单片机学习:STM32启动文件

;******************** (C) COPYRIGHT 2011 STMicroelectronics ********************
;* File Name          : startup_stm32f10x_hd.s
;* Author             : MCD Application Team
;* Version            : V3.5.0
;* Date               : 11-March-2011
;* Description        : STM32F10x High Density Devices vector table for MDK-ARM 
;*                      toolchain. 
;*                      This module performs:
;*                      - Set the initial SP
;*                      - Set the initial PC == Reset_Handler
;*                      - Set the vector table entries with the exceptions ISR address
;*                      - Configure the clock system and also configure the external 
;*                        SRAM mounted on STM3210E-EVAL board to be used as data 
;*                        memory (optional, to be enabled by user)
;*                      - Branches to __main in the C library (which eventually
;*                        calls main()).
;*                      After Reset the CortexM3 processor is in Thread mode,
;*                      priority is Privileged, and the Stack is set to Main.
;* <<< Use Configuration Wizard in Context Menu >>>   
;*******************************************************************************
; THE PRESENT FIRMWARE WHICH IS FOR GUIDANCE ONLY AIMS AT PROVIDING CUSTOMERS
; WITH CODING INFORMATION REGARDING THEIR PRODUCTS IN ORDER FOR THEM TO SAVE TIME.
; AS A RESULT, STMICROELECTRONICS SHALL NOT BE HELD LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT,
; INDIRECT OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES WITH RESPECT TO ANY CLAIMS ARISING FROM THE
; CONTENT OF SUCH FIRMWARE AND/OR THE USE MADE BY CUSTOMERS OF THE CODING
; INFORMATION CONTAINED HEREIN IN CONNECTION WITH THEIR PRODUCTS.
;*******************************************************************************

; Amount of memory (in bytes) allocated for Stack
; Tailor this value to your application needs
;  Stack Configuration
;    Stack Size (in Bytes) <0x0-0xFFFFFFFF:8>
; 

Stack_Size      EQU     0x00000400

                AREA    STACK, NOINIT, READWRITE, ALIGN=3
Stack_Mem       SPACE   Stack_Size
__initial_sp
                                                  
;  Heap Configuration
;     Heap Size (in Bytes) <0x0-0xFFFFFFFF:8>
; 

Heap_Size       EQU     0x00000200

                AREA    HEAP, NOINIT, READWRITE, ALIGN=3
__heap_base
Heap_Mem        SPACE   Heap_Size
__heap_limit

                PRESERVE8
                THUMB


; Vector Table Mapped to Address 0 at Reset
                AREA    RESET, DATA, READONLY
                EXPORT  __Vectors
                EXPORT  __Vectors_End
                EXPORT  __Vectors_Size

__Vectors       DCD     __initial_sp               ; Top of Stack
                DCD     Reset_Handler              ; Reset Handler
                DCD     NMI_Handler                ; NMI Handler
                DCD     HardFault_Handler          ; Hard Fault Handler
                DCD     MemManage_Handler          ; MPU Fault Handler
                DCD     BusFault_Handler           ; Bus Fault Handler
                DCD     UsageFault_Handler         ; Usage Fault Handler
                DCD     0                          ; Reserved
                DCD     0                          ; Reserved
                DCD     0                          ; Reserved
                DCD     0                          ; Reserved
                DCD     SVC_Handler                ; SVCall Handler
                DCD     DebugMon_Handler           ; Debug Monitor Handler
                DCD     0                          ; Reserved
                DCD     PendSV_Handler             ; PendSV Handler
                DCD     SysTick_Handler            ; SysTick Handler

                ; External Interrupts
                DCD     WWDG_IRQHandler            ; Window Watchdog
                DCD     PVD_IRQHandler             ; PVD through EXTI Line detect
                DCD     TAMPER_IRQHandler          ; Tamper
                DCD     RTC_IRQHandler             ; RTC
                DCD     FLASH_IRQHandler           ; Flash
                DCD     RCC_IRQHandler             ; RCC
                DCD     EXTI0_IRQHandler           ; EXTI Line 0
                DCD     EXTI1_IRQHandler           ; EXTI Line 1
                DCD     EXTI2_IRQHandler           ; EXTI Line 2
                DCD     EXTI3_IRQHandler           ; EXTI Line 3
                DCD     EXTI4_IRQHandler           ; EXTI Line 4
                DCD     DMA1_Channel1_IRQHandler   ; DMA1 Channel 1
                DCD     DMA1_Channel2_IRQHandler   ; DMA1 Channel 2
                DCD     DMA1_Channel3_IRQHandler   ; DMA1 Channel 3
                DCD     DMA1_Channel4_IRQHandler   ; DMA1 Channel 4
                DCD     DMA1_Channel5_IRQHandler   ; DMA1 Channel 5
                DCD     DMA1_Channel6_IRQHandler   ; DMA1 Channel 6
                DCD     DMA1_Channel7_IRQHandler   ; DMA1 Channel 7
                DCD     ADC1_2_IRQHandler          ; ADC1 & ADC2
                DCD     USB_HP_CAN1_TX_IRQHandler  ; USB High Priority or CAN1 TX
                DCD     USB_LP_CAN1_RX0_IRQHandler ; USB Low  Priority or CAN1 RX0
                DCD     CAN1_RX1_IRQHandler        ; CAN1 RX1
                DCD     CAN1_SCE_IRQHandler        ; CAN1 SCE
                DCD     EXTI9_5_IRQHandler         ; EXTI Line 9..5
                DCD     TIM1_BRK_IRQHandler        ; TIM1 Break
                DCD     TIM1_UP_IRQHandler         ; TIM1 Update
                DCD     TIM1_TRG_COM_IRQHandler    ; TIM1 Trigger and Commutation
                DCD     TIM1_CC_IRQHandler         ; TIM1 Capture Compare
                DCD     TIM2_IRQHandler            ; TIM2
                DCD     TIM3_IRQHandler            ; TIM3
                DCD     TIM4_IRQHandler            ; TIM4
                DCD     I2C1_EV_IRQHandler         ; I2C1 Event
                DCD     I2C1_ER_IRQHandler         ; I2C1 Error
                DCD     I2C2_EV_IRQHandler         ; I2C2 Event
                DCD     I2C2_ER_IRQHandler         ; I2C2 Error
                DCD     SPI1_IRQHandler            ; SPI1
                DCD     SPI2_IRQHandler            ; SPI2
                DCD     USART1_IRQHandler          ; USART1
                DCD     USART2_IRQHandler          ; USART2
                DCD     USART3_IRQHandler          ; USART3
                DCD     EXTI15_10_IRQHandler       ; EXTI Line 15..10
                DCD     RTCAlarm_IRQHandler        ; RTC Alarm through EXTI Line
                DCD     USBWakeUp_IRQHandler       ; USB Wakeup from suspend
                DCD     TIM8_BRK_IRQHandler        ; TIM8 Break
                DCD     TIM8_UP_IRQHandler         ; TIM8 Update
                DCD     TIM8_TRG_COM_IRQHandler    ; TIM8 Trigger and Commutation
                DCD     TIM8_CC_IRQHandler         ; TIM8 Capture Compare
                DCD     ADC3_IRQHandler            ; ADC3
                DCD     FSMC_IRQHandler            ; FSMC
                DCD     SDIO_IRQHandler            ; SDIO
                DCD     TIM5_IRQHandler            ; TIM5
                DCD     SPI3_IRQHandler            ; SPI3
                DCD     UART4_IRQHandler           ; UART4
                DCD     UART5_IRQHandler           ; UART5
                DCD     TIM6_IRQHandler            ; TIM6
                DCD     TIM7_IRQHandler            ; TIM7
                DCD     DMA2_Channel1_IRQHandler   ; DMA2 Channel1
                DCD     DMA2_Channel2_IRQHandler   ; DMA2 Channel2
                DCD     DMA2_Channel3_IRQHandler   ; DMA2 Channel3
                DCD     DMA2_Channel4_5_IRQHandler ; DMA2 Channel4 & Channel5
__Vectors_End

__Vectors_Size  EQU  __Vectors_End - __Vectors

                AREA    |.text|, CODE, READONLY
                
; Reset handler
Reset_Handler   PROC
                EXPORT  Reset_Handler             [WEAK]
                IMPORT  __main
                IMPORT  SystemInit
                LDR     R0, =SystemInit
                BLX     R0               
                LDR     R0, =__main
                BX      R0
                ENDP
                
; Dummy Exception Handlers (infinite loops which can be modified)

NMI_Handler     PROC
                EXPORT  NMI_Handler                [WEAK]
                B       .
                ENDP
HardFault_Handler\
                PROC
                EXPORT  HardFault_Handler          [WEAK]
                B       .
                ENDP
MemManage_Handler\
                PROC
                EXPORT  MemManage_Handler          [WEAK]
                B       .
                ENDP
BusFault_Handler\
                PROC
                EXPORT  BusFault_Handler           [WEAK]
                B       .
                ENDP
UsageFault_Handler\
                PROC
                EXPORT  UsageFault_Handler         [WEAK]
                B       .
                ENDP
SVC_Handler     PROC
                EXPORT  SVC_Handler                [WEAK]
                B       .
                ENDP
DebugMon_Handler\
                PROC
                EXPORT  DebugMon_Handler           [WEAK]
                B       .
                ENDP
PendSV_Handler  PROC
                EXPORT  PendSV_Handler             [WEAK]
                B       .
                ENDP
SysTick_Handler PROC
                EXPORT  SysTick_Handler            [WEAK]
                B       .
                ENDP

Default_Handler PROC

                EXPORT  WWDG_IRQHandler            [WEAK]
                EXPORT  PVD_IRQHandler             [WEAK]
                EXPORT  TAMPER_IRQHandler          [WEAK]
                EXPORT  RTC_IRQHandler             [WEAK]
                EXPORT  FLASH_IRQHandler           [WEAK]
                EXPORT  RCC_IRQHandler             [WEAK]
                EXPORT  EXTI0_IRQHandler           [WEAK]
                EXPORT  EXTI1_IRQHandler           [WEAK]
                EXPORT  EXTI2_IRQHandler           [WEAK]
                EXPORT  EXTI3_IRQHandler           [WEAK]
                EXPORT  EXTI4_IRQHandler           [WEAK]
                EXPORT  DMA1_Channel1_IRQHandler   [WEAK]
                EXPORT  DMA1_Channel2_IRQHandler   [WEAK]
                EXPORT  DMA1_Channel3_IRQHandler   [WEAK]
                EXPORT  DMA1_Channel4_IRQHandler   [WEAK]
                EXPORT  DMA1_Channel5_IRQHandler   [WEAK]
                EXPORT  DMA1_Channel6_IRQHandler   [WEAK]
                EXPORT  DMA1_Channel7_IRQHandler   [WEAK]
                EXPORT  ADC1_2_IRQHandler          [WEAK]
                EXPORT  USB_HP_CAN1_TX_IRQHandler  [WEAK]
                EXPORT  USB_LP_CAN1_RX0_IRQHandler [WEAK]
                EXPORT  CAN1_RX1_IRQHandler        [WEAK]
                EXPORT  CAN1_SCE_IRQHandler        [WEAK]
                EXPORT  EXTI9_5_IRQHandler         [WEAK]
                EXPORT  TIM1_BRK_IRQHandler        [WEAK]
                EXPORT  TIM1_UP_IRQHandler         [WEAK]
                EXPORT  TIM1_TRG_COM_IRQHandler    [WEAK]
                EXPORT  TIM1_CC_IRQHandler         [WEAK]
                EXPORT  TIM2_IRQHandler            [WEAK]
                EXPORT  TIM3_IRQHandler            [WEAK]
                EXPORT  TIM4_IRQHandler            [WEAK]
                EXPORT  I2C1_EV_IRQHandler         [WEAK]
                EXPORT  I2C1_ER_IRQHandler         [WEAK]
                EXPORT  I2C2_EV_IRQHandler         [WEAK]
                EXPORT  I2C2_ER_IRQHandler         [WEAK]
                EXPORT  SPI1_IRQHandler            [WEAK]
                EXPORT  SPI2_IRQHandler            [WEAK]
                EXPORT  USART1_IRQHandler          [WEAK]
                EXPORT  USART2_IRQHandler          [WEAK]
                EXPORT  USART3_IRQHandler          [WEAK]
                EXPORT  EXTI15_10_IRQHandler       [WEAK]
                EXPORT  RTCAlarm_IRQHandler        [WEAK]
                EXPORT  USBWakeUp_IRQHandler       [WEAK]
                EXPORT  TIM8_BRK_IRQHandler        [WEAK]
                EXPORT  TIM8_UP_IRQHandler         [WEAK]
                EXPORT  TIM8_TRG_COM_IRQHandler    [WEAK]
                EXPORT  TIM8_CC_IRQHandler         [WEAK]
                EXPORT  ADC3_IRQHandler            [WEAK]
                EXPORT  FSMC_IRQHandler            [WEAK]
                EXPORT  SDIO_IRQHandler            [WEAK]
                EXPORT  TIM5_IRQHandler            [WEAK]
                EXPORT  SPI3_IRQHandler            [WEAK]
                EXPORT  UART4_IRQHandler           [WEAK]
                EXPORT  UART5_IRQHandler           [WEAK]
                EXPORT  TIM6_IRQHandler            [WEAK]
                EXPORT  TIM7_IRQHandler            [WEAK]
                EXPORT  DMA2_Channel1_IRQHandler   [WEAK]
                EXPORT  DMA2_Channel2_IRQHandler   [WEAK]
                EXPORT  DMA2_Channel3_IRQHandler   [WEAK]
                EXPORT  DMA2_Channel4_5_IRQHandler [WEAK]

WWDG_IRQHandler
PVD_IRQHandler
TAMPER_IRQHandler
RTC_IRQHandler
FLASH_IRQHandler
RCC_IRQHandler
EXTI0_IRQHandler
EXTI1_IRQHandler
EXTI2_IRQHandler
EXTI3_IRQHandler
EXTI4_IRQHandler
DMA1_Channel1_IRQHandler
DMA1_Channel2_IRQHandler
DMA1_Channel3_IRQHandler
DMA1_Channel4_IRQHandler
DMA1_Channel5_IRQHandler
DMA1_Channel6_IRQHandler
DMA1_Channel7_IRQHandler
ADC1_2_IRQHandler
USB_HP_CAN1_TX_IRQHandler
USB_LP_CAN1_RX0_IRQHandler
CAN1_RX1_IRQHandler
CAN1_SCE_IRQHandler
EXTI9_5_IRQHandler
TIM1_BRK_IRQHandler
TIM1_UP_IRQHandler
TIM1_TRG_COM_IRQHandler
TIM1_CC_IRQHandler
TIM2_IRQHandler
TIM3_IRQHandler
TIM4_IRQHandler
I2C1_EV_IRQHandler
I2C1_ER_IRQHandler
I2C2_EV_IRQHandler
I2C2_ER_IRQHandler
SPI1_IRQHandler
SPI2_IRQHandler
USART1_IRQHandler
USART2_IRQHandler
USART3_IRQHandler
EXTI15_10_IRQHandler
RTCAlarm_IRQHandler
USBWakeUp_IRQHandler
TIM8_BRK_IRQHandler
TIM8_UP_IRQHandler
TIM8_TRG_COM_IRQHandler
TIM8_CC_IRQHandler
ADC3_IRQHandler
FSMC_IRQHandler
SDIO_IRQHandler
TIM5_IRQHandler
SPI3_IRQHandler
UART4_IRQHandler
UART5_IRQHandler
TIM6_IRQHandler
TIM7_IRQHandler
DMA2_Channel1_IRQHandler
DMA2_Channel2_IRQHandler
DMA2_Channel3_IRQHandler
DMA2_Channel4_5_IRQHandler
                B       .

                ENDP

                ALIGN

;*******************************************************************************
; User Stack and Heap initialization
;*******************************************************************************
                 IF      :DEF:__MICROLIB
                
                 EXPORT  __initial_sp
                 EXPORT  __heap_base
                 EXPORT  __heap_limit
                
                 ELSE
                
                 IMPORT  __use_two_region_memory
                 EXPORT  __user_initial_stackheap
                 
__user_initial_stackheap

                 LDR     R0, =  Heap_Mem
                 LDR     R1, =(Stack_Mem + Stack_Size)
                 LDR     R2, = (Heap_Mem +  Heap_Size)
                 LDR     R3, = Stack_Mem
                 BX      LR

                 ALIGN

                 ENDIF

                 END

;******************* (C) COPYRIGHT 2011 STMicroelectronics *****END OF FILE*****

PROC 为子程序开始,ENDP 为子程序结束

[weak] 的意思是该函数优先级比较弱,如果其它地方定义了一个同名函数,那么此处的这个函数就被取代了。语法格式为 EXPORT 标号 {[WEAK]} 。EXPORT 可用GLOBAL代替

而Cortex-M3内核规定,起始地址必须存放堆顶指针,而第二个地址则必须存放复位中断入口向量地址。Cortex-M3内核固定了中断向量表的位置而起始地址是可变化的。

AREA指令是一个伪指令,用于段定义。ARM汇编程序由段组成,段是相对独立的指令或数据单位,每个段由AREA伪指令定义,并定义段的属性。

AREA参数说明:

  • STACK——AREA指令的一个参数,定义段名称

  • NOINIT——AREA指令的一个参数,指定本数据段仅仅保留了内在单元,而将句初始值写入内存单元,此时内存单元值初始化为0

  • READWRITE——指定本段为可读可写,数据段默认为READWRITE.。READWRITE(读写)、READONLY(只读)

  • ALIGN——也是一个伪指令,指定对齐方式。ALIGN n 指令的对齐值有两种选择:n或者2^n

例子:开辟一个堆栈段,段名为STACK,定义为可读可写,将内存单元初始化为0,对齐方式为8字节对齐。

AREA STACK,NOINIT,READWRITE,ALIGN=3

1、 AREA指令:伪指令,用于定义代码段或数据段,后跟属性标号。其中比较重要的一个标号为“READONLY”或者“READWRITE”,其中“READONLY”表示该段为只读属性,联系到STM32的内部存储介质,可知具有只读属性的段保存于FLASH区,即0x8000000地址后。而“READWRITE”表示该段为“可读写”属性,可知“可读写”段保存于SRAM区,即0x2000000地址后。由此可以从第3、7行代码知道,堆栈段位于SRAM空间。从第82行可知,中断向量表放置与FLASH区,而这也是整片启动代码中最先被放进FLASH区的数据。因此可以得到一条重要的信息:0x8000000地址存放的是栈顶地址__initial_sp,0x8000004地址存放的是复位中断向量Reset_Handler(STM32使用32位总线,因此存储空间为4字节对齐)。

2、 DCD指令:作用是开辟一段空间,其意义等价于C语言中的地址符“&”。因此从第84行开始建立的中断向量表则类似于使用C语言定义了一个指针数组,其每一个成员都是一个函数指针,分别指向各个中断服务函数。

3、 标号:前文多处使用了“标号”一词。标号主要用于表示一片内存空间的某个位置,等价于C语言中的“地址”概念。地址仅仅表示存储空间的一个位置,从C语言的角度来看,变量的地址,数组的地址或是函数的入口地址在本质上并无区别。

4、 __main标号并不表示C程序中的main函数入口地址,__main和main是两个完全不同的函数。__main标号表示C/C++标准实时库函数里的一个初始化子程序__main的入口地址。该程序的一个主要作用是初始化堆栈(对于程序清单一来说则是跳转__user_initial_stackheap标号进行初始化堆栈的),并初始化映像文件,最后跳转C程序中的main函数。这就解释了为何所有的C程序必须有一个main函数作为程序的起点——因为这是由C/C++标准实时库所规定的——并且不能更改,因为C/C++标准实时库并不对外界开放源代码。因此,实际上在用户可见的前提下,程序在第204行后就跳转至.c文件中的main函数,开始执行C程序了。

至此可以总结一下STM32的启动文件和启动过程。首先对栈和堆的大小进行定义,并在代码区的起始处建立中断向量表,其第一个表项是栈顶地址,第二个表项是复位中断服务入口地址。然后在复位中断服务程序中跳转;C/C++标准实时库的 __main函数,完成用户堆栈等的初始化后,跳转.c文件中的main函数开始执行C程序。假设STM32被设置为从内部FLASH启动(这也是最常见的一种情况),中断向量表起始地位为0x8000000,则栈顶地址存放于0x8000000处,而复位中断服务入口地址存放于0x8000004处。当STM32遇到复位信号后,则从0x80000004处取出复位中断服务入口地址,继而执行复位中断服务程序,然后跳转__main函数,最后进入mian函数,来到C的世界。

堆栈是计算机中广泛应用的技术,基于堆栈具有的数据进出LIFO特性,常应用于保存中断断点、保存子程序调用返回点、保存CPU现场数据等,也用于程序间传递参数。程序启动时需要先在内存中为main函数初始化堆栈的空间。

程序存储的首地址是主堆栈的地址,第二个地址是程序中断向量的REST函数地址。冯 ·诺伊曼计算机体系结构的主要内容之一就是“程序预存储,计算机自动执行”!处理器要执行的程序(指令序列)都是以二进制代码序列方式预存储在计算机的存储器中,处理器将这些代码逐条地取到处理器中再译码、执行,以完成整个程序的执行。为了保证程序能够连续地执行下去,CPU必须具有某些手段来确定下一条取指指令的地址。程序计数器(PC )正是起到这种作用,所以通常又称之为‘指令计数器’。CPU总是按照PC的指向对指令序列进行取指、译码和执行,也就是说,最终是PC 决定了程序运行流向。故而,程序计数器(PC )属于特别功能寄存器范畴,不能自由地用于存储其他运算数据。
在程序开始执行前,将程序指令序列的起始地址,即程序的第一条指令所在的内存单元地址送入PC,CPU 按照 PC的指示从内存读取第一条指令(取指)。当执行指令时,CPU自动地修改PC 的内容,即每执行一条指令PC增加一个量,这个量等于指令所含的字节数(指令字节数),使 PC总是指向下一条将要取指的指令地址。由于大多数指令都是按顺序来执行的,所以修改PC 的过程通常只是简单的对PC 加“指令字节数”。
当程序转移时,转移指令执行的最终结果就是要改变PC的值,此PC值就是转去的目 标地址。处理器总是按照PC 指向取指、译码、执行,以此实现了程序转移。

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