Tagged Pointer 标记指针

/*
小结:
1、为了节省内存和提高执行效率,从 64位架构处理器开始,苹果引入了标记指针(Tagged Pointer)技术;
2、Tagged Pointer专门用来存储小对象,比如NSString、NSNumber、NSDate、NSIndexPath;
3、__NSCFConstantString : 常量字符串,存储在常量区,继承于 __NSCFString。相同内容的 __NSCFConstantString 对象的地址相同;
4、__NSCFString:存储在堆区,需要维护其引用计数;
5、NSTaggedPointerString: 字符串的值直接存储在了指针上,其初始化的引用计数为2^64-1;
6、Tagged Pointer指针的值不再是堆区地址,而是包含该数据的值,所以它不会在堆上再开辟空间(存储在栈中),也不需要管理对象的生命周期。(简单说 就不是一个对象,没有isa指针);
7、Tagged Pointer位视图: 标识位 + 类标识位 + 存储数据 + 数据类型;
8、当Tagged Pointer存储数据位不够存储该数据时,就会使用动态分配内存的方式来存储数据,此时指针指向的是堆中该对象的地址值;
9、小数不是Tagged Pointer,而是普通的对象,指向堆中地址。

1、NSTaggedPointerString类型的字符串,值不变的情况下,其标记指针的值也不不会发生变化;
 2、源码分析:Tagged Pointer不支持release、retain、autorelease、malloc和free等操作,其初始化的引用计数为2^64-1;
 3、NSTaggedPointerString字符串进行赋值,访问的是栈中的地址,不是一个对象,直接取值操作,所以不会crash,而且效率极高。


 1、__NSCFString存储在堆中,需要维护引用计数。self.name通过setter方法为其赋值;
 2、异步并发执行setter方法,可能就会有多条线程同时执行[_name release],连续release两次就会造成对象的过度释放,导致Crash。
*/

// Tagged Pointer
@objc func taggedPointerTest() {
    
    print(">>>>>>>>>>>>>> 开始打印 NSString")
    let c: Character = "a"
    var str = ""
    guard var v = c.asciiValue else { return }
    var classType = ""
    repeat {
        str.append(Character(UnicodeScalar(v)))
        let nsString = NSString(string: str)
        classType = type(of: nsString).description()
        let size = MemoryLayout.size(ofValue: nsString)
        print("字符串:\(nsString) ,字符串类型:\(classType), 指针:\(String(format: "%p", nsString)), memory size:\(size)")
        v += 1
    } while (classType == "NSTaggedPointerString")
    
    print("\n>>>>>>>>> 类型开始变化的字符串长度为:\(str.count), 字符串:\(str)")
    for i in v ..< v+10 {
        str.append(Character(UnicodeScalar(i)))
        let nsString = NSString(string: str)
        classType = type(of: nsString).description()
        let size = MemoryLayout.size(ofValue: nsString)
        print("字符串:\(nsString) ,字符串类型:\(classType), 指针:\(String(format: "%p", nsString)), memory size:\(size)")
    }
    
    print("\n>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 开始打印 NSNumber")
    let nums = [1, 2, 2.6, 3]
    for num in nums {
        let number = NSNumber(value: num)
        classType = type(of: number).description()
        let size = MemoryLayout.size(ofValue: number)
        print("Number:\(number) ,类型:\(classType), 指针:\(String(format: "%p", number)), memory size:\(size)")
    }
    
    /*
     打印结果:
     
     >>>>>>>>>>>>>> 开始打印 NSString
     字符串:a ,字符串类型:NSTaggedPointerString, 指针:0x90195bc20122acf3, memory size:8
     字符串:ab ,字符串类型:NSTaggedPointerString, 指针:0x90195bc20113aceb, memory size:8
     字符串:abc ,字符串类型:NSTaggedPointerString, 指针:0x90195bc23093ace3, memory size:8
     字符串:abcd ,字符串类型:NSTaggedPointerString, 指针:0x90195bf03093acdb, memory size:8
     字符串:abcde ,字符串类型:NSTaggedPointerString, 指针:0x901969703093acd3, memory size:8
     字符串:abcdef ,字符串类型:NSTaggedPointerString, 指针:0x902a69703093accb, memory size:8
     字符串:abcdefg ,字符串类型:NSTaggedPointerString, 指针:0xa3aa69703093acc3, memory size:8
     字符串:abcdefgh ,字符串类型:NSTaggedPointerString, 指针:0x90085a0701a9d6bb, memory size:8
     字符串:abcdefghi ,字符串类型:NSTaggedPointerString, 指针:0x94592a8223f03cb3, memory size:8
     字符串:abcdefghij ,字符串类型:__NSCFString, 指针:0x281454bc0, memory size:8

     >>>>>>>>> 类型开始变化的字符串长度为:10, 字符串:abcdefghij
     字符串:abcdefghijk ,字符串类型:__NSCFString, 指针:0x2814515a0, memory size:8
     字符串:abcdefghijkl ,字符串类型:__NSCFString, 指针:0x281450b80, memory size:8
     字符串:abcdefghijklm ,字符串类型:__NSCFString, 指针:0x281451580, memory size:8
     字符串:abcdefghijklmn ,字符串类型:__NSCFString, 指针:0x2814508a0, memory size:8
     字符串:abcdefghijklmno ,字符串类型:__NSCFString, 指针:0x281a21e00, memory size:8
     字符串:abcdefghijklmnop ,字符串类型:__NSCFString, 指针:0x281a224c0, memory size:8
     字符串:abcdefghijklmnopq ,字符串类型:__NSCFString, 指针:0x281a224f0, memory size:8
     字符串:abcdefghijklmnopqr ,字符串类型:__NSCFString, 指针:0x281a22520, memory size:8
     字符串:abcdefghijklmnopqrs ,字符串类型:__NSCFString, 指针:0x281a22550, memory size:8
     字符串:abcdefghijklmnopqrst ,字符串类型:__NSCFString, 指针:0x281a22580, memory size:8

     >>>>>>>>>>>>>> 开始打印 NSNumber
     Number:1 ,类型:__NSCFNumber, 指针:0x90195bc201229cd2, memory size:8
     Number:2 ,类型:__NSCFNumber, 指针:0x90195bc201229d52, memory size:8
     Number:2.6 ,类型:__NSCFNumber, 指针:0x281451460, memory size:8
     Number:3 ,类型:__NSCFNumber, 指针:0x90195bc201229dd2, memory size:8

    */
    
    
    /*
     小结:
     1、从 64位架构处理器开始,苹果引入了标记指针(Tagged Pointer)技术;
     2、Tagged Pointer专门用来存储小对象,比如NSString、NSNumber、NSDate、NSIndexPath;
     3、__NSCFConstantString : 常量字符串,存储在常量区,继承于 __NSCFString。相同内容的 __NSCFConstantString 对象的地址相同;
     4、__NSCFString:存储在堆区,需要维护其引用计数;
     5、NSTaggedPointerString: 字符串的值直接存储在了指针上,其初始化的引用计数为2^64-1;
     6、Tagged Pointer指针的值不再是堆区地址,而是包含该数据的值,所以它不会在堆上再开辟空间(存储在栈中),也不需要管理对象的生命周期。(简单说 就不是一个对象,没有isa指针);
     7、Tagged Pointer位视图: 标识位 + 类标识位 + 存储数据 + 数据类型;
     8、当Tagged Pointer存储数据位不够存储该数据时,就会使用动态分配内存的方式来存储数据,此时指针指向的是堆中该对象的地址值;
     9、小数不是Tagged Pointer,而是普通的对象,指向堆中地址。
    */
   
}

var name: NSString?

@objc func taggedPointer_queue_operation_Test() {
    
    let queue = DispatchQueue.global(priority: .default)
    for i in 0...1000 {
        queue.async {
            self.name = NSString("abcdefghi")
            if let name = self.name {
                let classType = type(of: name).description()
                let size = MemoryLayout.size(ofValue: name)
                print("【\(i)】self.name:\(name) ,字符串类型:\(classType), 指针:\(String(format: "%p", name)), memory size:\(size),Thread:\(Thread.current)")
            }
        }
    }
    
    /*
     【0】self.name:abcdefghi ,字符串类型:NSTaggedPointerString, 指针:0xb0d65176d01db9cb, memory size:8,Thread:{number = 6, name = (null)}
     【2】self.name:abcdefghi ,字符串类型:NSTaggedPointerString, 指针:0xb0d65176d01db9cb, memory size:8,Thread:{number = 9, name = (null)}
     【4】self.name:abcdefghi ,字符串类型:NSTaggedPointerString, 指针:0xb0d65176d01db9cb, memory size:8,Thread:{number = 6, name = (null)}
     【5】self.name:abcdefghi ,字符串类型:NSTaggedPointerString, 指针:0xb0d65176d01db9cb, memory size:8,Thread:{number = 10, name = (null)}
     【1】self.name:abcdefghi ,字符串类型:NSTaggedPointerString, 指针:0xb0d65176d01db9cb, memory size:8,Thread:{number = 8, name = (null)}
     【8】self.name:abcdefghi ,字符串类型:NSTaggedPointerString, 指针:0xb0d65176d01db9cb, memory size:8,Thread:{number = 10, name = (null)}
     【3】self.name:abcdefghi ,字符串类型:NSTaggedPointerString, 指针:0xb0d65176d01db9cb, memory size:8,Thread:{number = 7, name = (null)}
     【12】self.name:abcdefghi ,字符串类型:NSTaggedPointerString, 指针:0xb0d65176d01db9cb, memory size:8,Thread:{number = 10, name = (null)}
     【13】self.name:abcdefghi ,字符串类型:NSTaggedPointerString, 指针:0xb0d65176d01db9cb, memory size:8,Thread:{number = 7, name = (null)}
     【9】self.name:abcdefghi ,字符串类型:NSTaggedPointerString, 指针:0xb0d65176d01db9cb, memory size:8,Thread:{number = 8, name = (null)}
     【14】self.name:abcdefghi ,字符串类型:NSTaggedPointerString, 指针:0xb0d65176d01db9cb, memory size:8,Thread:{number = 10, name = (null)}
     
     
     总结:
     
     __attribute__((aligned(16)))
     void objc_release(id obj)
     {
         if (!obj) return;
         if (obj->isTaggedPointer()) return;
         return obj->release();
     }
     
     
     1、NSTaggedPointerString类型的字符串,值不变的情况下,其标记指针的值也不不会发生变化;
     2、源码分析:Tagged Pointer不支持release、retain、autorelease、malloc和free等操作,其初始化的引用计数为2^64-1;
     3、NSTaggedPointerString字符串进行赋值,访问的是栈中的地址,不是一个对象,直接取值操作,所以不会crash,而且效率极高。

     */
    
    
    for i in 0...1000 {
        queue.async {
            self.name = NSString("abcdefghij")
            if let name = self.name {
                let classType = type(of: name).description()
                let size = MemoryLayout.size(ofValue: name)
                print("【\(i)】self.name:\(name) ,字符串类型:\(classType), 指针:\(String(format: "%p", name)), memory size:\(size),Thread:\(Thread.current)")
            }
        }
    }
    
    /*
     
     【1】self.name:abcdefghij ,字符串类型:__NSCFString, 指针:0x280720560, memory size:8,Thread:{number = 3, name = (null)}
     【0】self.name:abcdefghij ,字符串类型:__NSCFString, 指针:0x280734440, memory size:8,Thread:{number = 4, name = (null)}
     【5】self.name:abcdefghij ,字符串类型:__NSCFString, 指针:0x28075be80, memory size:8,Thread:{number = 3, name = (null)}
     【6】self.name:abcdefghij ,字符串类型:__NSCFString, 指针:0x2807344e0, memory size:8,Thread:{number = 4, name = (null)}
     【7】self.name:abcdefghij ,字符串类型:__NSCFString, 指针:0x28075bc60, memory size:8,Thread:{number = 3, name = (null)}
     【8】self.name:abcdefghij ,字符串类型:__NSCFString, 指针:0x280734500, memory size:8,Thread:{number = 4, name = (null)}
     【3】self.name:abcdefghij ,字符串类型:__NSCFString, 指针:0x2807209e0, memory size:8,Thread:{number = 7, name = (null)}
     【4】self.name:abcdefghij ,字符串类型:__NSCFString, 指针:0x280720500, memory size:8,Thread:{number = 9, name = (null)}
     【13】self.name:abcdefghij ,字符串类型:__NSCFString, 指针:0x28073d040, memory size:8,Thread:{number = 7, name = (null)}
     
     
     总结:
     
     - (void)setName:(NSString *)name {
         if(_name != name) {
             [_name release];
             _name = [name retain]; // or [name copy]
         }
     
     1、__NSCFString存储在堆中,需要维护引用计数。self.name通过setter方法为其赋值;
     2、异步并发执行setter方法,可能就会有多条线程同时执行[_name release],连续release两次就会造成对象的过度释放,导致Crash。
     
     */
    
    
    // 解决办法1: 加锁处理:
    let lock = NSLock()
    for i in 0...1000 {
        queue.async {
            if lock.try() {
                lock.lock()
            }
            self.name = NSString("abcdefghij")
            if let name = self.name {
                let classType = type(of: name).description()
                let size = MemoryLayout.size(ofValue: name)
                print("【\(i)】self.name:\(name) ,字符串类型:\(classType), 指针:\(String(format: "%p", name)), memory size:\(size),Thread:\(Thread.current)")
            }
            lock.unlock()
        }
    }
    
    
    // 解决办法2: 信号量处理
    let semphore = DispatchSemaphore(value: 1)
    for i in 0...1000 {
        queue.async {
            semphore.wait()
            self.name = NSString("abcdefghij")
            if let name = self.name {
                let classType = type(of: name).description()
                let size = MemoryLayout.size(ofValue: name)
                print("【\(i)】self.name:\(name) ,字符串类型:\(classType), 指针:\(String(format: "%p", name)), memory size:\(size),Thread:\(Thread.current)")
            }
            semphore.signal()
        }
    }
}

// 拓展一个面试题:
// 以下两种情形分别会发生什么?
var number: NSNumber?
func test() {
    
    let queue = DispatchQueue.global(priority: .default)
    
    // 情形一:
    for _ in 0...1000 {
        queue.async {
            self.number = NSNumber(1)
        }
    }
    
    // 情形二:
    for _ in 0...1000 {
        queue.async {
            self.number = NSNumber(1.1)
        }
    }
}

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