小词详解:a few,few,a little,little

1、a few,few, a little, little用作数量限定词

a few和few 用于可数复数名词之前(before plural nouns)

(1)a few “一些”(a small number)

It will take a few minutes.

这需要分钟时间。

(2)few 指“不多”(not many),强调少,主要用于书面语或正式讲话( writing or formal speech)

only a fewbut a few相当于few)

Few people knew he was ill.

几乎没人知道他病了。

对话或非正式书面语( conversation or informal writing)中,not many更为常用

Not many people saw what happened.

没有多少人看到发生的事。

a little 和 little 均用于不可数名词前(before uncountable nouns)

(3)a little 意为 "有一些,但不多"(some, but not a lot)。

We still have a little time left.

我们还剩一点时间。

英国英语口语(spoken British English)中,更常用 a bit of

I’ve got a bit of money left.

我还剩下一点钱。

(4)little意为 “很少”(not much), 强调数量非常少,主要用于书面语或正式讲话(writing or formal speech)

There is now little hope of success.

目前成功希望渺茫

对话或非正式书面语(conversation or informal writing)中,更常用 not much

There was not much milk left.

剩下的牛奶不多了。

注意

not a few前的not不是否定,而是相当于quite a few(美式英语),a good few(英式英语),有加强肯定的意思,意为“有很多”;not a little前的not也不是否定,有加强肯定的意思。

not little(许多)前的not表示否定,但是很少在little前使用quite,very,too等词。not a bit(一点也不)not in the least(一点也不)前的not也都表示否定

请比较下面几个句子:

He had not/quite a few kind thoughts about his former employer. (他对他从前的雇主相当有好感。)

It has given him not a little trouble. (这给他带来许多麻烦。)

He took no little pains over it. (他在这上面费了很多力。)

It's not a bit of use complaining. (抱怨毫无意义。)

I'm not in the least tired. (我一点也不累。)

2、little用作形容词或副词

(1)little作为形容词(修饰可数名词)时,意思是“小的”(small)

She was cutting the meat up into little bits.

她把肉切成小丁。

【注意】

① little用于形容词和名词之间,强调喜欢、厌恶或同情

It could be a nice little business.

这可能是一门不错的生意。

The poor little thing had hurt its wing.

这可怜的东西翅膀受伤了。

② little作为形容词(修饰可数名词)时的比较级和最高级 littler 和 littlest 很罕见,可以用 smaller 或 smallest来代替

Her feet are even smaller than mine. (不说 littler/more little)

她的脚比我的还要小。

small 前可以用quite、very、too 等词,但很少在 little 前使用

a very small car (不说 a very little car)

一辆非常小的汽车

(2)little作为形容词修饰不可数名词)时,意思是“少量”,而不是可数名词个体的“小”。(常用于a little bit (of))

I'm going to give you a little bit of advice.

我要给你一点小小的建议。

I was a little bit disappointed.

有点失望。

【注意】

有一些名词,可能是可数的,也可能是不可数的,此时用a little可能会发生歧义,如:

a little room(可能是“一个小房间”,也可能是“一点空地”,要看上下文确定)

(3)little作为副词表示程度之低,意思是“少许,一点”。(同义词为a bit)

She trembled a little as she spoke.

她说话时有些颤抖。

【注意】

① a little 作为副词要放在形容词前

I was a little worried about her.

有点担心她。(不说 worried a little about)

② a little 作为副词加形容词不能用在名词前。 要用 rather 或 slightly

It was a rather strange situation.

这局面相当奇怪。(不说 a little strange situation)

little可以作为带有否定色彩的副词,接近于scarcely或hardly

Could a little known nerve be a key to desire?

一个不太熟悉的神经,会是引起欲望的关键吗?(little是副词,修饰known起否定作用,不是修饰nerve的形容词“小”,不能把a little连在一起以为是肯定意义。)

little如果作为否定全句的副词,放在句首,主谓语要颠倒次序

Little need I dwell upon the joy of the reunion.

那次团聚的欢乐,我大概用不着多形容了。

little可以作为带有否定色彩的副词,接近于scarcely与hardly,但是如果little前面有a,则排除了否定色彩,变为弱意的肯定

It was, however, a little disappointing.

但是这有点令人失望。

如果a little前面又加上否定词not,成为not a little(后面是动词过去分词或形容词),变成稍带强调语气的肯定(“相当如何”、“十分如何”)

We are not a little outraged by the utterly unjustifiable decision of the committee.

对于委员会根本无理的决定,我们感到十分愤慨。

(4)little表示不可数名词的“少量”,或是作为副词表示程度之低时,little的比较级就是less,最高级就是least

A shower uses less water than a bath.

淋浴比盆浴省水。

The least pressure would suffice to crack the tube.

只要一点点压力,就足以把管子压破。

They came out when I least expected them.

我最没有料到的时候他们出来了。

参考资料:

LDOCE5++En-Cn

葛传椝英语惯用法词典

英语常用词疑难用法手册词典

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