掌握几个要素,简单写出好文章
思考:口语与写作,哪一个更简单?
一、为何说写作简单?
1、可以反复修改,无需瞬时反应
2、写作过程中可以查字典
二、日常口语无需过于在乎什么?
都是输出的形式 (输入是输出的基础,输出是输入的检验)
口语在乎瞬间的有效性 写作在乎准确性
三、如何练习写作?
1、无错版朗读背诵
逐步增加挑战:加长篇幅、堆叠遍数
eg. 莎剧演员
2、练习语法
不推荐直接用工具书学语法(难以坚持)
3、手边必备工具书
纸质词典、在线词典或app等
四、你需要什么词典?
1、汉英词典
从中文查对应英文
起点词典(我们大部分人在进行英文写作的时候实际上都是在进行翻译工作)
2、英英词典/学习者词典(Learner's Dictionary)
确认词性、用法、固定搭配等
主动性词典,有问题了需要去核实
3、同义词典(Thesaurus)
写作忌重复用词
用同义词典查词后,再用英英字典确认是否可用于该语境的替换
4、搭配词典(Collocation)或Bing词典
反向查找某种搭配是否正确
起点词典:汉英词典
主动词典:同义词典
被动词典:英英词典、搭配词典
所以:进行回译训练
写作不行的根本原因
一、写作不好的根本原因是什么?
“淤”:长句延绵,表达不符合英美思维和习惯。
把写作当成炫技,而非沟通。
二、沟通中一个重要原则是什么?
向下兼容(reader- friendly)
通过使用更直白、简单的语言,让更多人看懂自己写作的内容。
三、对于写作,海明威提出的四点好英语原则是什么?
He is a great fish and I must convince him, he thought. I must never let him learn his strength nor what he could do if he made his run. If I were him I would put in everything now and go until something broke. But, thank God, they are not as intelligent as we who kill them; although they are more noble and more able.
The old man had seen many great fish. He had seen many that weighed more than a thousand pounds and he had caught two of that size in his life, but never alone. Now alone, and out of sight of land, he was fast to the biggest fish that he had ever seen and bigger than he had ever heard of, and his left hand was still as tight as the gripped claws of an eagle.
It will uncramp though, he thought. Surely it will uncramp to help my right hand. There are three things that are brothers: the fish and my two hands. It must uncramp. It is unworthy of it to be cramped. The fish had slowed again and was going at his usual pace.
I wonder why he jumped, the old man thought. He jumped almost as though to show me how big he was. I know now, anyway, he thought. I wish I could show him what sort of man I am. But then he would see the cramped hand. Let him think I am more man than I am and I will be so. I wish I was the fish, he thought, with everything he has against only my will and my intelligence.
He settled comfortably against the wood and took his suffering as it came and the fish swam steadily and the boat moved slowly through the dark water. There was a small sea rising with the wind coming up from the east and at noon the old man's left hand was uncramped.
——选自 The Old Man and the Sea
1、Use short sentences(使用短句)
2、Make the first paragraph short(文章第一段短一些)
3、 Use vigorous English(使用有活力的英语)
vigorous意味着有冲击力,有画面感
例如:dive into the channel(车)驶入隧道,比enter into更有力量感,更生动
4、Use positive expressions rather than negative expressions(少用被动语态,多用主动语态)
主动语态更有效率,更加vigorous
“电报式”风格
“电报式”风格,也就是追求语言的简洁,这有利于读者阅读他所写的故事,不会因为深奥的语言而与读者产生距离。
很多人都知道,海明威曾经在《堪萨斯星报》里担任记者。这家报社对记者要求极为严格,《星报》有一份“文体凡例表”,也成为海明威后来写作的基本准则。
“冰山原则”
海明威在他的纪实性作品《午后之死》中提到:“冰山运动之雄伟壮观,是因为它只有1/8在水面上。如果一个作家省略的是他所不了解的东西,那只会给他的作品留下空白。”
他把文学创作比作漂浮在大洋上的冰山,露出水面的是 1/8 ,还有 7/8 是在水面之下。写作只表现海面上的部分,而海面以下的八分之七需要读者细心研读文本,才能体会其中的意蕴。
文学作品中,文字和形象是所谓的“1/8”,而情感和思想是所谓的“7/8”。前两者是具体可见的,后两者是寓于前两者之中的。“冰山理论”运用到文学创作中,可以增加作品的深度和厚度。
海明威在创作时只写出了故事的冰山一角,让读者自行想象接下来的内容。这使得读者愿意通过想象,更好地了解其作品中想要表达的思想。我们中文常说的“留白”也是一样的道理。
简洁和简练并不意味着省略和粗糙的文风,他写作中的不少细节描写为后世所称道。
在《永别了,武器》中,海明威把男主人公亨利心理转变的过程写得真实感人。战争后 迷茫的亨利选择逃避,和妻子凯瑟琳一起流亡到瑞士。当作为自己精神支柱的凯瑟琳难产死去时,亨利感到万念俱灰,他的人生只剩一片废墟。文章里有这样一段描写:
He went down the hall. I went to the door of the room. "You can't come in now," one of the nurses said. "Yes I can," I said. "You can't come in yet." "You get out," I said. "The other one too." But after I had got them out and shut the door and turned off the light it wasn't any good. It was like saying good-by to a statue. After a while I went out and left the hospital and walked back to the hotel in the rain.
医生顺着过道走掉,我回到门口。“你现在还不能进来,”一名护士说。“不,我要进。”“你还不能进来。”“你出去,”我说,“那一位也出去。”我把护士赶走,过去关上门,熄了灯,可这也没什么用,这像是同一尊石像告别。过了一会儿,我走了出来,出了医院,在雨中走回旅馆。
这段不足百字的描写却非常细腻,一点一滴地表现凯瑟琳去世后亨利的状态,透出一种难以抗拒的悲凉氛围。
这些特点使海明威的作品更具欣赏和研究价值,直接影响了20世纪的文坛。
“站着写,不停写”
海明威老爹爱好很多,泡妞啦、钓鱼啦、喝大酒啦,不过却也没耽误他写作和获奖。
这还是因为他在创作上极有纪律。海明威每天早上六点半起床写作,一直写到十二点半。他每天只写500字,像上课、上班一样写。
他还有一个奇怪的习惯:站着写。
为什么要站着写呢?海明威的说法是,这么写比较费力,他只会更言简意赅地说明自己的意图,让人们在最短的时间内理解自己的文字,同时提高写作效率。
原来天赋异禀如他,屡出佳作,还是因为笔耕不缀。
他曾经告诉好基友菲茨杰拉德: “我每写一页的杰作,都伴随着九十一页的垃圾,只不过我尝试把垃圾扔进垃圾筐里。”
“I write one page of masterpiece to ninety-one pages of shit,” Hemingway confided to F. Scott Fitzgerald in 1934. “I try to put the shit in the wastebasket.”
海明威还喜欢用铅笔写作,这样便于修改。有人说他写作时一天要用20支铅笔。他说没这么多,写得最顺手时一天只用了7支铅笔。
他每天开始写作时,先把前一天写的读一遍,写到哪里就改到哪里。全书写完后又从头到尾改一遍;草稿请人家打字誊清后又改一遍;最后清样出来再改一遍。他认为这样三次大修改是写好一本书的必要条件。
正如他所说的,对于一个真正的作家来说,每一本书都应该成为他继续探索那些尚未到达的领域的一个新起点。他应该永远尝试去做那些从来没有人做过或者他人没有做成的事。这样他就会有幸获得成功。
For a true writer each book should be a new beginning where he tries again for something that is beyond attainment. He should always try for something that has never been done or that others have tried and failed. Then sometimes, with great luck, he will succeed.
四、哪些词可算作lazy verbs?
be动词,系动词turn, make等。
试对比:
I'm a(n) (English) teacher.
I teach (English).(更优)
Leaves turn yellow in autumn.
The autumn yellows the leaves. (更优)
My boyfriend's gift made me happy.
My boyfriend's gift entertained me. (更优)
五、英文写作不好的根本原因是什么?
1、对“好英文”的标准有误解
2、中文不够灵活,练习不够
六、提高英文写作水平的关键是什么?
中英文水平相当
方法:把英文提高到中文水平;把中文“降维”到英文水平。
七、推荐阅读
1、海明威的小说(适合入门)
2.乔治·奥威尔的作品
文章:Politics and the English Language
3.牛津的《书虫》系列
4.外刊(尤其The New York Times)
5.科研文献
6.《风格的要素》(The Elements of Style)(写作圣经)
写作日常手册
一、五种写作训练方式是什么?
1.加强输入:多做精读和无错版朗读背诵
2.回译练习:再进行英译汉,对比原文进行反思
3.控制性练习(controlled exercise):把记录的单词和表达,多运用于写作中
4.训练语句,拆分长难句、打乱、重新排列、对比
5.中文写作训练:练思维,提高谋篇布局能力以及表达灵活性
二、第六种写作训练方法是什么?
档案袋式写作训练法:输入和输出的交替性训练,中间有“冷冻期”
三、如何进行档案袋式写作训练法?
1.通过精读和泛读夯实基础
2.进行写作,并存档为一稿(主题、篇幅不限,无需立刻修改)
3.继续进行精度和泛读训练
4.复制一稿并修改,另存为二稿,对比一稿,关注修改的内容
继续重复进行精读泛读和修改作文的交替步骤
4-5稿之后,与之前的文章进行对比
可组队学习,互相改稿
四、如何备考应试写作?
使用与考试相关的范文、模板、听力阅读材料,按照“一”和“三”的步骤进行训练。
使用档案袋式训练时,建议冷冻期约3天,修改约5次