python xlrd模块_Python模块：xlwt、xlrd、openpyxl
一、xlwt写excel
xlwt是一个用于向旧的Excel文件写入数据和格式化信息的库，旧的Excel即后缀为.xls（2007版本之前的Office），新的后缀为.xlsx（2007版本及之后的Office）。xlwt、wlrd只能读写xls文件，而不能操作xlsx文件。旧的Excel一个工作表最多可有65536行，行用数字1—65536表示，最多可有256列，列用英文字母A—Z，AA—AZ，BA—BZ，……，IA—IV表示；一个工作簿中最多含有255个工作表，默认情况下是三个工作表。
对于新版本的Office最大行数已经支持到了1048576，最大列数是16384。当然也有新的Python库来对新的Office Excel进行操作，就是openpyxl库，下面也会简单使用一下。
先看xlwt库，在写入Excel表格之前，你必须初始化workbook对象，然后添加一个workbook对象。比如：
import xlwt
file = xlwt.Workbook()
table = file.add_sheet('sheet name')
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importxlwt
file=xlwt.Workbook()
table=file.add_sheet('sheet name')
这样表单就被创建了，然后就可以写入数据：
table.write(0,0,'row and column')
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table.write(0,0,'row and column')
这里第一个参数0表示Excel的行，第二个参数0表示Excel的列，第三个参数就是写入到此单元格的内容。
当你更改表单内容的时候，会有警告提示。解决方式就是使用cell_overwrite_ok=True来创建worksheet。
file.add_sheet('sheet name', cell_overwrite_ok=True)
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file.add_sheet('sheet name',cell_overwrite_ok=True)
这样就可以更改单元格的内容了。
然后就可以保存文件（这里不需要像打开文件一样需要close文件)
file.save('demo.xls')
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file.save('demo.xls')
除了上面这些基本操作外，也支持格式化设置。如单元格格式属性或单元格样式的属性设置，字体设置等，格式属性分为6组：
Group
Attributes
Number format
数字格式索引（FORMAT记录的索引）
Font
字体索引（FONT记录的索引）
Alignment
水平和垂直对齐，文本换行，缩进，方向/旋转，文本方向
Border
边框线条样式和颜色
Background
背景区域风格和颜色
Protection
单元格锁定，公式隐藏
使用方式：
# 初始化样式
style = xlwt.XFStyle()
# 创建一个与样式一起使用的字体
font = xlwt.Font()
font.name = 'Times New Roman'
font.bold = True
# 设置样式的字体
style.font = font
# 写入时应用样式
sheet.write(0, 0, 'some bold Times text', style)
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# 初始化样式
style=xlwt.XFStyle()
# 创建一个与样式一起使用的字体
font=xlwt.Font()
font.name='Times New Roman'
font.bold=True
# 设置样式的字体
style.font=font
# 写入时应用样式
sheet.write(0,0,'some bold Times text',style)
从MySQL中读出数据，然后批量插入Excel表格中。
#!/usr/bin/python
# -*- coding: UTF-8 -*-
import pymysql
import xlwt
connection = pymysql.connect(
host = '127.0.0.1',
port = 3306,
user = 'root',
passwd = '123456',
db = 'sbtest',
charset = 'utf8'
)
try:
file = xlwt.Workbook()
table = file.add_sheet('sheet name', cell_overwrite_ok=True)
with connection.cursor() as cursor:
sql = "select * from sbtest1"
curosr = connection.cursor()
curosr.execute(sql)
column = 0
for i in curosr.description:
table.write(0,column,i[0])
column += 1
row = 1
column = 0
for i in curosr.fetchall():
for i in i:
table.write(row,column,i)
column += 1
row += 1
column = 0
file.save('demo.xls')
finally:
connection.close()
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#!/usr/bin/python
# -*- coding: UTF-8 -*-
importpymysql
importxlwt
connection=pymysql.connect(
host='127.0.0.1',
port=3306,
user='root',
passwd='123456',
db='sbtest',
charset='utf8'
)
try:
file=xlwt.Workbook()
table=file.add_sheet('sheet name',cell_overwrite_ok=True)
withconnection.cursor()ascursor:
sql="select * from sbtest1"
curosr=connection.cursor()
curosr.execute(sql)
column=0
foriincurosr.description:
table.write(0,column,i[0])
column+=1
row=1
column=0
foriincurosr.fetchall():
foriini:
table.write(row,column,i)
column+=1
row+=1
column=0
file.save('demo.xls')
finally:
connection.close()
二、xlrd读excel
上面介绍了写Excel的库，有写自然就有读的库了，就是xlrd，使用起来跟xlwd差不多。
首先，打开workbook：
import xlrd
table = xlrd.open_workbook('demo.xls')
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importxlrd
table=xlrd.open_workbook('demo.xls')
得到表的sheet名称：
table.sheet_names()
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table.sheet_names()
得到第一个sheet名称，两种方式：索引和名字
sheet = table.sheet_by_index(0)
sheet = table.sheet_by_name('sheet name')
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sheet=table.sheet_by_index(0)
sheet=table.sheet_by_name('sheet name')
递归打印出每行的信息（列表）：
for r in range(sheet.nrows):
print(sheet.row_values(r))
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forrinrange(sheet.nrows):
print(sheet.row_values(r))
如果只想返回第一列数据：
sheet.col_values(0)
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sheet.col_values(0)
通过索引读取数据：
sheet.cell(0,0).value
sheet.cell(rowx=3,colx=2).value
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sheet.cell(0,0).value
sheet.cell(rowx=3,colx=2).value
注意：这里的索引都是从0开始的，根据行和列的坐标读取具体的Excel单元格。
三、openpyxl操作excel
其实上面的xlwt或xlrd都是相对限制较多，比如无法修改excel表格，以及读写一个sheet不能超过65535条，如果超过就会报错：ValueError: row index was 65536, not allowed by .xls format。这也是因为xlwt或xlrd只能用于后缀为.xls老版本的Excel，也是Excel本身的限制。上面也说了，新版Excel已经支持更大的行数了。
openpyxl库就是用来操作新版的Excel，相对xlwt和xlrd也更加友好。在openpyxl中，主要用到三个概念：Workbooks，Sheets，Cells。Workbook就是一个excel工作表；Sheet是工作表中的一张表页；Cell就是简单的一个格。openpyxl就是围绕着这三个概念进行的，不管读写都是“三板斧”：打开Workbook，定位Sheet，操作Cell。
# 导入模块
>>> from openpyxl import Workbook
# 打开Workbook
>>> file = Workbook()
# 创建Sheet
>>> sheet = file.active
# 定义Sheet名称
>>> sheet.title = "sheet name"
# 操作Cell
>>> sheet['A1'] = 4
# 获取Cell值
>>> sheet['A1'].value
# 保存xlsx文件
>>> file.save('demo.xlsx')
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# 导入模块
>>>fromopenpyxlimportWorkbook
# 打开Workbook
>>>file=Workbook()
# 创建Sheet
>>>sheet=file.active
# 定义Sheet名称
>>>sheet.title="sheet name"
# 操作Cell
>>>sheet['A1']=4
# 获取Cell值
>>>sheet['A1'].value
# 保存xlsx文件
>>>file.save('demo.xlsx')
关于openpyxl更为详细的使用可以看这篇文章“OpenPyXL的使用教程（一）”。
在使用上与xlwt/xlrt不同的是，xlwt/xlrt可以Excel行和列的坐标（0,0）来定位Cell，而openpyxl使用类似A1-Z1这样的方式来定位Cell。其实在处理起来使用A1-Z1这种方式定位Cell不是很方便，但列数大于A-Z后，就要从AA-AZ开始算起。我这里提供了一个生成定位Cell的字母列表的方法。
def GenerateCharacter(n, limit=65535):
import string
c = int(n / 26)
y = int(n % 26)
if n <= 26:
character = []
for i in range(n):
character.append(string.ascii_uppercase[i])
return character
elif n <= limit:
character = [c for c in string.ascii_uppercase]
for i in range(c):
if i + 1 == c:
for e in range(y):
character.append(character[i] + string.ascii_uppercase[e])
else:
for e in [character[i] + c for c in string.ascii_uppercase]:
character.append(e)
return character
else:
return "more than %s restrictions" % limit
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defGenerateCharacter(n,limit=65535):
importstring
c=int(n/26)
y=int(n%26)
ifn<=26:
character=[]
foriinrange(n):
character.append(string.ascii_uppercase[i])
returncharacter
elifn<=limit:
character=[cforcinstring.ascii_uppercase]
foriinrange(c):
ifi+1==c:
foreinrange(y):
character.append(character[i]+string.ascii_uppercase[e])
else:
forein[character[i]+cforcinstring.ascii_uppercase]:
character.append(e)
returncharacter
else:
return"more than %s restrictions"%limit
只需要传入一个数字即可，数字就是你要生成的字母数量，默认最大生成65535，你也可以自己限制。
>>> print(GenerateCharacter(10))
['A', 'B', 'C', 'D', 'E', 'F', 'G', 'H', 'I', 'J']
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>>>print(GenerateCharacter(10))
['A','B','C','D','E','F','G','H','I','J']
下面提供了一个从数据库读取数据然后循序插入到Excel中的例子：
#!/usr/bin/python
# -*- coding: UTF-8 -*-
import pymysql
from openpyxl import Workbook
class DatabaseConn:
def __init__(self, ip=None, user=None, password=None, db=None, port=None):
self.ip = ip
self.user = user
self.password = password
self.db = db
self.port = int(port)
self.con = object
def __enter__(self):
self.con = pymysql.connect(
host=self.ip,
user=self.user,
passwd=self.password,
db=self.db,
charset='utf8mb4',
port=self.port
)
return self
def __exit__(self, exc_type, exc_val, exc_tb):
self.con.close()
def select_execute(self, sql=None):
with self.con.cursor() as cursor:
cursor.execute(sql)
result = cursor.fetchall()
fields = cursor.description
return fields, result
class ExportSQL:
def GenerateCharacter(self, n, limit=65535):
import string
c = int(n / 26)
y = int(n % 26)
if n <= 26:
character = []
for i in range(n):
character.append(string.ascii_uppercase[i])
return character
elif n <= limit:
character = [c for c in string.ascii_uppercase]
for i in range(c):
if i + 1 == c:
for e in range(y):
character.append(character[i] + string.ascii_uppercase[e])
else:
for e in [character[i] + c for c in string.ascii_uppercase]:
character.append(e)
return character
else:
return "more than %s restrictions" % limit
def execute(self):
try:
with DatabaseConn(
ip='127.0.0.1',
user='root',
password='',
port=3306,
db='sbtest',
) as curosr:
fields, result = curosr.select_execute(sql='select * from sbtest1 limit 10')
file = Workbook()
sheet = file.active
sheet.title = "sheet name"
ascii_uppercase = self.GenerateCharacter(len(fields))
for field in range(0, len(fields)):
sheet["%s%d" % (ascii_uppercase[field], 1)] = fields[field][0]
for row in range(1, len(result) + 1):
for field in range(0, len(fields)):
sheet["%s%d" % (ascii_uppercase[field], row + 1)] = result[row - 1][field]
file.save('demo.xlsx')
except Exception as e:
print(e)
ExportSQL().execute()
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#!/usr/bin/python
# -*- coding: UTF-8 -*-
importpymysql
fromopenpyxlimportWorkbook
classDatabaseConn:
def__init__(self,ip=None,user=None,password=None,db=None,port=None):
self.ip=ip
self.user=user
self.password=password
self.db=db
self.port=int(port)
self.con=object
def__enter__(self):
self.con=pymysql.connect(
host=self.ip,
user=self.user,
passwd=self.password,
db=self.db,
charset='utf8mb4',
port=self.port
)
returnself
def__exit__(self,exc_type,exc_val,exc_tb):
self.con.close()
defselect_execute(self,sql=None):
withself.con.cursor()ascursor:
cursor.execute(sql)
result=cursor.fetchall()
fields=cursor.description
returnfields,result
classExportSQL:
defGenerateCharacter(self,n,limit=65535):
importstring
c=int(n/26)
y=int(n%26)
ifn<=26:
character=[]
foriinrange(n):
character.append(string.ascii_uppercase[i])
returncharacter
elifn<=limit:
character=[cforcinstring.ascii_uppercase]
foriinrange(c):
ifi+1==c:
foreinrange(y):
character.append(character[i]+string.ascii_uppercase[e])
else:
forein[character[i]+cforcinstring.ascii_uppercase]:
character.append(e)
returncharacter
else:
return"more than %s restrictions"%limit
defexecute(self):
try:
withDatabaseConn(
ip='127.0.0.1',
user='root',
password='',
port=3306,
db='sbtest',
)ascurosr:
fields,result=curosr.select_execute(sql='select * from sbtest1 limit 10')
file=Workbook()
sheet=file.active
sheet.title="sheet name"
ascii_uppercase=self.GenerateCharacter(len(fields))
forfieldinrange(0,len(fields)):
sheet["%s%d"%(ascii_uppercase[field],1)]=fields[field][0]
forrowinrange(1,len(result)+1):
forfieldinrange(0,len(fields)):
sheet["%s%d"%(ascii_uppercase[field],row+1)]=result[row-1][field]
file.save('demo.xlsx')
exceptExceptionase:
print(e)
ExportSQL().execute()
上面是一个一次性导出 Excel 的脚本，如果有多次查询追加导入到 Excel 中，大概的方式如下：
#!/usr/bin/python
# -*- coding: UTF-8 -*-
import pymysql
from openpyxl import Workbook
class DatabaseConn:
def __init__(self, ip=None, user=None, password=None, db=None, port=None):
self.ip = ip
self.user = user
self.password = password
self.db = db
self.port = int(port)
self.con = object
def __enter__(self):
self.con = pymysql.connect(
host=self.ip,
user=self.user,
passwd=self.password,
db=self.db,
charset='utf8mb4',
port=self.port
)
return self
def __exit__(self, exc_type, exc_val, exc_tb):
self.con.close()
def select_execute(self, sql=None):
with self.con.cursor() as cursor:
cursor.execute(sql)
result = cursor.fetchall()
fields = cursor.description
return fields, result
def execute(sql):
try:
with DatabaseConn(
ip='',
user='',
password='',
port=3306,
db='',
) as curosr:
fields, result = curosr.select_execute(sql=sql)
return (fields, result)
except Exception as e:
print(e)
def generate_character(n, limit=65535):
import string
c = int(n / 26)
y = int(n % 26)
if n <= 26:
character = []
for i in range(n):
character.append(string.ascii_uppercase[i])
return character
elif n <= limit:
character = [c for c in string.ascii_uppercase]
for i in range(c):
if i + 1 == c:
for e in range(y):
character.append(character[i] + string.ascii_uppercase[e])
else:
for e in [character[i] + c for c in string.ascii_uppercase]:
character.append(e)
return character
else:
return "more than %s restrictions" % limit
if __name__ == '__main__':
count = 0
file = Workbook()
sheet = file.active
sheet.title = "sheet name"
f = open('/tmp/1.txt', 'r')
while True:
line = f.readline()
if not line:
break
else:
sql = ("selec * from sbtest.sbtest1 where id={}".format(line))
fields, result = execute(sql)
ascii_uppercase = generate_character(len(fields))
if count == 0:
for field in range(0, len(fields)):
sheet["%s%d" % (ascii_uppercase[field], 1)] = fields[field][0]
if result:
for row in range(count + 1, count + len(result) + 1):
for field in range(0, len(fields)):
sheet["%s%d" % (ascii_uppercase[field], row + 1)] = result[row - count - 1][field]
count += len(result) + 1
else:
fields = [None] * len(fields)
if len(fields) >= 2:
fields[0] = line
else:
print("fields data error")
for field in range(0, len(fields)):
sheet["%s%d" % (ascii_uppercase[field], count + 1)] = fields[field]
count += 1
print(count)
file.save('demo.xlsx')
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#!/usr/bin/python
# -*- coding: UTF-8 -*-
importpymysql
fromopenpyxlimportWorkbook
classDatabaseConn:
def__init__(self,ip=None,user=None,password=None,db=None,port=None):
self.ip=ip
self.user=user
self.password=password
self.db=db
self.port=int(port)
self.con=object
def__enter__(self):
self.con=pymysql.connect(
host=self.ip,
user=self.user,
passwd=self.password,
db=self.db,
charset='utf8mb4',
port=self.port
)
returnself
def__exit__(self,exc_type,exc_val,exc_tb):
self.con.close()
defselect_execute(self,sql=None):
withself.con.cursor()ascursor:
cursor.execute(sql)
result=cursor.fetchall()
fields=cursor.description
returnfields,result
defexecute(sql):
try:
withDatabaseConn(
ip='',
user='',
password='',
port=3306,
db='',
)ascurosr:
fields,result=curosr.select_execute(sql=sql)
return(fields,result)
exceptExceptionase:
print(e)
defgenerate_character(n,limit=65535):
importstring
c=int(n/26)
y=int(n%26)
ifn<=26:
character=[]
foriinrange(n):
character.append(string.ascii_uppercase[i])
returncharacter
elifn<=limit:
character=[cforcinstring.ascii_uppercase]
foriinrange(c):
ifi+1==c:
foreinrange(y):
character.append(character[i]+string.ascii_uppercase[e])
else:
forein[character[i]+cforcinstring.ascii_uppercase]:
character.append(e)
returncharacter
else:
return"more than %s restrictions"%limit
if__name__=='__main__':
count=0
file=Workbook()
sheet=file.active
sheet.title="sheet name"
f=open('/tmp/1.txt','r')
whileTrue:
line=f.readline()
ifnotline:
break
else:
sql=("selec * from sbtest.sbtest1 where id={}".format(line))
fields,result=execute(sql)
ascii_uppercase=generate_character(len(fields))
ifcount==0:
forfieldinrange(0,len(fields)):
sheet["%s%d"%(ascii_uppercase[field],1)]=fields[field][0]
ifresult:
forrowinrange(count+1,count+len(result)+1):
forfieldinrange(0,len(fields)):
sheet["%s%d"%(ascii_uppercase[field],row+1)]=result[row-count-1][field]
count+=len(result)+1
else:
fields=[None]*len(fields)
iflen(fields)>=2:
fields[0]=line
else:
print("fields data error")
forfieldinrange(0,len(fields)):
sheet["%s%d"%(ascii_uppercase[field],count+1)]=fields[field]
count+=1
print(count)
file.save('demo.xlsx')
这是一个从文件中读取数据，然后进行查询，查询结果追加到 Excel 中，没有查询结果的把文件读取的数值追加进 Excel 中。
四、xlutils修改excel
Python中一般使用xlrd（excel read）来读取Excel文件，使用xlwt（excel write）来生成Excel文件（可以控制Excel中单元格的格式），需要注意的是，用xlrd读取excel是不能对其进行操作的：xlrd.open_workbook()方法返回xlrd.Book类型，是只读的，不能对其进行操作。而 xlwt.Workbook()返回的xlwt.Workbook类型的save(filepath)方法可以保存excel文件。因此对于读取和生成Excel文件都非常容易处理，但是对于已经存在的Excel文件进行修改就比较麻烦了。不过，还有一个xlutils（依赖于xlrd和xlwt）提供复制excel文件内容和修改文件的功能。其实际也只是在xlrd.Book和xlwt.Workbook之间建立了一个管道而已。如果有用到可以参考：Python xlrd、xlwt、xlutils读取、修改Excel文件
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