Nginx+keepalived实现七层的负载均衡

1.keepalived VRRP 介绍

keepalived是什么?

         keepalived是集群管理中保证集群高可用的一个服务软件,用来防止单点故障。

keepalived工作原理
          keepalived是以VRRP协议为实现基础的,VRRP全称Virtual Router Redundancy Protocol,即虚拟路由冗余协议。

虚拟路由冗余协议:可以认为是实现路由器高可用的协议,即将N台提供相同功能的路由器组成一个路由器组,这个组里面有一个master和多个backup,master上面有一个对外提供服务的vip(该路由器所在局域网内其他机器的默认路由为该vip),master会发组播,当backup收不到vrrp包时就认为master宕掉了,这时就需要根据VRRP的优先级来选举一个backup当master。这样的话就可以保证路由器的高可用了。

keepalived主要有三个模块,分别是core、check和vrrp。core模块为keepalived的核心,负责主进程的启动、维护以及全局配置文件的加载和解析。check负责健康检查,包括常见的各种检查方式。vrrp模块是来实现VRRP协议的。


脑裂  split  barin:

Keepalived的BACKUP主机在收到不MASTER主机报文后就会切换成为master,如果是它们之间的通信线路出现问题,无法接收到彼此的组播通知,但是两个节点实际都处于正常工作状态,这时两个节点均为master强行绑定虚拟IP,导致不可预料的后果,这就是脑裂。

关于脑裂问题的解决方法:

  1. 添加更多的检测手段,比如冗余的心跳线(两块网卡做健康监测),ping对方等等。尽量减少"裂脑"发生机会。(指标不治本,只是提高了检测到的概率);
  2. 设置仲裁机制。两方都不可靠,那就依赖第三方。比如启用共享磁盘锁,ping网关等。(针对不同的手段还需具体分析);
  3. 爆头,将master停掉。然后检查机器之间的防火墙。网络之间的通信。

2.Nginx+keepalived实现七层的负载均衡

通过Nginx的upstream实现负载均衡

proxy-master:        192.168.134.165

proxy-slave:        192.168.134.166

real-server1:        192.168.134.163        

real-server2:        192.168.134.164

VIP                        192.168.1345.160

2.1准备工作

  • 关闭四台机器上的防火墙和selinux
systemctl stop firewalld
sed -i 's/^SELINUX=.*/SELINUX=disabled/' /etc/sysconfig/selinux        //关闭selinux,重启生效
  • 在四台机器上安装nginx
[root@proxy-master ~]# cd /etc/yum.repos.d/
[root@proxy-master yum.repos.d]# vim nginx.repo
[nginx-stable]
name=nginx stable repo
baseurl=http://nginx.org/packages/centos/$releasever/$basearch/
gpgcheck=0
enabled=1
[root@proxy-master ~]# yum install yum-utils -y
[root@proxy-master ~]# yum install nginx -y
[root@proxy-master ~]# systemctl start nginx

2.2两台服务器做代理

proxy-master:192.168.134.165和proxy-slave:192.168.134.166做代理。

在两台代理机器上都配置:

[root@master ~]# vim /etc/nginx/conf.d/default.conf
 
       upstream aren {
                server 192.168.134.163:80 weight=1 max_fails=3 fail_timeout=20s;
                server 192.168.134.164:80 weight=1 max_fails=3 fail_timeout=20s;

}
    server {
        listen       80;   
        root         /usr/share/nginx/html;
        location /{
                proxy_pass http://aren;
                proxy_set_header Host $host:$proxy_port;
                proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-For $remote_addr;
}
   
[root@master ~]# nginx -s reload

2.3在两台Keepalived实现调度器HA

注:主/备调度器均能够实现正常调度
1. 主/备调度器安装软件

主:

[root@proxy-master ~]# yum install -y keepalived
[root@proxy-slave ~]# yum install -y keepalived
[root@proxy-master ~]# cp /etc/keepalived/keepalived.conf /etc/keepalived/keepalived.conf.bak    ##备份

! Configuration File for keepalived


global_defs {
   router_id directory1        
}

vrrp_instance VI_1 {
    state MASTER            #定义为主
    interface ens33        #VIP绑定接口
    virtual_router_id 80       #整个集群的调度器一致 
    priority 100
    advert_int 1
    authentication {
        auth_type PASS
        auth_pass 123
    }
    virtual_ipaddress {
        192.168.134.160/24        #VIP
    }
}

备:

[root@proxy-slave ~]# cp /etc/keepalived/keepalived.conf /etc/keepalived/keepalived.conf.bak
[root@proxy-slave ~]# vim /etc/keepalived/keepalived.conf
! Configuration File for keepalived
global_defs {
   router_id directory2        #
}

vrrp_instance VI_1 {
    state BACKUP
    interface ens33
    virtual_router_id 80
    priority 50        #back的优先级为50 (小于master)
    advert_int 1
    authentication {
        auth_type PASS
        auth_pass 123
    }
    virtual_ipaddress {
        192.168.134.160/24
    }
}

 此时可以看到VIP在master上:

Nginx+keepalived实现七层的负载均衡_第1张图片

2.4在real-server上写入测试页面

[root@server03 ~]# echo "lvs-RS1" > /usr/share/nginx/html/index.html
[root@server03 ~]# systemctl  start nginx


[root@server04 ~]# echo "lvs-RS2" > /usr/share/nginx/html/index.html
[root@server04 ~]# systemctl  start nginx

2.5测试

  • 当我们关闭master上的keepalived可以发现VIP会转移到slave上,这就实现了高可用(当master挂掉后slave会顶替master继续提供服务)
##关闭master的nginx 和 keepalived
[root@master ~]# systemctl  stop   keepalived
  • 查看slave,可以发现VIP在slave上。

Nginx+keepalived实现七层的负载均衡_第2张图片

  •  访问VIP(192.168.134.160)可以访问到。
  • Nginx+keepalived实现七层的负载均衡_第3张图片

 3.解决nginx故障

  • 可以解决心跳故障keepalived但不能解决Nginx服务故障。这是我们要添加对nginx健康检查。(两台都设置)

思路:
让Keepalived以一定时间间隔执行一个外部脚本,脚本的功能是当Nginx失败,则关闭本机的Keepalived

[root@proxy-master ~]# vim /etc/keepalived/check_nginx_status.sh
#!/bin/bash												        
/usr/bin/curl -I http://localhost &>/dev/null	
if [ $? -ne 0 ];then										    
#	/etc/init.d/keepalived stop
	systemctl stop keepalived
fi
  •  keepalived使用script

! Configuration File for keepalived


global_defs {
   router_id directory1
}

vrrp_script check {
        script "/etc/keepalived/check-nginx.sh"
        interval 5        #每5秒检测一次
}


vrrp_instance VI_1 {
    state MASTER
    interface ens33
    virtual_router_id 80
    priority 100
    advert_int 1
    authentication {
        auth_type PASS
        auth_pass 123
    }
    virtual_ipaddress {
        192.168.134.160/24
    }
        track_script {
                check
        }

}
  •  测试

关闭master上的nginx服务,过5秒后会检测到nginx挂掉,随后会关闭master上的keepalived;并且VIP会转移到slave上面,让slave继续提供服务。

master:

Nginx+keepalived实现七层的负载均衡_第4张图片

 slave:

Nginx+keepalived实现七层的负载均衡_第5张图片

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