNAME：切换至用户家目录
- cd -：在上一次所在目录来回切换
[root@centos-7 ~]# cd /etc
[root@centos-7 etc]# cd /mnt
[root@centos-7 mnt]#
mkdir：make directory 创建目录
mkdir [OPTION]... DIRECTORY...
-p:递归创建目录
-v:显示详细过程
[root@centos-7 ~]# mkdir -pv /test/adc
mkdir: created directory ‘/test’
mkdir: created directory ‘/test/adc’
[root@centos-7 ~]#
rmdir：删除空目录
rmdir [OPTION]... DIRECTORY...
-p:递归删除目录后，如果父目录为空一并删除
-v:显示过程
[root@centos-7 ~]# rmdir -pv test/adc
rmdir: removing directory, ‘test/adc’
rmdir: removing directory, ‘test’
ls：list 列出指定目录下内容
list [OPTION]... DIRECTORY...
-a:显示所有文件，包括隐藏文件
-A:显示除了.和..以外的所有文件
-l:显示文件的长格式及详细信息
-d:只显示所输入目录的信息
-h:对文件进行单位换算，便于阅读
-r:逆序排序
-R:顺序排序
[root@centos-7 ~]# ls -al /tmp
total 3316
drwxrwxrwt. 13 root root 4096 Oct 11 12:48 .
dr-xr-xr-x. 22 root root 4096 Oct 10 17:51 ..
drwx------. 2 parallels parallels 20 Aug 15 16:12 .esd-1000
drwxrwxrwt. 2 root root 6 Aug 10 2017 .font-unix
drwxrwxrwt. 2 root root 19 Aug 15 16:12 .ICE-unix
drwx------. 2 parallels parallels 25 Aug 15 16:12 ssh-rVNvQRdodWcE
drwx------. 3 root root 17 Aug 15 15:02 systemd-private-28849c5ee0754865bc31081fbfeaa277-colord.service-qPaXEk
drwx------. 3 root root 17 Aug 15 15:02 systemd-private-28849c5ee0754865bc31081fbfeaa277-cups.service-INfa1j
drwx------. 3 root root 17 Aug 22 11:39 systemd-private-28849c5ee0754865bc31081fbfeaa277-mariadb.service-pX1r5g
drwx------. 3 root root 17 Aug 15 15:02 systemd-private-28849c5ee0754865bc31081fbfeaa277-rtkit-daemon.service-SEwPQJ
drwxrwxrwt. 2 root root 6 Aug 10 2017 .Test-unix
-r--r--r--. 1 root root 11 Aug 15 15:02 .X0-lock
drwxrwxrwt. 2 root root 16 Aug 15 15:02 .X11-unix
drwxrwxrwt. 2 root root 6 Aug 10 2017 .XIM-unix
-rw-------. 1 root root 480849 Oct 1 17:22 yum_save_tx.2018-10-01.17-22.aT7rtE.yumtx
-rw-------. 1 root root 480849 Oct 2 10:28 yum_save_tx.2018-10-02.10-28.rFIIvH.yumtx
-rw-------. 1 root root 480849 Oct 5 09:54 yum_save_tx.2018-10-05.09-54.BbLaQV.yumtx
-rw-------. 1 root root 480849 Oct 6 11:08 yum_save_tx.2018-10-06.11-08.KL5C88.yumtx
-rw-------. 1 root root 480849 Oct 7 12:03 yum_save_tx.2018-10-07.12-03.pi_qvg.yumtx
-rw-------. 1 root root 480849 Oct 10 15:59 yum_save_tx.2018-10-10.15-59.XZGosY.yumtx
-rw-------. 1 root root 480849 Oct 11 06:51 yum_save_tx.2018-10-11.06-51._fwJex.yumtx
tree:树状显示目录结构，需提前安装
tree...DIRECTORY...
-Ｌ:显示层数
[root@centos-7 ~]# tree -L 1 /tmp
/tmp
├── ssh-rVNvQRdodWcE
├── systemd-private-28849c5ee0754865bc31081fbfeaa277-colord.service-qPaXEk
├── systemd-private-28849c5ee0754865bc31081fbfeaa277-cups.service-INfa1j
├── systemd-private-28849c5ee0754865bc31081fbfeaa277-mariadb.service-pX1r5g
├── systemd-private-28849c5ee0754865bc31081fbfeaa277-rtkit-daemon.service-SEwPQJ
├── yum_save_tx.2018-10-01.17-22.aT7rtE.yumtx
├── yum_save_tx.2018-10-02.10-28.rFIIvH.yumtx
├── yum_save_tx.2018-10-05.09-54.BbLaQV.yumtx
├── yum_save_tx.2018-10-06.11-08.KL5C88.yumtx
├── yum_save_tx.2018-10-07.12-03.pi_qvg.yumtx
├── yum_save_tx.2018-10-10.15-59.XZGosY.yumtx
└── yum_save_tx.2018-10-11.06-51._fwJex.yumtx
pwd：显示当前文件位置
[root@centos-7 ~]# pwd
/root
文件查看类命令：cat,tac,head,tail,more,less
cat：文本文件查看工具
cat [OPTION]...[FIEL]...
-n:显示行号
[root@centos-7 ~]# cat -n /etc/passwd
1 root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash
2 bin:x:1:1:bin:/bin:/sbin/nologin
3 daemon:x:2:2:daemon:/sbin:/sbin/nologin
4 adm:x:3:4:adm:/var/adm:/sbin/nologin
5 lp:x:4:7:lp:/var/spool/lpd:/sbin/nologin
6 sync:x:5:0:sync:/sbin:/bin/sync
tac:和cat相反倒叙显示
head:查看文件前n行
head [OPTION]... FILE
-n:查看前ｎ行信息
[root@centos-7 ~]# head -n 5 /etc/passwd
root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash
bin:x:1:1:bin:/bin:/sbin/nologin
daemon:x:2:2:daemon:/sbin:/sbin/nologin
adm:x:3:4:adm:/var/adm:/sbin/nologin
lp:x:4:7:lp:/var/spool/lpd:/sbin/nologin
tail:查看文件后n行
tail [OPTION]...FILE
-n:查看文件后ｎ行
[root@centos-7 ~]# tail -n 3 /etc/passwd
nologin:x:1007:1011::/sbin/nologin:/sbin/nologin
123:x:1008:1012::/home/123:/bin/bash
1234:x:1009:1013::/home/1234:/bin/bash
more:查看文件翻屏后退出
h:获取帮助信息
space:向下翻
b:想上翻
q:退出
less:和more功能类似
但是不会自动退出其余和more一样
文件管理工具:mv,cp,rm
cp:COPY 复制文件
copy [OPTION] ...SOURCE...DEST
-i:交互式复制
-r:递归复制
-f:强制复制
-d:保留符号链接文件,并指向源文件
如果SOURCE是目录，则需要添加-r，否侧报错
mv:剪切或重命名
mv [OPTION] ...SOURCE...DEST
-i:交互式复制
-r:递归式复制
-f:强制复制
如果SOURCE是目录，则DEST对应为目录
rm:删除 使用命令和cp mv 类似
bash执行命令执行状态返回值演示
[root@centos-7 a]# ls -al >/dev/null
[root@centos-7 a]# echo $?
0
[root@centos-7 a]# ls -al a>/dev/null
ls: cannot access a: No such file or directory
[root@centos-7 a]# echo $?
2
命令执行成功则为0 不成功为1-255
创建/tmp下创建a_c,a_d,b_c,b_d文件
[root@centos-7 tmp]# mkdir -pv {a,b}_{c,d}
mkdir: created directory ‘a_c’
mkdir: created directory ‘a_d’
mkdir: created directory ‘b_c’
mkdir: created directory ‘b_d’
(2)、创建/tmp/mylinux目录下的：
mylinux/
├── bin
├── boot
│ └── grub
├── dev
├── etc
│ ├── rc.d
│ │ └── init.d
│ └── sysconfig
│ └── network-scripts
├── lib
│ └── modules
├── lib64
├── proc
├── sbin
├── sys
[root@centos-7 ~]# mkdir -pv /tmp/mylinux/{bin,boot/grub,dev,etc/{rc.d/init.d,sysconfig,network-scripts},lib/modules,lib64,proc,sbin,sys}
mkdir: created directory ‘/tmp/mylinux’
mkdir: created directory ‘/tmp/mylinux/bin’
mkdir: created directory ‘/tmp/mylinux/boot’
mkdir: created directory ‘/tmp/mylinux/boot/grub’
mkdir: created directory ‘/tmp/mylinux/dev’
mkdir: created directory ‘/tmp/mylinux/etc’
mkdir: created directory ‘/tmp/mylinux/etc/rc.d’
mkdir: created directory ‘/tmp/mylinux/etc/rc.d/init.d’
mkdir: created directory ‘/tmp/mylinux/etc/sysconfig’
mkdir: created directory ‘/tmp/mylinux/etc/network-scripts’
mkdir: created directory ‘/tmp/mylinux/lib’
mkdir: created directory ‘/tmp/mylinux/lib/modules’
mkdir: created directory ‘/tmp/mylinux/lib64’
mkdir: created directory ‘/tmp/mylinux/proc’
mkdir: created directory ‘/tmp/mylinux/sbin’
mkdir: created directory ‘/tmp/mylinux/sys’
查看文件的元数据信息及修改文件的时间戳
[root@centos-7 ~]# stat /etc/passwd
File: ‘/etc/passwd’
Size: 2663 Blocks: 8 IO Block: 4096 regular file
Device: fd00h/64768d Inode: 69050443 Links: 1
Access: (0644/-rw-r--r--) Uid: ( 0/ root) Gid: ( 0/ root)
Context: system_u:object_r:passwd_file_t:s0
Access: 2018-10-12 15:54:03.889000000 +0800
Modify: 2018-09-28 16:54:11.362000000 +0800
Change: 2018-09-28 16:54:11.362000000 +0800
Birth: -
file:文件名
size:文件大小
blocks:所占用的扇区个数
IO block:每个数据块的大小
regular file:常规文件
indoe:文件indoe号
links:硬链接数
access:登录权限
UID:属主
GID:属组
access:最近访问时间
modify:最近修改时间
change:元数据修改时间
touch:创建文件或修改时间戳
touch...[OPTION]...file
-a:修改atime
-c:不创建新文件
-m:修改mitme
[root@centos-7 test]# stat ll
File: ‘ll’
Size: 0 Blocks: 0 IO Block: 4096 regular empty file
Device: fd00h/64768d Inode: 34543470 Links: 1
Access: (0644/-rw-r--r--) Uid: ( 0/ root) Gid: ( 0/ root)
Context: unconfined_u:object_r:user_tmp_t:s0
Access: 2018-10-16 16:42:27.968000000 +0800
Modify: 2018-10-16 16:42:05.761000000 +0800
Change: 2018-10-16 16:42:27.968000000 +0800
Birth: -
[root@centos-7 test]# touch -a ll
[root@centos-7 test]# stat ll
File: ‘ll’
Size: 0 Blocks: 0 IO Block: 4096 regular empty file
Device: fd00h/64768d Inode: 34543470 Links: 1
Access: (0644/-rw-r--r--) Uid: ( 0/ root) Gid: ( 0/ root)
Context: unconfined_u:object_r:user_tmp_t:s0
Access: 2018-10-16 16:47:29.406000000 +0800
Modify: 2018-10-16 16:42:05.761000000 +0800
Change: 2018-10-16 16:47:29.406000000 +0800
Birth: -
如何定义别名
[root@centos-7 test]# alias ifconfig='ifconfig eth0'
[root@centos-7 test]# ifconfig
eth0: flags=4163 mtu 1500
inet 10.211.55.3 netmask 255.255.255.0 broadcast 10.211.55.255
inet6 fdb2:2c26:f4e4:0:d5a2:332c:f355:9ca0 prefixlen 64 scopeid 0x0
inet6 fe80::d41a:a6de:73c6:70fd prefixlen 64 scopeid 0x20
ether 00:1c:42:c0:f8:2a txqueuelen 1000 (Ethernet)
RX packets 953926 bytes 1156754137 (1.0 GiB)
RX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 frame 0
TX packets 399165 bytes 36309979 (34.6 MiB)
TX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 carrier 0 collisions 0
alias NAME=' ' 定义别名
unalias NAME=' ' 去除别名
需要永久修改需要在用户目录 .bashrc 或/etc/bashrc
--------------------------------------------
[root@centos-7 test]# ls
ll
[root@centos-7 test]# echo $(ls)
ll
[root@centos-7 test]# mkdir $(ls)y
[root@centos-7 test]# ls
ll lly
需要引用其他命令执行结果为$(COMMAND)或者反引号
练习
1.显示/var目录下所有以l开头，以一个小写字母结尾，且中间至少出现一位数字（可以有其他字符）的文件或目录
[root@centos-7 var]# ls -d /var/l*[0-9]*[a-z]
/var/l123a /var/l234a
2.显示/etc目录下，以任意一个数字开头且非数字结尾的文件和目录
[root@centos-7 var]# ls -d /etc/[0-9]*[^0-9]
ls: cannot access /etc/[0-9]*[^0-9]: No such file or directory
3.显示/etc目录下，以非字母开头，后面跟了一个字母及其他任意长度任意字符额文件或目录
[root@centos-7 etc]# ls -d /etc/[^[:alpha:]]*[[:alpha:]]
ls: cannot access /etc/[^[:alpha:]]*[[:alpha:]]: No such file or directory
4.在/tmp目录下创建以tfile开头，后面跟当前日期和时间的文件
[root@centos-7 tmp]# mkdir -pv tfile-$(date +%Y-%M-%d-%H-%M-%S)
mkdir: created directory ‘tfile-2018-05-16-18-05-56’
5.复制/etc目录下所有以p开头，以非数字结尾的文件或目录到/tmp/mytest1目录中
[root@centos-7 ~]# mkdir /tmp/mytest1
[root@centos-7 ~]# cp -r /etc/p*[^0-9] /tmp/mytest1/
6.复制/etc下所有以l或m或n开头,以.conf结尾的文件/tmp/mytest3目录中
[root@centos-7 ~]# mkdir /tmp/mytest3
[root@centos-7 ~]# cp -r /etc/{l,m,n}*.conf /tmp/mytest3