grep擅长查找,awk擅长分析(select),sed擅长批量编辑行
常用的grep选项有:
-c 只输出匹配行的计数。
-i 不区分大小写(只适用于单字符)。
-h 查询多文件时不显示文件名。
-l 查询多文件时只输出包含匹配字符的文件名。
-n 显示匹配行及行号。
-s 不显示不存在或无匹配文本的错误信息。
-v 显示不包含匹配文本的所有行。
我们经常会这样grep文件:
root@nm3:/ \# cat /var/run/dmesg.boot | grep CPU:
CPU: Intel Core(TM)2 Quad CPU Q9550@ 2.83GHz (2833.07-MHz K8-class CPU)
还可以这样做:
root@nm3:/ \# grep CPU: /var/run/dmesg.boot
CPU: Intel Core(TM)2 Quad CPU Q9550@ 2.83GHz (2833.07-MHz K8-class CPU)
这样也是可以的(虽然我很讨厌这种操作方式):
root@nm3:/ \#
你肯定会遇到这样的场景:统计文件中带有某些关键字的行出现的次数。grep+wc可以帮到你:
root@nm3:/ \# grep WARNING /var/run/dmesg.boot | wc -l
条条大路通罗马,下面是另一条路:
root@nm3:/ \# grep WARNING /var/run/dmesg.boot -c
下面我们新建一个测试用的文档:
root@nm3:/ \# grep ".*" test.txt
one two three
seven eight one eight three
thirteen fourteen fifteen
sixteen seventeen eighteen seven
sixteen seventeen eighteen
twenty seven
one 504 one
one 503 one
one 504 one
one 504 one
#comment UP
twentyseven
#comment down
twenty1
twenty3
twenty5
twenty7
继续grep的搜索之旅。
-w选项指定要搜索的单词:
root@nm3:/ grep -w 'seven' test.txt
seven eight one eight three
sixteen seventeen eighteen seven
twenty seven
如果想搜以特定字符开头(结尾)的单词,可以这样:
root@nm3:/ \# grep '\' test.txt
seven eight one eight three
sixteen seventeen eighteen seven
twenty seven
twentyseven
如果想搜以特定字符开头(结尾)的行,可以这样:
root@nm3:/ \# grep '^seven' test.txt
seven eight one eight three
root@nm3:/ \# grep 'seven$' test.txt
sixteen seventeen eighteen seven
twenty seven
twentyseven
root@nm3:/ #
想要显示目标行的上下文吗?
root@nm3:/ \# grep -C 1 twentyseven test.txt
#comment UP
twentyseven
#comment down
到底是显示上文还是下文?
root@nm3:/ \# grep -A 1 twentyseven test.txt
twentyseven
#comment down
root@nm3:/ \# grep -B 1 twentyseven test.txt
#comment UP
twentyseven
我们还可以这样玩grep:
root@nm3:/ \# grep "twenty[1-4]" test.txt
twenty1
twenty3
root@nm3:/ \# grep "twenty[^1-4]" test.txt
twenty seven
twentyseven
twenty5
twenty7
grep是个强大的指令,除上述列举的之外,它还支持许多限定符、通配符以及正则表达式。下面是一些例子:
root@nm3:/ \# cat /etc/resolv.conf
#options edns0
#nameserver 127.0.0.1
nameserver 8.8.8.8
nameserver 77.88.8.8
nameserver 8.8.4.4
只获取IP地址相关的行:
root@nm3:/ \# grep -E "[0-9]{1,3}\.[0-9]{1,3}\.[0-9]{1,3}\.[0-9]{1,3}" /etc/resolv.conf
#nameserver 127.0.0.1
nameserver 8.8.8.8
nameserver 77.88.8.8
nameserver 8.8.4.4
上面的方法可行,但下面这种方法更好:
root@nm3:/ \# grep -E '\b[0-9]{1,3}(\.[0-9]{1,3}){3}\b' /etc/resolv.conf
#nameserver 127.0.0.1
nameserver 8.8.8.8
nameserver 77.88.8.8
nameserver 8.8.4.4
希望去掉注释行?
root@nm3:/ \# grep -E '\b[0-9]{1,3}(\.[0-9]{1,3}){3}\b' /etc/resolv.conf | grep -v '#'
nameserver 8.8.8.8
nameserver 77.88.8.8
nameserver 8.8.4.4
只要IP:
root@nm3:/ \# grep -oE '\b[0-9]{1,3}(\.[0-9]{1,3}){3}\b' /etc/resolv.conf | grep -v '#'
127.0.0.1
8.8.8.8
77.88.8.8
8.8.4.4
哎呀,被注释掉的127.0.0.1又回来了,这是指令执行顺序不当导致的,怎么破?
root@nm3:/ \# grep -v '#' /etc/resolv.conf | grep -oE '\b[0-9]{1,3}(\.[0-9]{1,3}){3}\b'
8.8.8.8
77.88.8.8
8.8.4.4
下面看下-v(反向查找)选项的使用。
假设要执行指令“ps –afx | grep ttyv ”:
root@nm3:/ \# ps -afx | grep ttyv
1269 v1 Is+ 0:00.00 /usr/libexec/getty Pc ttyv1
1270 v2 Is+ 0:00.00 /usr/libexec/getty Pc ttyv2
1271 v3 Is+ 0:00.00 /usr/libexec/getty Pc ttyv3
1272 v4 Is+ 0:00.00 /usr/libexec/getty Pc ttyv4
1273 v5 Is+ 0:00.00 /usr/libexec/getty Pc ttyv5
1274 v6 Is+ 0:00.00 /usr/libexec/getty Pc ttyv6
1275 v7 Is+ 0:00.00 /usr/libexec/getty Pc ttyv7
487982S+0:00.00 grep ttyv
OK,但是我们不需要“48798 2 S+ 0:00.00 grep ttyv”一行,使用-v:
root@nm3:/ \# ps -afx | grep ttyv | grep -v grep
1269 v1 Is+ 0:00.00 /usr/libexec/getty Pc ttyv1
1270 v2 Is+ 0:00.00 /usr/libexec/getty Pc ttyv2
1271 v3 Is+ 0:00.00 /usr/libexec/getty Pc ttyv3
1272 v4 Is+ 0:00.00 /usr/libexec/getty Pc ttyv4
1273 v5 Is+ 0:00.00 /usr/libexec/getty Pc ttyv5
1274 v6 Is+ 0:00.00 /usr/libexec/getty Pc ttyv6
1275 v7 Is+ 0:00.00 /usr/libexec/getty Pc ttyv7
别忘了| (或)符号:
root@nm3:/ \# vmstat -z | grep -E "(sock|ITEM)"
ITEM SIZE LIMIT USED FREE REQ FAIL SLEEP
socket: 696, 130295,30,65, 43764, 0, 0
殊途同归:
root@nm3:/ \# vmstat -z | grep "sock\|ITEM"
ITEM SIZE LIMIT USED FREE REQ FAIL SLEEP
socket: 696, 130295,30,65, 43825, 0, 0
许多人都会在grep中用正则表达式,但你仍会忘了用POSIX字符集,即便它们也非常有用。
POSIX:
[[:alpha:]] Any alphabetical character, regardless of case
[[:digit:]] Any numerical character
[[:alnum:]] Any alphabetical or numerical character
[[:blank:]] Space or tab characters
[[:xdigit:]] Hexadecimal characters; any number or A–F or a–f
[[:punct:]] Any punctuation symbol
[[:print:]] Any printable character (not control characters)
[[:space:]] Any whitespace character
[[:graph:]] Exclude whitespace characters
[[:upper:]] Any uppercase letter
[[:lower:]] Any lowercase letter
[[:cntrl:]] Control characters
找有大写字母的行:
root@nm3:/ \# grep "[[:upper:]]" test.txt
#comment UP
搜索结构不够醒目?高亮显示:
更多的grep小窍门。第一个稍显专业,我已经15年没用过了。
选择包含six,seven或者eight的行,很简单:
root@nm3:/ \# grep -E "(six|seven|eight)" test.txt
seven eight one eight three
sixteen seventeen eighteen seven
sixteen seventeen eighteen
twenty seven
twentyseven
那么现在只选择包含six,seven或者eight若干次的行。这种用法叫回溯引用:
root@nm3:/ \# grep -E "(six|seven|eight).*\1" test.txt
seven eight one eight three
sixteen seventeen eighteen seven
我漏讲什么了吗?grep具备递归搜索文件/目录功能。如果我们想在源码目录中搜索允许Intel使用外部SFPs的代码,但是又没清楚完整地记着函数名allow_unsupported_stp和unsupported_allow_sfp。肿么办?这正是grep的菜:
root@nm3:/ \# grep -rni allow /usr/src/sys/dev/ | grep unsupp
/usr/src/sys/dev/ixgbe/README:75:of unsupported modules by setting the static variable 'allow\_unsupported\_sfp'
/usr/src/sys/dev/ixgbe/ixgbe.c:322:static int allow\_unsupported\_sfp = TRUE;
/usr/src/sys/dev/ixgbe/ixgbe.c:323:TUNABLE_INT("hw.ixgbe.unsupported_sfp", &allow\_unsupported\_sfp);
/usr/src/sys/dev/ixgbe/ixgbe.c:542: hw->allow\_unsupported\_sfp = allow\_unsupported\_sfp;
/usr/src/sys/dev/ixgbe/ixgbe_type.h:3249: bool allow\_unsupported\_sfp;
/usr/src/sys/dev/ixgbe/ixgbe_phy.c:1228:if (hw->allow\_unsupported\_sfp == TRUE) {
希望你还没晕,因为这些grep用法只是grep的冰山一角呢!
最后祝大家 Happy grepping!