生产环境NameNode可靠性保证

前言：Hadoop NameNode节点维护了整个HDFS集群所有的元数据信息，一旦NameNode发生脑裂，或者服务不可用，整个HDFS集群都将处于不可用状态。对于线上生产环境，将会造成不可估量的损失。因此，对于NameNode节点的状态监控不可或缺，一旦发生脑裂或者服务异常停止，都能够及时通知运维介入。当然，NameNode本身有Fencing机制，Hadoop默认Fencing机制不做任何动作，这就需要开发人员自主配置Fencing机制需要执行的操作。

本文要旨：① 如何监控NameNode的状态切换； ② 自主配置Fencing机制；

集群环境：Ambari 2.2.1， HDP 2.3.4，Hadoop 2.7.1

【NameNode状态监控】

① 访问url获取集群Namenode状态：

http://${hostname}:50070/jmx?qry=Hadoop:service=NameNode,name=NameNodeStatus

返回如下结果：

   {
  "beans" : [ {
    "name" : "Hadoop:service=NameNode,name=NameNodeStatus",
    "modelerType" : "org.apache.hadoop.hdfs.server.namenode.NameNode",
    "State" : "active",
    "NNRole" : "NameNode",
    "HostAndPort" : "hostname1:8020",
    "SecurityEnabled" : false,
    "LastHATransitionTime" : 1519300091101,
    "BytesWithFutureGenerationStamps" : 0
  } ]
}

② 依次访问两个namenode节点，返回信息通过python脚本解析，获取节点状态:

# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
import json
import urllib
import sys

def get_namenode_status(hostname):
    jmxport = 50070
    url = "http://{0}:{1}/jmx?qry=Hadoop:service=NameNode,name=NameNodeStatus".format(hostname, jmxport)
    try:
        response = urllib.urlopen(url)
        jsonString = json.load(response)
        nnstatus = jsonString.get('beans', [{}])[0].get('State', '')
        if 'active' == nnstatus:
            return 'active'
        elif 'standby' == nnstatus:
            return 'standby'
        else:
            return
    except:
        return

if __name__ == "__main__":
    hostname = (sys.argv[1] if len(sys.argv) > 1 else None)
    if hostname:
        print get_namenode_status(hostname)
    else:
        print None

脚本返回三种状态：active(主)，standby(备)，None(服务异常，无法获取状态)

③ 通过shell脚本根据返回状态判断是否报警：

#!/bin/bash

bin=`dirname "$0"`
code_path=`cd "$bin";pwd`
file_name="last_ha_status"

export monitor_info=""

nn1=`python $code_path/namenodestatus.py hostname1`
nn2=`python $code_path/namenodestatus.py hostname2`

last_status_hdfs=`cat /tmp/$file_name`
current_status_hdfs=$nn1,$nn2

if [[ "standby" == $nn1 ]] && [[ "standby" == $nn2 ]]; then
        monitor_info="hostname1:"$nn1" hostname2:"$nn2" 上次HA状态信息:"$last_status_hdfs" 当前HA状态信息:"$current_status_hdfs
        echo $nn1,$nn2 > /tmp/$file_name
        #todo 调用报警接口，打印monitor_info内容
        exit 1
elif [[ "active" == $nn1 ]] && [[ "active" == $nn2 ]]; then
        monitor_info="hostname1:"$nn1" hostname2:"$nn2" 上次HA状态信息:"$last_status_hdfs" 当前HA状态信息:"$current_status_hdfs
        echo $nn1,$nn2 > /tmp/$file_name
        #todo 调用报警接口，打印monitor_info内容
        exit 1
elif [[ "None" == $nn1 ]] || [[ "None" == $nn2 ]]; then
        monitor_info="hostname1:"$nn1" hostname2:"$nn2" 上次HA状态信息:"$last_status_hdfs" 当前HA状态信息:"$current_status_hdfs
        echo $nn1,$nn2 > /tmp/$file_name
        #todo 调用报警接口，打印monitor_info内容
        exit 1
else
        #状态正常，将正常状态写入本地文件
        echo $nn1,$nn2 > /tmp/$file_name
        exit 0
fi

报警阈值：
① 两个NameNode都处于standby状态；
② 两个NameNode都处于active状态；
③ 任何一个NameNode服务停止；

NameNode的主备状态获取途径除了通过访问50070获取JMX监控信息外，还可以通过hdfs haadmin命令获取：

nn1=`ssh hdfs@hostname1 hdfs haadmin -Dipc.client.connect.max.retries.on.timeouts=3 -Dipc.client.connect.timeout=3000 -GetServiceState nn1`
nn2=`ssh hdfs@hostname2 hdfs haadmin -Dipc.client.connect.max.retries.on.timeouts=3 -Dipc.client.connect.timeout=3000 -GetServiceState nn2`

备注①：执行监控脚本的用户A需要设置访问hdfs用户的免密码登录，当然也可以开通用户A访问hdfs的权限；
备注②：hdfs core-site.xml默认配置定义了socket连接最大重试次数为45，以及每次等待连接时间为20s。这种情况下如果NameNode节点异常，需要等待45 * 20s才能返回相应结果。对于监控脚本，这么长的等待时间显然不合理，因此需要我们自定义最长允许的等待时间。


  ipc.client.connect.timeout
  20000
  Indicates the number of milliseconds a client will wait for the socket to establish a server connection.
  



  ipc.client.connect.max.retries.on.timeouts
  45
  Indicates the number of retries a client will make on socket timeout to establish a server connection.

【自定义Fencing机制】

参考官方文档：https://hadoop.apache.org/docs/r2.7.1/hadoop-project-dist/hadoop-hdfs/HDFSHighAvailabilityWithQJM.html
在分布式系统中脑裂又称为双主现象，由于Zookeeper的“假死”，长时间的垃圾回收或其它原因都可能导致双Active NameNode现象，此时两个NameNode都可以对外提供服务，无法保证数据一致性。对于生产环境，这种情况的出现是毁灭性的，必须通过自带的隔离（Fencing）机制预防这种现象的出现。

Hadoop目前主要提供两种隔离措施：
sshfence：SSH to the Active NameNode and kill the process；
shellfence：run an arbitrary shell command to fence the Active NameNode；

只有在成功地执行完成fencing之后，选主成功的ActiveStandbyElector才会回调ZKFC的becomeActive方法将对应的NameNode切换为Active，开始对外提供服务。

2018-02-22 18:57:11,865 INFO  ha.NodeFencer (NodeFencer.java:fence(91)) - ====== Beginning Service Fencing Process... ======
2018-02-22 18:57:11,865 INFO  ha.NodeFencer (NodeFencer.java:fence(94)) - Trying method 1/1: org.apache.hadoop.ha.ShellCommandFencer(/usr/custom/hdfs/restart_namenode.sh)
2018-02-22 18:57:11,871 INFO  ha.ShellCommandFencer (ShellCommandFencer.java:tryFence(99)) - Launched fencing command '/usr/custom/hdfs/restart_namenode.sh' with pid 21772
2018-02-22 18:57:11,894 WARN  ha.ShellCommandFencer (StreamPumper.java:pump(88)) - [PID 21772] /usr/cus...menode.sh:   % Total    % Received % Xferd  Average Speed   Time    Time     Time  Current
2018-02-22 18:57:11,894 WARN  ha.ShellCommandFencer (StreamPumper.java:pump(88)) - [PID 21772] /usr/cus...menode.sh:                                  Dload  Upload   Total   Spent    Left  Speed
2018-02-22 18:57:11,894 WARN  ha.ShellCommandFencer (StreamPumper.java:pump(88)) - [PID 21772] /usr/cus...menode.sh:
2018-02-22 18:57:11,965 INFO  ha.ShellCommandFencer (StreamPumper.java:pump(86)) - [PID 21772] /usr/cus...menode.sh: {
2018-02-22 18:57:11,965 INFO  ha.ShellCommandFencer (StreamPumper.java:pump(86)) - [PID 21772] /usr/cus...menode.sh:   "href" : "http://hostname1:8080/api/v1/clusters/cbas_cluster/requests/5363",
2018-02-22 18:57:11,965 INFO  ha.ShellCommandFencer (StreamPumper.java:pump(86)) - [PID 21772] /usr/cus...menode.sh:   "Requests" : {
2018-02-22 18:57:11,965 INFO  ha.ShellCommandFencer (StreamPumper.java:pump(86)) - [PID 21772] /usr/cus...menode.sh:     "id" : 5363,
2018-02-22 18:57:11,965 INFO  ha.ShellCommandFencer (StreamPumper.java:pump(86)) - [PID 21772] /usr/cus...menode.sh:     "status" : "Accepted"
2018-02-22 18:57:11,965 WARN  ha.ShellCommandFencer (StreamPumper.java:pump(88)) - [PID 21772] /usr/cus...menode.sh:   0     0    0     0    0   346      0   343k --:--:-- --:--:-- --:--:--  343k
2018-02-22 18:57:11,965 INFO  ha.ShellCommandFencer (StreamPumper.java:pump(86)) - [PID 21772] /usr/cus...menode.sh:   }
2018-02-22 18:57:11,966 INFO  ha.ShellCommandFencer (StreamPumper.java:pump(86)) - [PID 21772] /usr/cus...menode.sh: }
2018-02-22 18:57:11,965 WARN  ha.ShellCommandFencer (StreamPumper.java:pump(88)) - [PID 21772] /usr/cus...menode.sh: 495   149  149   149    0   346   2073   4815 --:--:-- --:--:-- --:--:--     0
2018-02-22 18:57:11,967 INFO  ha.NodeFencer (NodeFencer.java:fence(98)) - ====== Fencing successful by method org.apache.hadoop.ha.ShellCommandFencer(/usr/custom/hdfs/restart_namenode.sh) ======
2018-02-22 18:57:11,967 INFO  ha.ActiveStandbyElector (ActiveStandbyElector.java:writeBreadCrumbNode(878)) - Writing znode /hadoop-ha/cbas/ActiveBreadCrumb to indicate that the local node is the most recent active...
2018-02-22 18:57:11,969 INFO  ha.ZKFailoverController (ZKFailoverController.java:becomeActive(380)) - Trying to make NameNode at hostname1/xx.x.xx.xxx:8021 active...
2018-02-22 18:57:13,710 INFO  ha.ZKFailoverController (ZKFailoverController.java:becomeActive(387)) - Successfully transitioned NameNode at hostname1/xx.x.xx.xxx:8021 to active state

本章只介绍shellfence机制，因为作者所使用集群通过Ambari管理，因此可以调用ambari自带的Rest API达到重启NameNode节点的效果。
Ambari Rest API官网文档：https://cwiki.apache.org/confluence/display/AMBARI/Restart+Host+Components

#!/bin/bash
curl -u admin:${admin_password} -H 'X-Requested-By: ambari' -X POST -d '
{
   "RequestInfo":{
      "command":"RESTART",
      "context":"Restart NameNode",
      "operation_level":{
         "level":"HOST",
         "cluster_name":"${cluster_name}"
      }
   },
   "Requests/resource_filters":[
      {
         "service_name":"HDFS",
         "component_name":"NAMENODE",
         "hosts":"${hostname1}"
      }
   ]
}' http://${ambari_hostname}:8080/api/v1/clusters/${cluster_name}/requests

① 将脚本存放在两台NameNode所在服务器上：/usr/custom/hdfs/restart_namenode.sh，注意脚本的可执行权限，并修改相应变量以达到远程重启另外一个NameNode服务的目的；
② 修改hdfs配置文件：
Amabri入口：Ambari UI => HDFS => Configs => Advanced => Custom hdfs-site


      dfs.ha.fencing.methods
      shell(/usr/custom/hdfs/restart_namenode.sh)

结束语：对于生产环境的大数据平台建设，NameNode HA模式的状态切换都应积极跟进，查找状态发生切换的根本原因，避免或者是减少切换的频率。状态监控和自定义Fencing机制都只是NameNode异常发生后的处理措施。即使发生状态切换，也应该实现自动化，避免人工干预，用户无感知。

博客主页：https://www.jianshu.com/u/e97bb429f278

生产环境NameNode可靠性保证

【NameNode状态监控】

【自定义Fencing机制】

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