Playwright for Python：基础用法

写在前面

Playwright for Python：安装及初步使用

自动化交流

Playwright可以与HTML输入元素进行交互，例如文本输入框、复选框、单选按钮、下拉选项等。它可以模拟鼠标点击、输入字符、按键和快捷键，还可以上传文件并将焦点设置到元素上。

注意：本文只讲解同步方式，不讲解异步方式。
from playwright.sync_api import sync_playwright

一、文本输入 Text input

使用locator.fill()是填写表单字段最简单的方法。它会将焦点定位到元素，并触发一个带有输入文本的输入事件。它适用于、</code>和<code>[contenteditable]</code>元素。</p> <pre><code class="prism language-python"><span class="token comment"># 文本输入框</span> page<span class="token punctuation">.</span>get_by_role<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">"textbox"</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span>fill<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">"Peter"</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token comment"># 日期输入框</span> page<span class="token punctuation">.</span>get_by_label<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">"Birth date"</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span>fill<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">"2020-02-02"</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token comment"># 时间输入框</span> page<span class="token punctuation">.</span>get_by_label<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">"Appointment time"</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span>fill<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">"13:15"</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token comment"># 当地时间输入框</span> page<span class="token punctuation">.</span>get_by_label<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">"Local time"</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span>fill<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">"2020-03-02T05:15"</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> </code></pre> <h2>二、复选框和单选框 Checkboxes and radio buttons</h2> <p>使用<code>locator.set_checked()</code>是选中或取消选择复选框或单选按钮最简单的方法。该方法可用于<code>input[type=checkbox]</code>、<code>input[type=radio]</code>和<code>[role=checkbox]</code>元素。</p> <pre><code class="prism language-python"><span class="token comment"># 勾选checkbox</span> page<span class="token punctuation">.</span>get_by_label<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">'I agree to the terms above'</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span>check<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token comment"># 断言checkbox被选中了</span> <span class="token keyword">assert</span> page<span class="token punctuation">.</span>get_by_label<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">'Subscribe to newsletter'</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span>is_checked<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token keyword">is</span> <span class="token boolean">True</span> <span class="token comment"># 选中单选框</span> page<span class="token punctuation">.</span>get_by_label<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">'XL'</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span>check<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> </code></pre> <h2>三、下拉选择框 Select options</h2> <p>使用<code>locator.select_option()</code>在<code><select></code>元素中选择一个或多个选项。你可以通过指定选项的值或标签来进行选择。可以同时选择多个选项。</p> <pre><code class="prism language-python"><span class="token comment"># 单选，选中value</span> page<span class="token punctuation">.</span>get_by_label<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">'Choose a color'</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span>select_option<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">'blue'</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token comment"># 单选，选中label</span> page<span class="token punctuation">.</span>get_by_label<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">'Choose a color'</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span>select_option<span class="token punctuation">(</span>label<span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token string">'Blue'</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token comment"># 多选</span> page<span class="token punctuation">.</span>get_by_label<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">'Choose multiple colors'</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span>select_option<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">[</span><span class="token string">'red'</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token string">'green'</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token string">'blue'</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> </code></pre> <h2>四、鼠标点击 Mouse click</h2> <pre><code class="prism language-python"><span class="token comment"># 通用点击</span> page<span class="token punctuation">.</span>get_by_role<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">"button"</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span>click<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token comment"># 双击</span> page<span class="token punctuation">.</span>get_by_text<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">"Item"</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span>dblclick<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token comment"># 右击</span> page<span class="token punctuation">.</span>get_by_text<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">"Item"</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span>click<span class="token punctuation">(</span>button<span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token string">"right"</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token comment"># Shift + click</span> page<span class="token punctuation">.</span>get_by_text<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">"Item"</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span>click<span class="token punctuation">(</span>modifiers<span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token punctuation">[</span><span class="token string">"Shift"</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token comment"># 鼠标悬浮在元素上</span> page<span class="token punctuation">.</span>get_by_text<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">"Item"</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span>hover<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token comment"># 点击左上角</span> page<span class="token punctuation">.</span>get_by_text<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">"Item"</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span>click<span class="token punctuation">(</span>position<span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token punctuation">{</span> <span class="token string">"x"</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span> <span class="token number">0</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token string">"y"</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span> <span class="token number">0</span><span class="token punctuation">}</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token comment"># 强制点击</span> page<span class="token punctuation">.</span>get_by_role<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">"button"</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span>click<span class="token punctuation">(</span>force<span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token boolean">True</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token comment"># Programmatic click</span> page<span class="token punctuation">.</span>get_by_role<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">"button"</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span>dispatch_event<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">'click'</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> </code></pre> <h2>五、 输入字符 Type characters</h2> <p>在大多数情况下，你应该使用<code>locator.fill()</code>方法来输入文本。请参考上面的文本输入部分。只有在页面上存在特殊的键盘处理时，才需要手动输入字符。</p> <pre><code class="prism language-python"><span class="token comment"># 通过class定位，输入Hello World!</span> page<span class="token punctuation">.</span>locator<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">'#area'</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token builtin">type</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">'Hello World!'</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> </code></pre> <h2>七、 按键和快捷操作 Keys and shortcuts</h2> <pre><code class="prism language-python"><span class="token comment"># 点击 Enter</span> page<span class="token punctuation">.</span>get_by_text<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">"Submit"</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span>press<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">"Enter"</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token comment"># 发送 Control+Right组合键</span> page<span class="token punctuation">.</span>get_by_role<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">"textbox"</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span>press<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">"Control+ArrowRight"</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token comment"># 键盘按 “$”符号</span> page<span class="token punctuation">.</span>get_by_role<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">"textbox"</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span>press<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">"$"</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> </code></pre> <p><code>locator.press()</code>方法将焦点放在所选元素上并产生一个单一的按键输入。它接受键盘事件的<code>keyboardEvent.key</code>属性中发出的逻辑按键名称：</p> <pre><code class="prism language-python">Backquote<span class="token punctuation">,</span> Minus<span class="token punctuation">,</span> Equal<span class="token punctuation">,</span> Backslash<span class="token punctuation">,</span> Backspace<span class="token punctuation">,</span> Tab<span class="token punctuation">,</span> Delete<span class="token punctuation">,</span> Escape<span class="token punctuation">,</span> ArrowDown<span class="token punctuation">,</span> End<span class="token punctuation">,</span> Enter<span class="token punctuation">,</span> Home<span class="token punctuation">,</span> Insert<span class="token punctuation">,</span> PageDown<span class="token punctuation">,</span> PageUp<span class="token punctuation">,</span> ArrowRight<span class="token punctuation">,</span> ArrowUp<span class="token punctuation">,</span> F1 <span class="token operator">-</span> F12<span class="token punctuation">,</span> Digit0 <span class="token operator">-</span> Digit9<span class="token punctuation">,</span> KeyA <span class="token operator">-</span> KeyZ<span class="token punctuation">,</span> etc<span class="token punctuation">.</span> </code></pre> <ul> <li>你还可以指定一个单个字符，比如"a"或"#"来产生相应的按键输入。</li> <li>同时也支持以下修改键的快捷方式：Shift、Control、Alt、Meta。</li> <li>小写的"a"和大写的"A"是不一样的操作。</li> </ul> <pre><code class="prism language-python"><span class="token comment"># <input id=name></span> page<span class="token punctuation">.</span>locator<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">'#name'</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span>press<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">'Shift+A'</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token comment"># <input id=name></span> page<span class="token punctuation">.</span>locator<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">'#name'</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span>press<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">'Shift+ArrowLeft'</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> </code></pre> <ul> <li> <p>还支持“Control+o”或“Control+Shift+T”等快捷方式。当使用修改键时，修改键会被按下并保持，同时在按下后继键时也发挥作用。</p> </li> <li> <p>请注意，如果需要大写字母A，你仍然需要指定Shift-A。Shift-a会产生一个小写的字符，就好像你已经打开了CapsLock键一样。</p> </li> </ul> <h2>八、 上传文件 Upload files</h2> <p>你可以使用locator.set_input_files()方法选择要上传的输入文件。它的第一个参数应该指向一个具有"type"属性为"file"的输入元素。可以在数组中传递多个文件。如果某些文件路径是相对路径，它们将相对于当前工作目录进行解析。如果传入一个空数组，则会清除已选择的文件。</p> <pre><code class="prism language-python"><span class="token comment"># 上传单个文件</span> page<span class="token punctuation">.</span>get_by_label<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">"Upload file"</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span>set_input_files<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">'myfile.pdf'</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token comment"># 上传多个文件</span> page<span class="token punctuation">.</span>get_by_label<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">"Upload files"</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span>set_input_files<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">[</span><span class="token string">'file1.txt'</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token string">'file2.txt'</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token comment"># 移除所有的文件</span> page<span class="token punctuation">.</span>get_by_label<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">"Upload file"</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span>set_input_files<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">[</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token comment"># 从内存上传缓存区</span> page<span class="token punctuation">.</span>get_by_label<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">"Upload file"</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span>set_input_files<span class="token punctuation">(</span> files<span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token punctuation">[</span> <span class="token punctuation">{</span><span class="token string">"name"</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span> <span class="token string">"test.txt"</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token string">"mimeType"</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span> <span class="token string">"text/plain"</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token string">"buffer"</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span> <span class="token string">b"this is a test"</span><span class="token punctuation">}</span> <span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token punctuation">)</span> </code></pre> <p>如果你没有手动获取输入元素（因为它是动态创建的），你可以通过处理page.on(“filechooser”)事件或使用相应的等待方法来进行操作：</p> <pre><code class="prism language-python"><span class="token keyword">with</span> page<span class="token punctuation">.</span>expect_file_chooser<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token keyword">as</span> fc_info<span class="token punctuation">:</span> page<span class="token punctuation">.</span>get_by_label<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">"Upload file"</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span>click<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> file_chooser <span class="token operator">=</span> fc_info<span class="token punctuation">.</span>value file_chooser<span class="token punctuation">.</span>set_files<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">"myfile.pdf"</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> </code></pre> <h2>九、 聚焦元素 Focus element</h2> <p>对于处理焦点事件的动态页面，你可以使用<code>locator.focus()</code>函数将指定元素聚焦。</p> <pre><code class="prism language-python">page<span class="token punctuation">.</span>get_by_label<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">'password'</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span>focus<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> </code></pre> <h2>十、拖拽 Drag and Drop</h2> <p>你可以使用locator.drag_to()方法执行拖放操作。该方法将会：</p> <ul> <li>悬停在要拖动的元素上。</li> <li>按下鼠标左键。</li> <li>移动鼠标到接收拖放的元素上。</li> <li>松开鼠标左键。</li> </ul> <pre><code class="prism language-python">page<span class="token punctuation">.</span>locator<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">"#item-to-be-dragged"</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span>drag_to<span class="token punctuation">(</span>page<span class="token punctuation">.</span>locator<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">"#item-to-drop-at"</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> </code></pre> <p>如果你想对拖动操作进行精确控制，可以使用较低级别的方法，比如<code>locator.hover()</code>、<code>mouse.down()</code>、<code>mouse.move()</code>和<code>mouse.up()</code>。</p> <pre><code class="prism language-python">page<span class="token punctuation">.</span>locator<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">"#item-to-be-dragged"</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span>hover<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> page<span class="token punctuation">.</span>mouse<span class="token punctuation">.</span>down<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> page<span class="token punctuation">.</span>locator<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">"#item-to-drop-at"</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span>hover<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> page<span class="token punctuation">.</span>mouse<span class="token punctuation">.</span>up<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> </code></pre> <p>注意：如果你的页面依赖于dragover事件的触发，你需要至少进行两次鼠标移动才能在所有浏览器中触发该事件。为了可靠地执行第二次鼠标移动，你需要重复执行mouse.move()或locator.hover()两次。操作顺序如下：悬停在拖动元素上，按下鼠标，悬停在放置元素上，再次悬停在放置元素上，松开鼠标。</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <!--PC和WAP自适应版--> <div id="SOHUCS" sid="1699077192031481856"></div> <script type="text/javascript" src="/views/front/js/chanyan.js"></script> <!-- 文章页-底部 动态广告位 --> <div class="youdao-fixed-ad" id="detail_ad_bottom"></div> </div> <div class="col-md-3"> <div class="row" id="ad"> <!-- 文章页-右侧1 动态广告位 --> <div id="right-1" class="col-lg-12 col-md-12 col-sm-4 col-xs-4 ad"> <div class="youdao-fixed-ad" id="detail_ad_1"> </div> </div> <!-- 文章页-右侧2 动态广告位 --> <div id="right-2" class="col-lg-12 col-md-12 col-sm-4 col-xs-4 ad"> <div class="youdao-fixed-ad" 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