K8s安装及环境配置

01 Controllers

官网:https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/workloads/controllers/

ReplicationController(RC)

官网:https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/workloads/controllers/replicationcontroller/

A ReplicationController ensures that a specified number of pod replicas are running
 at any one time. In other words, a ReplicationController makes sure that a pod or
 a homogeneous set of pods is always up and available.

ReplicationController定义了一个期望的场景,即声明某种Pod的副本数量在任意时刻都符合某个预期值,所以RC的定义包含以下几个部分:

  • Pod期待的副本数(replicas)
  • 用于筛选目标Pod的Label Selector
  • 当Pod的副本数量小于预期数量时,用于创建新Pod的Pod模板(template)

也就是说通过RC实现了集群中Pod的高可用,减少了传统IT环境中手工运维的工作。

Have a try

kind:表示要新建对象的类型
spec.selector:表示需要管理的Pod的label,这里表示包含app: nginx的label的Pod都会被该RC管理
spec.replicas:表示受此RC管理的Pod需要运行的副本数
spec.template:表示用于定义Pod的模板,比如Pod名称、拥有的label以及Pod中运行的应用等
通过改变RC里Pod模板中的镜像版本,可以实现Pod的升级功能
kubectl apply -f nginx-pod.yaml,此时k8s会在所有可用的Node上,创建3个Pod,并且每个Pod都有一个app: nginx的label,同时每个Pod中都运行了一个nginx容器。
如果某个Pod发生问题,Controller Manager能够及时发现,然后根据RC的定义,创建一个新的Pod
扩缩容:kubectl scale rc nginx --replicas=5
(1)创建名为nginx_replication.yaml

apiVersion: v1
kind: ReplicationController
metadata:
  name: nginx
spec:
  replicas: 3
  selector:
    app: nginx
  template:
    metadata:
      name: nginx
      labels:
        app: nginx
    spec:
      containers:
      - name: nginx
        image: nginx
        ports:
        - containerPort: 80

(2)根据nginx_replication.yaml创建pod

kubectl apply -f nginx_replication.yaml

(3)查看pod

kubectl get pods -o wide

   NAME      READY     STATUS
nginx-hksg8   1/1     Running   0          44s   192.168.80.195   w2   
nginx-q7bw5   1/1     Running   0          44s   192.168.190.67   w1  
nginx-zzwzl   1/1     Running   0          44s   192.168.190.68   w1    

kubectl get rc
NAME    DESIRED   CURRENT   READY   AGE
nginx   3         3         3       2m54s

(4)尝试删除一个pod

kubectl delete pods nginx-zzwzl
kubectl get pods

(5)对pod进行扩缩容

kubectl scale rc nginx --replicas=5
kubectl get pods
nginx-8fctt   0/1     ContainerCreating   0          2s
nginx-9pgwk   0/1     ContainerCreating   0          2s
nginx-hksg8   1/1     Running             0          6m50s
nginx-q7bw5   1/1     Running             0          6m50s
nginx-wzqkf   1/1     Running             0          99s

(6)删除pod

kubectl delete -f nginx_replication.yaml

ReplicaSet(RS)

官网:https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/workloads/controllers/replicaset/

A ReplicaSet’s purpose is to maintain a stable set of replica Pods running at any 
given time. As such, it is often used to guarantee the availability of a specified 
number of identical Pods.

在Kubernetes v1.2时,RC就升级成了另外一个概念:Replica Set,官方解释为“下一代RC”

ReplicaSet和RC没有本质的区别,kubectl中绝大部分作用于RC的命令同样适用于RS

RS与RC唯一的区别是:RS支持基于集合的Label Selector(Set-based selector),而RC只支持基于等式的Label Selector(equality-based selector),这使得Replica Set的功能更强

Have a try

apiVersion: extensions/v1beta1
kind: ReplicaSet
metadata:
  name: frontend
spec:
  matchLabels: 
    tier: frontend
  matchExpressions: 
    - {key:tier,operator: In,values: [frontend]}
  template:
  ...

注意:一般情况下,我们很少单独使用Replica Set,它主要是被Deployment这个更高的资源对象所使用,从而形成一整套Pod创建、删除、更新的编排机制。当我们使用Deployment时,无须关心它是如何创建和维护Replica Set的,这一切都是自动发生的。同时,无需担心跟其他机制的不兼容问题(比如ReplicaSet不支持rolling-update但Deployment支持)。

Deployment

官网:https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/workloads/controllers/deployment/

A Deployment provides declarative updates for Pods and ReplicaSets.

You describe a desired state in a Deployment, and the Deployment Controller changes
the actual state to the desired state at a controlled rate. You can define Deployments
to create new ReplicaSets, or to remove existing Deployments and adopt all their 
resources with new Deployments.

Deployment相对RC最大的一个升级就是我们可以随时知道当前Pod“部署”的进度。

创建一个Deployment对象来生成对应的Replica Set并完成Pod副本的创建过程

检查Deploymnet的状态来看部署动作是否完成(Pod副本的数量是否达到预期的值)

(1)创建nginx_deployment.yaml文件

apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: Deployment
metadata:
  name: nginx-deployment
  labels:
    app: nginx
spec:
  replicas: 3
  selector:
    matchLabels:
      app: nginx
  template:
    metadata:
      labels:
        app: nginx
    spec:
      containers:
      - name: nginx
        image: nginx:1.7.9
        ports:
        - containerPort: 80

(2)根据nginx_deployment.yaml文件创建pod

kubectl apply -f nginx_deployment.yaml

(3)查看pod

kubectl get pods -o wide

kubectl get deployment

kubectl get rs

kubectl get deployment -o wide

nginx-deployment-6dd86d77d-f7dxb   1/1     Running   0      22s   192.168.80.198   w2 
nginx-deployment-6dd86d77d-npqxj   1/1     Running   0      22s   192.168.190.71   w1 
nginx-deployment-6dd86d77d-swt25   1/1     Running   0      22s   192.168.190.70   w1

nginx-deployment[deployment]-6dd86d77d[replicaset]-f7dxb[pod]

(4)当前nginx的版本

kubectl get deployment -o wide

NAME    READY   UP-TO-DATE   AVAILABLE   AGE     CONTAINERS   IMAGES      SELECTOR
nginx-deployment   3/3         3     3  3m27s      nginx    nginx:1.7.9   app=nginx

(5)更新nginx的image版本

kubectl set image deployment nginx-deployment nginx=nginx:1.9.1

02 Labels and Selectors

在前面的yaml文件中,看到很多label,顾名思义,就是给一些资源打上标签的
官网:https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/overview/working-with-objects/labels/

Labels are key/value pairs that are attached to objects, such as pods. 
apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
  name: nginx-pod
  labels:
    app: nginx

表示名称为nginx-pod的pod,有一个label,key为app,value为nginx。

我们可以将具有同一个label的pod,交给selector管理

apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: Deployment
metadata: 
  name: nginx-deployment
  labels:
    app: nginx
spec:
  replicas: 3
  selector:             # 匹配具有同一个label属性的pod标签
    matchLabels:
      app: nginx         
  template:             # 定义pod的模板
    metadata:
      labels:
        app: nginx      # 定义当前pod的label属性,app为key,value为nginx
    spec:
      containers:
      - name: nginx
        image: nginx:1.7.9
        ports:
        - containerPort: 80

查看pod的label标签:kubectl get pods --show-labels

这里可以尝试一下selector匹配不上的结果

03 Namespace

kubectl get pods

kubectl get pods -n kube-system

比较一下,上述两行命令的输入是否一样,发现不一样,是因为Pod属于不同的Namespace。

查看一下当前的命名空间:kubectl get namespaces/ns

NAME              STATUS   AGE
default           Active   27m
kube-node-lease   Active   27m
kube-public       Active   27m
kube-system       Active   27m

其实说白了,命名空间就是为了隔离不同的资源,比如:Pod、Service、Deployment等。可以在输入命令的时候指定命名空间-n,如果不指定,则使用默认的命名空间:default。

创建命名空间

myns-namespace.yaml

apiVersion: v1
kind: Namespace
metadata:
name: myns

kubectl apply -f myns-namespace.yaml

kubectl get namespaces/ns

NAME              STATUS   AGE
default           Active   38m
kube-node-lease   Active   38m
kube-public       Active   38m
kube-system       Active   38m
myns              Active   6s

指定命名空间下的资源

比如创建一个pod,属于myns命名空间下

vi nginx-pod.yaml

kubectl apply -f nginx-pod.yaml

apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
  name: nginx-pod
  namespace: myns
spec:
  containers:
  - name: nginx-container
    image: nginx
    ports:
    - containerPort: 80

查看myns命名空间下的Pod和资源

kubectl get pods

kubectl get pods -n myns

kubectl get all -n myns

kubectl get pods --all-namespaces #查找所有命名空间下的pod

04 Network

4.1 同一个Pod中的容器通信

接下来就要说到跟Kubernetes网络通信相关的内容咯

我们都知道K8S最小的操作单位是Pod,先思考一下同一个Pod中多个容器要进行通信

由官网的这段话可以看出,同一个pod中的容器是共享网络ip地址和端口号的,通信显然没问题

Each Pod is assigned a unique IP address. Every container in a Pod shares the
network namespace, including the IP address and network ports. 

那如果是通过容器的名称进行通信呢?就需要将所有pod中的容器加入到同一个容器的网络中,我们把该容器称作为pod中的pause container。

4.2 集群内Pod之间的通信

接下来就聊聊K8S最小的操作单元,Pod之间的通信

我们都之间Pod会有独立的IP地址,这个IP地址是被Pod中所有的Container共享的

那多个Pod之间的通信能通过这个IP地址吗?

我认为需要分两个维度:一是集群中同一台机器中的Pod,二是集群中不同机器中的Pod

准备两个pod,一个nginx,一个busybox
nginx_pod.yaml

apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
name: nginx-pod
labels:
 app: nginx
spec:
containers:
  - name: nginx-container
    image: nginx
    ports:
    - containerPort: 80

busybox_pod.yaml

apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
name: busybox
labels:
 app: busybox
spec:
containers:
  - name: busybox
    image: busybox
    command: ['sh', '-c', 'echo The app is running! && sleep 3600']

将两个pod运行起来,并且查看运行情况

kubectl apply -f nginx_pod.yaml
kubectl apply -f busy_pod.yaml
kubectl get pods -o wide

NAME      READY  STATUS    RESTARTS   AGE         IP                NODE  
busybox    1/1   Running      0       49s    192.168.221.70   worker02-kubeadm-k8s   
nginx-pod  1/1   Running      0      7m46s   192.168.14.1     worker01-kubeadm-k8s 

发现:nginx-pod的ip为192.168.14.1 busybox-pod的ip为192.168.221.70

同一个集群中同一台机器

(1)来到worker02:ping 192.168.14.1

[root@worker02-kubeadm-k8s ~]# ping 192.168.14.1
PING 192.168.14.1 (192.168.14.1) 56(84) bytes of data.
64 bytes from 192.168.14.1: icmp_seq=1 ttl=63 time=0.680 ms
64 bytes from 192.168.14.1: icmp_seq=2 ttl=63 time=0.306 ms
64 bytes from 192.168.14.1: icmp_seq=3 ttl=63 time=0.688 ms

(2)来到worker02:curl 192.168.14.1,同样可以访问nginx

(3)来到master:

ping/curl 192.168.14.1 访问的是worker01上的nginx-pod

ping 192.168.221.70 访问的是worker02上的busybox-pod

(4)来到worker01:ping 192.168.221.70 访问的是worker02上的busybox-pod

How to implement the Kubernetes Cluster networking model--Calico

官网:https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/cluster-administration/networking/#the-kubernetes-network-model

  • pods on a node can communicate with all pods on all nodes without NAT

  • agents on a node (e.g. system daemons, kubelet) can communicate with all pods on that node

  • pods in the host network of a node can communicate with all pods on all nodes without NAT

4.3 集群内Service-Cluster IP

对于上述的Pod虽然实现了集群内部互相通信,但是Pod是不稳定的,比如通过Deployment管理Pod,随时可能对Pod进行扩缩容,这时候Pod的IP地址是变化的。能够有一个固定的IP,使得集群内能够访问。也就是之前在架构描述的时候所提到的,能够把相同或者具有关联的Pod,打上Label,组成Service。而Service有固定的IP,不管Pod怎么创建和销毁,都可以通过Service的IP进行访问

Service官网:https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/services-networking/service/
(1)创建whoami-deployment.yaml文件,并且apply

apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: Deployment
metadata:
  name: whoami-deployment
  labels:
    app: whoami
spec:
  replicas: 3
  selector:
    matchLabels:
      app: whoami
  template:
    metadata:
      labels:
        app: whoami
    spec:
      containers:
      - name: whoami
        image: jwilder/whoami
        ports:
        - containerPort: 8000

(2)查看pod以及service

whoami-deployment-5dd9ff5fd8-22k9n   192.168.221.80   worker02-kubeadm-k8s
whoami-deployment-5dd9ff5fd8-vbwzp   192.168.14.6     worker01-kubeadm-k8s
whoami-deployment-5dd9ff5fd8-zzf4d   192.168.14.7     worker01-kubeadm-k8s

kubect get svc:可以发现目前并没有关于whoami的service

NAME         TYPE        CLUSTER-IP   EXTERNAL-IP   PORT(S)   AGE
kubernetes   ClusterIP   10.96.0.1            443/TCP   19h

(3)在集群内正常访问

curl 192.168.221.80:8000/192.168.14.6:8000/192.168.14.7:8000

(4)创建whoami的service

注意:该地址只能在集群内部访问

kubectl expose deployment whoami-deployment
kubectl get svc    
删除svc   kubectl delete service whoami-deployment

[root@master-kubeadm-k8s ~]# kubectl get svc
NAME                TYPE        CLUSTER-IP       EXTERNAL-IP   PORT(S)    AGE
kubernetes          ClusterIP   10.96.0.1                443/TCP    19h
whoami-deployment   ClusterIP   10.105.147.59           8000/TCP   23s

可以发现有一个Cluster IP类型的service,名称为whoami-deployment,IP地址为10.101.201.192

(5)通过Service的Cluster IP访问

[root@master-kubeadm-k8s ~]# curl 10.105.147.59:8000
I'm whoami-deployment-678b64444d-b2695
[root@master-kubeadm-k8s ~]# curl 10.105.147.59:8000
I'm whoami-deployment-678b64444d-hgdrk
[root@master-kubeadm-k8s ~]# curl 10.105.147.59:8000
I'm whoami-deployment-678b64444d-65t88

(6)具体查看一下whoami-deployment的详情信息,发现有一个Endpoints连接了具体3个Pod

[root@master-kubeadm-k8s ~]# kubectl describe svc whoami-deployment
Name:              whoami-deployment
Namespace:         default
Labels:            app=whoami
Annotations:       
Selector:          app=whoami
Type:              ClusterIP
IP:                10.105.147.59
Port:                8000/TCP
TargetPort:        8000/TCP
Endpoints:         192.168.14.8:8000,192.168.221.81:8000,192.168.221.82:8000
Session Affinity:  None
Events:            

(7)不妨对whoami扩容成5个

kubectl scale deployment whoami-deployment --replicas=5

(8)再次访问:curl 10.105.147.59:8000

(9)再次查看service具体信息:kubectl describe svc whoami-deployment

(10)其实对于Service的创建,不仅仅可以使用kubectl expose,也可以定义一个yaml文件

apiVersion: v1
kind: Service
metadata:
  name: my-service
spec:
  selector:
    app: MyApp
  ports:
    - protocol: TCP
      port: 80
      targetPort: 9376
  type: Cluster

conclusion:其实Service存在的意义就是为了Pod的不稳定性,而上述探讨的就是关于Service的一种类型Cluster IP,只能供集群内访问

以Pod为中心,已经讨论了关于集群内的通信方式,接下来就是探讨集群中的Pod访问外部服务,以及外部服务访问集群中的Pod

4.4 Pod访问外部服务

比较简单,没太多好说的内容,直接访问即可

4.5 外部服务访问集群中的Pod

Service-NodePort

也是Service的一种类型,可以通过NodePort的方式

说白了,因为外部能够访问到集群的物理机器IP,所以就是在集群中每台物理机器上暴露一个相同的IP,比如32008

(1)根据whoami-deployment.yaml创建pod

apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: Deployment
metadata:
  name: whoami-deployment
  labels:
    app: whoami
spec:
  replicas: 3
  selector:
    matchLabels:
      app: whoami
  template:
    metadata:
      labels:
        app: whoami
    spec:
      containers:
      - name: whoami
        image: jwilder/whoami
        ports:
        - containerPort: 8000

(2)创建NodePort类型的service,名称为whoami-deployment

kubectl delete svc whoami-deployment

kubectl expose deployment whoami-deployment --type=NodePort

[root@master-kubeadm-k8s ~]# kubectl get svc
NAME                TYPE        CLUSTER-IP     EXTERNAL-IP   PORT(S)          AGE
kubernetes          ClusterIP   10.96.0.1              443/TCP          21h
whoami-deployment   NodePort    10.99.108.82           8000:32041/TCP   7s

(3)注意上述的端口32041,实际上就是暴露在集群中物理机器上的端口

lsof -i tcp:32041
netstat -ntlp|grep 32041

(4)浏览器通过物理机器的IP访问

http://192.168.0.51:32041
curl 192.168.0.61:32041

conclusion:NodePort虽然能够实现外部访问Pod的需求,但是真的好吗?其实不好,占用了各个物理主机上的端口

Service-LoadBalance

通常需要第三方云提供商支持,有约束性

Ingress

官网:https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/services-networking/ingress/

可以发现,Ingress就是帮助我们访问集群内的服务的。不过在看Ingress之前,我们还是先以一个案例出发。

很简单,在K8S集群中部署tomcat

浏览器想要访问这个tomcat,也就是外部要访问该tomcat,用之前的Service-NodePort的方式是可以的,比如暴露一个32008端口,只需要访问192.168.0.61:32008即可。

vi my-tomcat.yaml

kubectl apply -f my-tomcat.yaml

kubectl get pods

kubectl get deployment

kubectl get svc

tomcat-service NodePort 10.105.51.97 80:31032/TCP 37s

apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: Deployment
metadata:
  name: tomcat-deployment
  labels:
    app: tomcat
spec:
  replicas: 1
  selector:
    matchLabels:
      app: tomcat
  template:
    metadata:
      labels:
        app: tomcat
    spec:
      containers:
      - name: tomcat
        image: tomcat
        ports:
        - containerPort: 8080
---
apiVersion: v1
kind: Service
metadata:
  name: tomcat-service
spec:
  ports:
  - port: 80   
    protocol: TCP
    targetPort: 8080
  selector:
    app: tomcat
  type: NodePort  

显然,Service-NodePort的方式生产环境不推荐使用,那接下来就基于上述需求,使用Ingress实现访问tomcat的需求。

官网Ingress:https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/services-networking/ingress/

GitHub Ingress Nginx:https://github.com/kubernetes/ingress-nginx

Nginx Ingress Controller:

(1)以Deployment方式创建Pod,该Pod为Ingress Nginx Controller,要想让外界访问,可以通过Service的NodePort或者HostPort方式,这里选择HostPort,比如指定worker01运行

# 确保nginx-controller运行到w1节点上
kubectl label node w1 name=ingress   

# 使用HostPort方式运行,需要增加配置
hostNetwork: true

# 搜索nodeSelector,并且要确保w1节点上的80和443端口没有被占用,镜像拉取需要较长的时间,这块注意一下哦
# mandatory.yaml在网盘中的“课堂源码”目录
kubectl apply -f mandatory.yaml  

kubectl get all -n ingress-nginx

(2)查看w1的80和443端口

lsof -i tcp:80
lsof -i tcp:443

(3)创建tomcat的pod和service

记得将之前的tomcat删除:kubectl delete -f my-tomcat.yaml

vi tomcat.yaml

kubectl apply -f tomcat.yaml

kubectl get svc

kubectl get pods

apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: Deployment
metadata:
  name: tomcat-deployment
  labels:
    app: tomcat
spec:
  replicas: 1
  selector:
    matchLabels:
      app: tomcat
  template:
    metadata:
      labels:
        app: tomcat
    spec:
      containers:
      - name: tomcat
        image: tomcat
        ports:
        - containerPort: 8080
---
apiVersion: v1
kind: Service
metadata:
  name: tomcat-service
spec:
  ports:
  - port: 80   
    protocol: TCP
    targetPort: 8080
  selector:
    app: tomcat

(4)创建Ingress以及定义转发规则

kubectl apply -f nginx-ingress.yaml

kubectl get ingress

kubectl describe ingress nginx-ingress

#ingress
apiVersion: extensions/v1beta1
kind: Ingress
metadata:
  name: nginx-ingress
spec:
  rules:
  - host: tomcat.jack.com
    http:
      paths:
      - path: /
        backend:
          serviceName: tomcat-service
          servicePort: 80

(5)修改win的hosts文件,添加dns解析

192.168.8.61 tomcat.jack.com

(6)打开浏览器,访问tomcat.jack.com

总结:如果以后想要使用Ingress网络,其实只要定义ingress,service和pod即可,前提是要保证nginx ingress controller已经配置好了。

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