Swift 5.6 新特性

Swift 5.6 内置于 Xcode 13.3,增加了如下的几个新特性。

#unavailable

Swift 5.6 之前只有#available表示可用,Swift 5.6 之后增加了#unavailable表示不可用,二者意思相反。

if #unavailable(iOS 15) {
    // iOS15不可用,即iOS15之前的代码可以正常工作
} else {
    // iOS15的代码可以正常工作
}

注意:使用上与#available最大的区别是#unavailable不能使用平台通配符*

类型占位符_

使用_/_?占用类型的位置,然后编译器通过类型推断可以推断出_/_?的类型。

// _?代替Double?
var a: _? = 3.14
a = nil

// 数组的元素为Int类型,_代替Int
let array: Array<_> = [1, 2, 3, 4, 6]

// 字典的value为UIColor类型,_代替UIColor
let colors: [String: _] = ["red": UIColor.red, "green": UIColor.green, "blue": UIColor.blue]

CodingKeyRepresentable

  • Swift 5.6 之前,如果字典的 Key 为非IntString类型,通过 Codable 进行编码后得不到预期的结果。
enum Student: String, Codable {
    case name
    case age
    case sex
}

// 字典
let dict: [Student: String] = [.name: "zhangsan", .age: "20", .sex: "male"]
// 编码
let encoder = JSONEncoder()
do {
    let student = try encoder.encode(dict)
    print(String(decoding: student, as: UTF8.self)) // ["name","zhangsan","age","20","sex","male"]
} catch {
    fatalError(error.localizedDescription)
}
  • Swift 5.6 之后增加了 CodingKeyRepresentable,使用它就可以得到预期的结果。
// 实现CodingKeyRepresentable协议
enum Student: String, Codable, CodingKeyRepresentable {
    case name
    case age
    case sex
}

// 字典
let dict: [Student: String] = [.name: "zhangsan", .age: "20", .sex: "male"]
// 编码
let encoder = JSONEncoder()
do {
    let student = try encoder.encode(dict)
    print(String(decoding: student, as: UTF8.self)) // {"sex":"male","name":"zhangsan","age":"20"}
} catch {
    fatalError(error.localizedDescription)
}

@MainActor警告

  • 在 Swift 5.6 之前,以下代码没有任何问题,但在 Swift 5.6 之后,会发出警告。
import SwiftUI

@MainActor
class ViewModel: ObservableObject {
}

struct ContentView: View {
    // 警告:expression requiring global actor 'MainActor' cannot appear in default-value expression of property '_viewModel'; this is an error in Swift 6
    @StateObject private var viewModel = ViewModel()

    var body: some View {
        Text("Hello, world!")
    }
}

注意:Swift 5.6 中该写法还仅仅是一种警告,但在未来可能会成为一种错误。

  • 为了避免出现警告,可以按照如下的方式进行修改。
import SwiftUI

@MainActor
class ViewModel: ObservableObject {
}

struct ContentView: View {
    @StateObject private var viewModel: ViewModel

    init() {
        _viewModel = StateObject(wrappedValue: ViewModel())
    }

    var body: some View {
        Text("Hello, world!")
    }
}

存在性any

  • Swift 5.6 之前协议的使用。
protocol SomeProtocol {
    func work()
}

class Student: SomeProtocol {
    func work() {
        print("Study")
    }
}

class Teacher: SomeProtocol {
    func work() {
        print("Teach")
    }
}

// 泛型函数,泛型遵守了协议
func generic(who: T) where T: SomeProtocol {
    who.work()
}

// 正确
generic(who: Student())
generic(who: Teacher())

// 错误
let student: SomeProtocol = Student()
// 报错:Protocol 'SomeProtocol' as a type cannot conform to the protocol itself
generic(who: student)

let teacher: SomeProtocol = Teacher()
// 报错:Protocol 'SomeProtocol' as a type cannot conform to the protocol itself
generic(who: teacher)
  • Swift 5.6 之后增加了一种新的类型—存在类型,表示为any 类型。改造上面函数并将初始化部分的SomeProtocol更改为存在类型any SomeProtocol,报错的代码变为正确。
protocol SomeProtocol {
    func work()
}

class Student: SomeProtocol {
    func work() {
        print("Study")
    }
}

class Teacher: SomeProtocol {
    func work() {
        print("Teach")
    }
}

// 泛型函数改为any存在类型函数
func existential(who: any SomeProtocol) {
    who.work()
}

// 正确
existential(who: Student())
existential(who: Teacher())

// 正确
let student: any SomeProtocol = Student()
existential(who: student)

let teacher: any SomeProtocol = Teacher()
existential(who: teacher)

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