linux学习指南_Linux指南| 第1部分

linux学习指南

Linux指南 (Linux Guide)

Linux is a core operating system used by the family GNU / Linux Unix-like operating systems. He is one of the most prominent examples of free software.

Linux是GNU / Linux类Unix系列操作系统使用的核心操作系统。 他是自由软件最杰出的例子之一。

Linux is distributed under the GNU General Public License version 2 (GPLv2), most proprietary licenses to some binaries blots (in English: binary blobs) controversial, and is developed by developers around the world. The daily development occurs from the Linux kernel mailing list.

Linux是根据GNU通用公共许可证版本2(GPLv2)发行的，该许可证是一些有争议的二进制文件(英语：binary blob)的大多数专有许可证，由世界各地的开发人员开发。 日常开发从Linux内核邮件列表中进行。

Linux was originally conceived and created by the student in the Department of Computer Science, University of Helsinki in Finland, Linus Torvalds with the assistance of several volunteer programmers through Usenet in 1991. Linux developers and users quickly amassed who adopted code from other Free Software projects. Linux have received contributions from thousands of programmers and many GNU / Linux have been released based on it.

Linux最初是由芬兰赫尔辛基大学计算机科学系的学生Linus Torvalds于1991年通过Usenet在几位志愿程序员的协助下构思和创建的。Linux开发人员和用户Swift积聚了采用其他自由软件项目中的代码的人。 Linux已经获得了成千上万程序员的贡献，并且已经基于Linux发布了许多GNU / Linux。

Linux历史 (Linux History)

In March 1991, Linus Torvalds, a college students back to 21 years old at the University of Helsinki, Finland began to work on some simple ideas for developing the nucleus, as a particular design, inspired by his interest in Minix, a small UNIX system developed by Andrew S. Tanenbaum. His steps can be followed by thread comp.os.minix, where messages can be viewed at groups.google.com / group / comp.os.minix / topics. He started with an alternator assembly language in the context of the Intel 80386 controller and a terminal. On June 3, 1991 he tried to get the POSIX specification, then, on 26 August 1991, Torvalds posted the following message to comp.os.minix, a newsgroup on Usenet:

1991年3月，来自芬兰赫尔辛基大学(University of Helsinki)的21岁大学生Linus Torvalds开始研究一些简单的想法来开发核，作为一种特殊的设计，这是由于他对Minix(一种小型UNIX系统)的兴趣所激发的由Andrew S. Tanenbaum开发。 他的步骤之后是线程comp.os.minix，可以在groups.google.com/group/comp.os.minix/topic中查看消息。 他从Intel 80386控制器和终端的上下文中开始使用交流发电机汇编语言。 1991年6月3日，他试图获得POSIX规范，然后，在1991年8月26日，Torvalds向Usenet的新闻组comp.os.minix发布了以下消息：

He said: “I’m doing an operating system (free) (just a hobby, will not be big and professional like gnu) for AT clones 386 (486). He has matured since April and is getting ready. I’d like any feedback on things people like / dislike in minix, as my OS reminds you somewhat (same physical layout of the file system (due to practical reasons) among other things).

他说：“我正在为AT克隆386(486)做一个操作系统(免费)(只是一种业余爱好，不会像gnu那样大而专业)。 他从四月起已经成熟，正在准备中。 我想对人们喜欢/不喜欢minix的事情提供任何反馈，因为我的操作系统会在某种程度上提醒您(文件系统的物理布局(由于实际原因))。

I currently ported bash (1.08) and gcc (1.40), and things seem to work. This implies that I’ll get something practical within a few months Yes – it’s free of any minix code, and it has a file system with multiple threads of execution. It is NOT portable (uses 386 of the context switching etc), and he probably never will support anything other than AT hard disks, since that is all that I have :-(.

我目前移植了bash(1.08)和gcc(1.40)，看起来一切正常。 这意味着我将在几个月内得到一些实用的知识。是的-它没有任何minix代码，并且它的文件系统具有多个执行线程。 它不是可移植的(使用386的上下文切换等)，他可能永远不会支持AT硬盘以外的任何东西，因为这就是我拥有的全部:-(。

It is written mainly in C, but most people would not call what I write C. He uses every conceivable feature of the 386 that I could find, and he was also a project to teach me about the 386. As already mentioned, it uses a memory management unit, for both paging (not to disk yet) and segmentation. The segmentation that REALLY makes depending on 386 (each task has a 64Mb segment for code & data – up to 64 tasks in 4Gb. Anyone who needs more than 64Mb/tarefa – is tough). Some of my files “C” (specifically MM.C) are almost as assembly language and C. Unlike minix, I also happen to LIKE interrupts, so interrupts are handled without the attempt to hide the reason behind them.”

它主要是用C语言编写的，但是大多数人不会称呼我写C语言。他使用了我能找到的386的所有可能功能，并且他还是一个教我有关386的项目。如上所述，它使用了一个内存管理单元，用于分页(尚未到磁盘)和分段。 真正取决于386进行的分段(每个任务都有一个64Mb的代码和数据段-4Gb中最多64个任务。任何需要超过64Mb / tarefa的人都很难)。 我的一些文件“ C”(特别是MM.C)几乎都像汇编语言和C一样。与minix不同，我也碰巧喜欢中断，因此处理中断时不会试图隐藏它们背后的原因。”

After that, many people have contributed code to the project. Earlier, the MINIX community contributed code and ideas to Linux. At the time, the GNU Project had created many of the components required for a free operating system, but its very core, GNU Hurd, was incomplete and unavailable. The BSD operating system had not yet freed from legal encumbrances. Despite the reduced functionality of the early versions, Linux rapidly accumulated developers and users.

此后，许多人为该项目贡献了代码。 早先，MINIX社区向Linux贡献了代码和思想。 当时，GNU工程创建了免费操作系统所需的许多组件，但其核心GNU Hurd尚不完整且不可用。 BSD操作系统尚未摆脱法律限制。 尽管早期版本的功能有所减少，但LinuxSwift聚集了开发人员和用户。

By September 1991, 00:01 Linux version was released, and envianda to the FTP server (ftp.funet.fi) from Helsinki University of Technology (in English: HUT), he had 10,239 lines of code. In September 1991, the Linux version 0.02 was released.

到1991年9月，发布了00:01 Linux版本，并通过赫尔辛基工业大学(英语：HUT)进入FTP服务器(ftp.funet.fi)，他拥有10,239行代码。 1991年9月，发布了Linux版本0.02。

In December 1991, Linux 0.11 was released. This version was the first to be self-hosted – 00:11 Linux could be compiled by a computer running Linux 0.11. As he released Version 0.12 in February 1992, Torvalds adopted the GNU General Public License (GPL) instead of the previous license, written by himself and did not allow commercial redistribution.

1991年12月，Linux 0.11发布了。 该版本是第一个自托管的版本– 00:11 Linux可以由运行Linux 0.11的计算机编译。 当他于1992年2月发布0.12版时，Torvalds采纳了GNU通用公共许可证(GPL)而不是以前由他本人编写的并且不允许商业再发行的许可证。

A newsgroup called alt.os.linux began, and January 19, 1992, the first message was sent alt.os.linux. On 31 March 1992 alt.os.linux Became m.. linux.

一个名为alt.os.linux的新闻组开始了，1992年1月19日，第一条消息被发送到alt.os.linux。 在1992年3月31日alt.os.linux成为m..linux。

The X Window System was soon ported to Linux. In March 1992, the 0.95 version of Linux was the first to be able to run X. This long version number jump from 0.1x to 0.9x, was due to the impression that a 1.0 version with no feature missing was imminent. However, this ended up tasting a little overoptimistic, and from 1993 until early 1994, 15 development versions of version 0.99 appeared.

X Window系统很快被移植到Linux。 1992年3月，0.95版本的Linux第一个能够运行X的版本。这个长版本号从0.1x跃升至0.9x，这是因为人们迫切希望没有功能缺失的1.0版本。 但是，这最终使您感到有点过于乐观了，从1993年到1994年初，出现了0.99版的15个开发版本。

On March 14, 1994, Linux 1.0.0 was released, with 176,250 lines of code. In March 1995, Linux 1.2.0 was released, with 310,950 lines of code.

1994年3月14日，发布了Linux 1.0.0，其中包含176,250行代码。 1995年3月，发布了Linux 1.2.0，其中包含310,950行代码。

The second version of Linux, released on 09 June 1996, was succeeded by versions more important under the header for version 2:

Linux的第二版于1996年6月9日发布，之后是版本2的标题下更重要的版本：

• January 25, 1999 – Linux 2.2.0 is released (1,800,847 lines of code).
  1999年1月25日– Linux 2.2.0发布(1,800,847行代码)。
• December 18, 1999 – IBM mainframe patches for 2.2.13 are published, allowing Linux to be used in enterprise-class machines.
  1999年12月18日–发布了针对2.2.13的IBM大型机补丁程序，使Linux可以在企业级计算机中使用。
• January 4, 2001 – Linux 2.4.0 is released (3,377,902 lines of code).
  2001年1月4日– Linux 2.4.0发布(3,377,902行代码)。
• December 17, 2003 – Linux 2.6.0 is released (5,929,913 lines of code).
  2003年12月17日– Linux 2.6.0发布(5,929,913行代码)。
• February 24, 2010 – Linux 2.6.33 is released (12,990,041 lines of code).
  2010年2月24日– Linux 2.6.33发布了(12,990,041行代码)。

微软的贡献 (Contributions of Microsoft)

In June 2009, Microsoft contributed 20,000 lines of code to Linux. The contributions consisted of drivers (in English: drivers) for Hyper-V, which improved the performance of virtual systems in a Linux guest environment hosted on Windows. Microsoft licensed its controllers Hyper-V Linux under the GPL. Microsoft was forced to make the code contribution when the chief engineer and contributor to Linux Vyatta Stephen Hemminger found that Microsoft had built a network controllers Hyper-V, with free components under the GPL, and statically linked binaries closed source in violation of the GPL license.

2009年6月，Microsoft向Linux贡献了20,000行代码。 贡献包括用于Hyper-V的驱动程序(英语：驱动程序)，这些驱动程序改善了Windows托管的Linux来宾环境中虚拟系统的性能。 Microsoft根据GPL许可了其控制器Hyper-V Linux。 当Linux Vyatta的首席工程师兼贡献者Stephen Hemminger发现Microsoft已经建立了一个网络控制器Hyper-V，并带有GPL下的免费组件，并且静态链接的二进制封闭源违反了GPL许可证时，Microsoft被迫做出代码贡献。 。

Microsoft contributed the drivers to correct the violation of the license, though the company has tried to describe it as a charitable act, rather than just to avoid legal action against him …

微软贡献了司机来纠正违反许可证的行为，尽管该公司试图将其描述为一种慈善行为，而不仅仅是避免对他采取法律行动……

The device drivers contributed by Microsoft were not supported by Microsoft and it left them at risk of being abandoned in version 2.6.33 kernel. The probability of removal of device drivers work resulted in an abrupt Microsoft developers in maintaining them, but their efforts did not last, and the code is proposed for removal in 2.6.35 kernel version.

Microsoft不支持Microsoft提供的设备驱动程序，这使它们有被版本2.6.33内核抛弃的风险。 删除设备驱动程序工作的可能性导致Microsoft开发人员突然维护它们，但是他们的努力并没有持久，因此建议在2.6.35内核版本中删除该代码。

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继续…

翻译自: https://www.eukhost.com/blog/webhosting/linux-guide-part-1/

linux学习指南