江河地笑

OpenGL_Learn09（摄像机）

1. 摄像机环绕观察

texture两个文件以及shader就是之前的版本

#include 
#include 

#include 
#include "stb_image.h"
#include 
#include "shader.h"

#include 
#include 
#include 

void framebuffer_size_callback(GLFWwindow* window, int width, int height);
void processInput(GLFWwindow* window);

// settings
const unsigned int SCR_WIDTH = 800;
const unsigned int SCR_HEIGHT = 600;

float mixValue = 0.2f;

int main() {

	//1.初始化配置
	glfwInit();
	glfwWindowHint(GLFW_CONTEXT_VERSION_MAJOR, 3);
	glfwWindowHint(GLFW_CONTEXT_VERSION_MINOR, 3);
	glfwWindowHint(GLFW_OPENGL_PROFILE, GLFW_OPENGL_CORE_PROFILE);

#ifdef __APPLE__
	glfwWindowHint(GLFW_OPENGL_FORWARD_COMPAT, GLFW_TRUE);
#endif // __APPLE__

	//2.gltf 窗口创建
	GLFWwindow* window = glfwCreateWindow(SCR_WIDTH, SCR_HEIGHT, "LeranOpenGL", NULL, NULL);
	if (window == NULL) {
		std::cout << "Failed to create GLFW window" << std::endl;
		glfwTerminate();
		return -1;
	}

	glfwMakeContextCurrent(window);
	glfwSetFramebufferSizeCallback(window, framebuffer_size_callback);

	//3. 加载所有GL函数指针
	if (!gladLoadGLLoader((GLADloadproc)glfwGetProcAddress)) {
		std::cout << "Failed to initialize GLAD" << std::endl;
		return -1;
	}

	Shader ourShader("./texture.vs", "./texture.fs");

	//4. 设置顶点数据
	float vertices[] = {
		-0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f,  0.0f, 0.0f,
		 0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f,  1.0f, 0.0f,
		 0.5f,  0.5f, -0.5f,  1.0f, 1.0f,
		 0.5f,  0.5f, -0.5f,  1.0f, 1.0f,
		-0.5f,  0.5f, -0.5f,  0.0f, 1.0f,
		-0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f,  0.0f, 0.0f,

		-0.5f, -0.5f,  0.5f,  0.0f, 0.0f,
		 0.5f, -0.5f,  0.5f,  1.0f, 0.0f,
		 0.5f,  0.5f,  0.5f,  1.0f, 1.0f,
		 0.5f,  0.5f,  0.5f,  1.0f, 1.0f,
		-0.5f,  0.5f,  0.5f,  0.0f, 1.0f,
		-0.5f, -0.5f,  0.5f,  0.0f, 0.0f,

		-0.5f,  0.5f,  0.5f,  1.0f, 0.0f,
		-0.5f,  0.5f, -0.5f,  1.0f, 1.0f,
		-0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f,  0.0f, 1.0f,
		-0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f,  0.0f, 1.0f,
		-0.5f, -0.5f,  0.5f,  0.0f, 0.0f,
		-0.5f,  0.5f,  0.5f,  1.0f, 0.0f,

		 0.5f,  0.5f,  0.5f,  1.0f, 0.0f,
		 0.5f,  0.5f, -0.5f,  1.0f, 1.0f,
		 0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f,  0.0f, 1.0f,
		 0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f,  0.0f, 1.0f,
		 0.5f, -0.5f,  0.5f,  0.0f, 0.0f,
		 0.5f,  0.5f,  0.5f,  1.0f, 0.0f,

		-0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f,  0.0f, 1.0f,
		 0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f,  1.0f, 1.0f,
		 0.5f, -0.5f,  0.5f,  1.0f, 0.0f,
		 0.5f, -0.5f,  0.5f,  1.0f, 0.0f,
		-0.5f, -0.5f,  0.5f,  0.0f, 0.0f,
		-0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f,  0.0f, 1.0f,

		-0.5f,  0.5f, -0.5f,  0.0f, 1.0f,
		 0.5f,  0.5f, -0.5f,  1.0f, 1.0f,
		 0.5f,  0.5f,  0.5f,  1.0f, 0.0f,
		 0.5f,  0.5f,  0.5f,  1.0f, 0.0f,
		-0.5f,  0.5f,  0.5f,  0.0f, 0.0f,
		-0.5f,  0.5f, -0.5f,  0.0f, 1.0f
	};

	unsigned int indices[] = {
	0, 1, 3, // first triangle
	1, 2, 3  // second triangle
	};

	unsigned int VBO, VAO, EBO;
	glGenVertexArrays(1, &VAO);
	glGenBuffers(1, &VBO);
	glGenBuffers(1, &EBO);//元素缓冲对象：Element Buffer Object，EBO 

	glBindVertexArray(VAO);

	//复制顶点数组到缓冲区中供opengl使用
	glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, VBO);
	glBufferData(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, sizeof(vertices), vertices, GL_STATIC_DRAW);

	glBindBuffer(GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, EBO);
	glBufferData(GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, sizeof(indices), indices, GL_STATIC_DRAW);


	//设置顶点属性指针
	glVertexAttribPointer(0, 3, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, 5 * sizeof(float), (void*)0);
	glEnableVertexAttribArray(0);
	//设置纹理属性指针
	glVertexAttribPointer(1, 2, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, 5 * sizeof(float), (void*)(3 * sizeof(float)));
	glEnableVertexAttribArray(1);

	//加载和创建纹理
	unsigned int textureone, texturetwo;
	glGenTextures(1, &textureone);
	glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, textureone);
	//设置纹理环绕参数
	glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_S, GL_REPEAT);
	glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_T, GL_REPEAT);
	//设置纹理过滤参数
	glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_MIN_FILTER, GL_LINEAR);
	glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_MAG_FILTER, GL_LINEAR);

	//加载图像和生成mipmaps
	int width, height, nrChannels;
	stbi_set_flip_vertically_on_load(true);
	std::string filePath = R"(..\..\Data\container.jpg)";
	unsigned char* data = stbi_load(filePath.c_str(), &width, &height, &nrChannels, 0);

	if (data) {
		glTexImage2D(GL_TEXTURE_2D, 0, GL_RGB, width, height, 0, GL_RGB, GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE, data);
		glGenerateMipmap(GL_TEXTURE_2D);
	}
	else {
		std::cout << "Failed to load texture" << std::endl;
	}

	stbi_image_free(data);


	glGenTextures(1, &texturetwo);
	glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, texturetwo);
	//设置纹理环绕参数
	glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_S, GL_REPEAT);
	glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_T, GL_REPEAT);
	//设置纹理过滤参数
	glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_MIN_FILTER, GL_LINEAR);
	glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_MAG_FILTER, GL_LINEAR);

	//加载图像和生成mipmaps
	filePath = R"(..\..\Data\awesomeface.png)";
	unsigned char* data2 = stbi_load(filePath.c_str(), &width, &height, &nrChannels, 0);

	if (data2) {
		glTexImage2D(GL_TEXTURE_2D, 0, GL_RGB, width, height, 0, GL_RGBA, GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE, data2);
		glGenerateMipmap(GL_TEXTURE_2D);
	}
	else {
		std::cout << "Failed to load texture" << std::endl;
	}

	stbi_image_free(data2);



	ourShader.use();
	glUniform1i(glGetUniformLocation(ourShader.ID, "textureone"), 0);//二选一
	ourShader.setInt("texturetwo", 1);//二选一

	glm::vec3 cubePositions[] = {
  glm::vec3(0.0f,  0.0f,  0.0f),
  glm::vec3(2.0f,  5.0f, -15.0f),
  glm::vec3(-1.5f, -2.2f, -2.5f),
  glm::vec3(-3.8f, -2.0f, -12.3f),
  glm::vec3(2.4f, -0.4f, -3.5f),
  glm::vec3(-1.7f,  3.0f, -7.5f),
  glm::vec3(1.3f, -2.0f, -2.5f),
  glm::vec3(1.5f,  2.0f, -2.5f),
  glm::vec3(1.5f,  0.2f, -1.5f),
  glm::vec3(-1.3f,  1.0f, -1.5f)
	};

	//5. 循环渲染
	while (!glfwWindowShouldClose(window)) {
		processInput(window);
		glEnable(GL_DEPTH_TEST);
		// render
		glClearColor(0.2f, 0.3f, 0.3f, 1.0f);
		glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT | GL_DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT);
		//绑定纹理
		glActiveTexture(GL_TEXTURE0);
		glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, textureone);
		glActiveTexture(GL_TEXTURE1);
		glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, texturetwo);
		ourShader.setFloat("mixValue", mixValue);

		ourShader.use();


		// create transformations
		glm::mat4 view = glm::mat4(1.0f);
		float radius = 10.0f;
		float camX = sin(glfwGetTime()) * radius;
		float camZ = cos(glfwGetTime()) * radius;
		view = glm::lookAt(
			glm::vec3(camX, 0.0f, camZ),
			glm::vec3(0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f),
			glm::vec3(0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f));
		unsigned int viewLoc = glGetUniformLocation(ourShader.ID, "view");
		glUniformMatrix4fv(viewLoc, 1, GL_FALSE, &view[0][0]);

		glm::mat4 projection = glm::mat4(1.0f);
		projection = glm::perspective(glm::radians(45.0f), (float)SCR_WIDTH / (float)SCR_HEIGHT, 0.1f, 100.0f);
		glUniformMatrix4fv(glGetUniformLocation(ourShader.ID, "projection"), 1, GL_FALSE, &projection[0][0]);


		glBindVertexArray(VAO);

		for (unsigned int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
			glm::mat4 model = glm::mat4(1.0f);
			model = glm::translate(model, cubePositions[i]);
			float angle = 20.0f * i;
			model = glm::rotate(model, glm::radians(angle), glm::vec3(1.0f, 0.3f, 0.5f));
			model = glm::rotate(model, (float)glfwGetTime() * glm::radians(50.0f), glm::vec3(0.5f, 1.0f, 0.0f));
			unsigned int modelLoc = glGetUniformLocation(ourShader.ID, "model");
			glUniformMatrix4fv(modelLoc, 1, GL_FALSE, glm::value_ptr(model));
			glDrawArrays(GL_TRIANGLES, 0, 36);
		}



		glfwSwapBuffers(window);
		glfwPollEvents();

	}

	glDeleteVertexArrays(1, &VAO);
	glDeleteBuffers(1, &VBO);
	glDeleteBuffers(1, &EBO);

	glfwTerminate();
	return 0;

}

// process all input: query GLFW whether relevant keys are pressed/released this frame and react accordingly
// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
void processInput(GLFWwindow* window)
{
	if (glfwGetKey(window, GLFW_KEY_ESCAPE) == GLFW_PRESS)
		glfwSetWindowShouldClose(window, true);

	if (glfwGetKey(window, GLFW_KEY_UP) == GLFW_PRESS) {
		std::cout << "up" << std::endl;
		mixValue += 0.001f;
		if (mixValue >= 1.0f) {
			mixValue = 1.0f;
		}
	}

	if (glfwGetKey(window, GLFW_KEY_DOWN) == GLFW_PRESS)
	{
		std::cout << "down" << std::endl;
		mixValue -= 0.001f; // change this value accordingly (might be too slow or too fast based on system hardware)
		if (mixValue <= 0.0f)
			mixValue = 0.0f;
	}
	std::cout << "mixValue:" << mixValue << std::endl;
}

// glfw: whenever the window size changed (by OS or user resize) this callback function executes
// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
void framebuffer_size_callback(GLFWwindow* window, int width, int height)
{
	// make sure the viewport matches the new window dimensions; note that width and 
	// height will be significantly larger than specified on retina displays.
	glViewport(0, 0, width, height);
}

2. 摄像机自由移动

总的来说，非常有趣，先定义全局变量，用于控制摄像机的参数

glm::vec3 cameraPos   = glm::vec3(0.0f, 0.0f,  3.0f);
glm::vec3 cameraFront = glm::vec3(0.0f, 0.0f, -1.0f);
glm::vec3 cameraUp    = glm::vec3(0.0f, 1.0f,  0.0f);

然后监听WSAD，动态改变cameraPos的值

void processInput(GLFWwindow* window)
{
	if (glfwGetKey(window, GLFW_KEY_ESCAPE) == GLFW_PRESS)
		glfwSetWindowShouldClose(window, true);

	if (glfwGetKey(window, GLFW_KEY_UP) == GLFW_PRESS) {
		std::cout << "up" << std::endl;
		mixValue += 0.001f;
		if (mixValue >= 1.0f) {
			mixValue = 1.0f;
		}
	}

	if (glfwGetKey(window, GLFW_KEY_DOWN) == GLFW_PRESS)
	{
		std::cout << "down" << std::endl;
		mixValue -= 0.001f; // change this value accordingly (might be too slow or too fast based on system hardware)
		if (mixValue <= 0.0f)
			mixValue = 0.0f;
	}
	/*std::cout << "mixValue:" << mixValue << std::endl;*/

	float cameraSpeed = 0.05f;
	if (glfwGetKey(window, GLFW_KEY_W) == GLFW_PRESS) {
		cameraPos += cameraSpeed * cameraFront;
	}
	if (glfwGetKey(window, GLFW_KEY_S) == GLFW_PRESS) {
		cameraPos -= cameraSpeed * cameraFront;
	}
	if (glfwGetKey(window, GLFW_KEY_A) == GLFW_PRESS) {
		cameraPos -= glm::normalize(glm::cross(cameraFront, cameraUp)) * cameraSpeed;
	}
	if (glfwGetKey(window, GLFW_KEY_D) == GLFW_PRESS) {
		cameraPos += glm::normalize(glm::cross(cameraFront, cameraUp)) * cameraSpeed;
	}
	std::cout << "cameraPos:" << cameraPos.x <<" ," << cameraPos.y << " ," << cameraPos.z << std::endl;
}

3. 摄像机移动速度

图形程序和游戏通常会跟踪一个时间差(Deltatime)变量，它储存了渲染上一帧所用的时间。我们把所有速度都去乘以deltaTime值。结果就是，如果我们的deltaTime很大，就意味着上一帧的渲染花费了更多时间，所以这一帧的速度需要变得更高来平衡渲染所花去的时间。使用这种方法时，无论你的电脑快还是慢，摄像机的速度都会相应平衡，这样每个用户的体验就都一样了。

主要就是给float cameraSpeed = 2.5f * deltaTime;

比如电脑A一次绘制需要2秒，电脑B一次绘制需要1秒

那么4秒，他们分别位移多少。

A:2.5*2*(4/2)=10

B:2.5*1*(4/1)=10

巧妙的解决的不同配置的问题

#include 
#include 

#include 
#include "stb_image.h"
#include 
#include "shader.h"

#include 
#include 
#include 

void framebuffer_size_callback(GLFWwindow* window, int width, int height);
void processInput(GLFWwindow* window);

// settings
const unsigned int SCR_WIDTH = 800;
const unsigned int SCR_HEIGHT = 600;

float mixValue = 0.2f;

glm::vec3 cameraPos = glm::vec3(0.0f, 0.0f, 3.0f);
glm::vec3 cameraFront = glm::vec3(0.0f, 0.0f, -1.0f);
glm::vec3 cameraUp = glm::vec3(0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f);

float deltaTime = 0.0f;
float lastFrame = 0.0f;



int main() {

	//1.初始化配置
	glfwInit();
	glfwWindowHint(GLFW_CONTEXT_VERSION_MAJOR, 3);
	glfwWindowHint(GLFW_CONTEXT_VERSION_MINOR, 3);
	glfwWindowHint(GLFW_OPENGL_PROFILE, GLFW_OPENGL_CORE_PROFILE);

#ifdef __APPLE__
	glfwWindowHint(GLFW_OPENGL_FORWARD_COMPAT, GLFW_TRUE);
#endif // __APPLE__

	//2.gltf 窗口创建
	GLFWwindow* window = glfwCreateWindow(SCR_WIDTH, SCR_HEIGHT, "LeranOpenGL", NULL, NULL);
	if (window == NULL) {
		std::cout << "Failed to create GLFW window" << std::endl;
		glfwTerminate();
		return -1;
	}

	glfwMakeContextCurrent(window);
	glfwSetFramebufferSizeCallback(window, framebuffer_size_callback);

	//3. 加载所有GL函数指针
	if (!gladLoadGLLoader((GLADloadproc)glfwGetProcAddress)) {
		std::cout << "Failed to initialize GLAD" << std::endl;
		return -1;
	}

	Shader ourShader("./texture.vs", "./texture.fs");

	//4. 设置顶点数据
	float vertices[] = {
		-0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f,  0.0f, 0.0f,
		 0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f,  1.0f, 0.0f,
		 0.5f,  0.5f, -0.5f,  1.0f, 1.0f,
		 0.5f,  0.5f, -0.5f,  1.0f, 1.0f,
		-0.5f,  0.5f, -0.5f,  0.0f, 1.0f,
		-0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f,  0.0f, 0.0f,

		-0.5f, -0.5f,  0.5f,  0.0f, 0.0f,
		 0.5f, -0.5f,  0.5f,  1.0f, 0.0f,
		 0.5f,  0.5f,  0.5f,  1.0f, 1.0f,
		 0.5f,  0.5f,  0.5f,  1.0f, 1.0f,
		-0.5f,  0.5f,  0.5f,  0.0f, 1.0f,
		-0.5f, -0.5f,  0.5f,  0.0f, 0.0f,

		-0.5f,  0.5f,  0.5f,  1.0f, 0.0f,
		-0.5f,  0.5f, -0.5f,  1.0f, 1.0f,
		-0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f,  0.0f, 1.0f,
		-0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f,  0.0f, 1.0f,
		-0.5f, -0.5f,  0.5f,  0.0f, 0.0f,
		-0.5f,  0.5f,  0.5f,  1.0f, 0.0f,

		 0.5f,  0.5f,  0.5f,  1.0f, 0.0f,
		 0.5f,  0.5f, -0.5f,  1.0f, 1.0f,
		 0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f,  0.0f, 1.0f,
		 0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f,  0.0f, 1.0f,
		 0.5f, -0.5f,  0.5f,  0.0f, 0.0f,
		 0.5f,  0.5f,  0.5f,  1.0f, 0.0f,

		-0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f,  0.0f, 1.0f,
		 0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f,  1.0f, 1.0f,
		 0.5f, -0.5f,  0.5f,  1.0f, 0.0f,
		 0.5f, -0.5f,  0.5f,  1.0f, 0.0f,
		-0.5f, -0.5f,  0.5f,  0.0f, 0.0f,
		-0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f,  0.0f, 1.0f,

		-0.5f,  0.5f, -0.5f,  0.0f, 1.0f,
		 0.5f,  0.5f, -0.5f,  1.0f, 1.0f,
		 0.5f,  0.5f,  0.5f,  1.0f, 0.0f,
		 0.5f,  0.5f,  0.5f,  1.0f, 0.0f,
		-0.5f,  0.5f,  0.5f,  0.0f, 0.0f,
		-0.5f,  0.5f, -0.5f,  0.0f, 1.0f
	};

	unsigned int indices[] = {
	0, 1, 3, // first triangle
	1, 2, 3  // second triangle
	};

	unsigned int VBO, VAO, EBO;
	glGenVertexArrays(1, &VAO);
	glGenBuffers(1, &VBO);
	glGenBuffers(1, &EBO);//元素缓冲对象：Element Buffer Object，EBO 

	glBindVertexArray(VAO);

	//复制顶点数组到缓冲区中供opengl使用
	glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, VBO);
	glBufferData(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, sizeof(vertices), vertices, GL_STATIC_DRAW);

	glBindBuffer(GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, EBO);
	glBufferData(GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, sizeof(indices), indices, GL_STATIC_DRAW);


	//设置顶点属性指针
	glVertexAttribPointer(0, 3, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, 5 * sizeof(float), (void*)0);
	glEnableVertexAttribArray(0);
	//设置纹理属性指针
	glVertexAttribPointer(1, 2, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, 5 * sizeof(float), (void*)(3 * sizeof(float)));
	glEnableVertexAttribArray(1);

	//加载和创建纹理
	unsigned int textureone, texturetwo;
	glGenTextures(1, &textureone);
	glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, textureone);
	//设置纹理环绕参数
	glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_S, GL_REPEAT);
	glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_T, GL_REPEAT);
	//设置纹理过滤参数
	glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_MIN_FILTER, GL_LINEAR);
	glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_MAG_FILTER, GL_LINEAR);

	//加载图像和生成mipmaps
	int width, height, nrChannels;
	stbi_set_flip_vertically_on_load(true);
	std::string filePath = R"(..\..\Data\container.jpg)";
	unsigned char* data = stbi_load(filePath.c_str(), &width, &height, &nrChannels, 0);

	if (data) {
		glTexImage2D(GL_TEXTURE_2D, 0, GL_RGB, width, height, 0, GL_RGB, GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE, data);
		glGenerateMipmap(GL_TEXTURE_2D);
	}
	else {
		std::cout << "Failed to load texture" << std::endl;
	}

	stbi_image_free(data);


	glGenTextures(1, &texturetwo);
	glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, texturetwo);
	//设置纹理环绕参数
	glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_S, GL_REPEAT);
	glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_T, GL_REPEAT);
	//设置纹理过滤参数
	glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_MIN_FILTER, GL_LINEAR);
	glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_MAG_FILTER, GL_LINEAR);

	//加载图像和生成mipmaps
	filePath = R"(..\..\Data\awesomeface.png)";
	unsigned char* data2 = stbi_load(filePath.c_str(), &width, &height, &nrChannels, 0);

	if (data2) {
		glTexImage2D(GL_TEXTURE_2D, 0, GL_RGB, width, height, 0, GL_RGBA, GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE, data2);
		glGenerateMipmap(GL_TEXTURE_2D);
	}
	else {
		std::cout << "Failed to load texture" << std::endl;
	}

	stbi_image_free(data2);



	ourShader.use();
	glUniform1i(glGetUniformLocation(ourShader.ID, "textureone"), 0);//二选一
	ourShader.setInt("texturetwo", 1);//二选一

	glm::vec3 cubePositions[] = {
  glm::vec3(0.0f,  0.0f,  0.0f),
  glm::vec3(2.0f,  5.0f, -15.0f),
  glm::vec3(-1.5f, -2.2f, -2.5f),
  glm::vec3(-3.8f, -2.0f, -12.3f),
  glm::vec3(2.4f, -0.4f, -3.5f),
  glm::vec3(-1.7f,  3.0f, -7.5f),
  glm::vec3(1.3f, -2.0f, -2.5f),
  glm::vec3(1.5f,  2.0f, -2.5f),
  glm::vec3(1.5f,  0.2f, -1.5f),
  glm::vec3(-1.3f,  1.0f, -1.5f)
	};

	//5. 循环渲染
	while (!glfwWindowShouldClose(window)) {
		processInput(window);
		glEnable(GL_DEPTH_TEST);
		// render
		glClearColor(0.2f, 0.3f, 0.3f, 1.0f);
		glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT | GL_DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT);
		//绑定纹理
		glActiveTexture(GL_TEXTURE0);
		glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, textureone);
		glActiveTexture(GL_TEXTURE1);
		glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, texturetwo);
		ourShader.setFloat("mixValue", mixValue);
		ourShader.use();

		//计算deltaTime
		float currentFrame = glfwGetTime();
		deltaTime = currentFrame - lastFrame;
		lastFrame = currentFrame;

		// create transformations
		glm::mat4 view = glm::mat4(1.0f);
		view = glm::lookAt(cameraPos, cameraPos + cameraFront, cameraUp);
		unsigned int viewLoc = glGetUniformLocation(ourShader.ID, "view");
		glUniformMatrix4fv(viewLoc, 1, GL_FALSE, &view[0][0]);

		glm::mat4 projection = glm::mat4(1.0f);
		projection = glm::perspective(glm::radians(45.0f), (float)SCR_WIDTH / (float)SCR_HEIGHT, 0.1f, 100.0f);
		glUniformMatrix4fv(glGetUniformLocation(ourShader.ID, "projection"), 1, GL_FALSE, &projection[0][0]);


		glBindVertexArray(VAO);

		for (unsigned int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
			glm::mat4 model = glm::mat4(1.0f);
			model = glm::translate(model, cubePositions[i]);
			float angle = 20.0f * i;
			model = glm::rotate(model, glm::radians(angle), glm::vec3(1.0f, 0.3f, 0.5f));
			model = glm::rotate(model, (float)glfwGetTime() * glm::radians(50.0f), glm::vec3(0.5f, 1.0f, 0.0f));
			unsigned int modelLoc = glGetUniformLocation(ourShader.ID, "model");
			glUniformMatrix4fv(modelLoc, 1, GL_FALSE, glm::value_ptr(model));
			glDrawArrays(GL_TRIANGLES, 0, 36);
		}




		glfwSwapBuffers(window);
		glfwPollEvents();

	}

	glDeleteVertexArrays(1, &VAO);
	glDeleteBuffers(1, &VBO);
	glDeleteBuffers(1, &EBO);

	glfwTerminate();
	return 0;

}

// process all input: query GLFW whether relevant keys are pressed/released this frame and react accordingly
// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
void processInput(GLFWwindow* window)
{
	if (glfwGetKey(window, GLFW_KEY_ESCAPE) == GLFW_PRESS)
		glfwSetWindowShouldClose(window, true);

	if (glfwGetKey(window, GLFW_KEY_UP) == GLFW_PRESS) {
		std::cout << "up" << std::endl;
		mixValue += 0.001f;
		if (mixValue >= 1.0f) {
			mixValue = 1.0f;
		}
	}

	if (glfwGetKey(window, GLFW_KEY_DOWN) == GLFW_PRESS)
	{
		std::cout << "down" << std::endl;
		mixValue -= 0.001f; // change this value accordingly (might be too slow or too fast based on system hardware)
		if (mixValue <= 0.0f)
			mixValue = 0.0f;
	}
	/*std::cout << "mixValue:" << mixValue << std::endl;*/

	float cameraSpeed = 2.5f*deltaTime;
	if (glfwGetKey(window, GLFW_KEY_W) == GLFW_PRESS) {
		cameraPos += cameraSpeed * cameraFront;
	}
	if (glfwGetKey(window, GLFW_KEY_S) == GLFW_PRESS) {
		cameraPos -= cameraSpeed * cameraFront;
	}
	if (glfwGetKey(window, GLFW_KEY_A) == GLFW_PRESS) {
		cameraPos -= glm::normalize(glm::cross(cameraFront, cameraUp)) * cameraSpeed;
	}
	if (glfwGetKey(window, GLFW_KEY_D) == GLFW_PRESS) {
		cameraPos += glm::normalize(glm::cross(cameraFront, cameraUp)) * cameraSpeed;
	}
	std::cout << "cameraPos:" << cameraPos.x <<" ," << cameraPos.y << " ," << cameraPos.z << std::endl;
}

// glfw: whenever the window size changed (by OS or user resize) this callback function executes
// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
void framebuffer_size_callback(GLFWwindow* window, int width, int height)
{
	// make sure the viewport matches the new window dimensions; note that width and 
	// height will be significantly larger than specified on retina displays.
	glViewport(0, 0, width, height);
}

4. 鼠标输入事件

集成了WASD移动，鼠标视野变化，鼠标滚轮拉近拉远

#include 
#include 

#include 
#include "stb_image.h"
#include 
#include "shader.h"

#include 
#include 
#include 

void framebuffer_size_callback(GLFWwindow* window, int width, int height);
void processInput(GLFWwindow* window);
void mouse_callback(GLFWwindow* window, double xpos, double ypos);
void scroll_callback(GLFWwindow* window, double xoffset, double yoffset);

// settings
const unsigned int SCR_WIDTH = 1800;
const unsigned int SCR_HEIGHT = 1200;

float mixValue = 0.2f;

glm::vec3 cameraPos = glm::vec3(0.0f, 0.0f, 3.0f);
glm::vec3 cameraFront = glm::vec3(0.0f, 0.0f, -1.0f);
glm::vec3 cameraUp = glm::vec3(0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f);

float deltaTime = 0.0f;
float lastFrame = 0.0f;

float lastX = SCR_WIDTH/2, lastY = SCR_HEIGHT/2;
float yaw = -90.0f;
float pitch = 0.0f;

float fov = 20.0f;

int main() {

	//1.初始化配置
	glfwInit();
	glfwWindowHint(GLFW_CONTEXT_VERSION_MAJOR, 3);
	glfwWindowHint(GLFW_CONTEXT_VERSION_MINOR, 3);
	glfwWindowHint(GLFW_OPENGL_PROFILE, GLFW_OPENGL_CORE_PROFILE);

#ifdef __APPLE__
	glfwWindowHint(GLFW_OPENGL_FORWARD_COMPAT, GLFW_TRUE);
#endif // __APPLE__

	//2.gltf 窗口创建
	GLFWwindow* window = glfwCreateWindow(SCR_WIDTH, SCR_HEIGHT, "LeranOpenGL", NULL, NULL);
	if (window == NULL) {
		std::cout << "Failed to create GLFW window" << std::endl;
		glfwTerminate();
		return -1;
	}
	glfwMakeContextCurrent(window);
	glfwSetCursorPosCallback(window, mouse_callback);
	glfwSetScrollCallback(window, scroll_callback);
	glfwSetFramebufferSizeCallback(window, framebuffer_size_callback);

	//3. 加载所有GL函数指针
	if (!gladLoadGLLoader((GLADloadproc)glfwGetProcAddress)) {
		std::cout << "Failed to initialize GLAD" << std::endl;
		return -1;
	}

	Shader ourShader("./texture.vs", "./texture.fs");

	//4. 设置顶点数据
	float vertices[] = {
		-0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f,  0.0f, 0.0f,
		 0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f,  1.0f, 0.0f,
		 0.5f,  0.5f, -0.5f,  1.0f, 1.0f,
		 0.5f,  0.5f, -0.5f,  1.0f, 1.0f,
		-0.5f,  0.5f, -0.5f,  0.0f, 1.0f,
		-0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f,  0.0f, 0.0f,

		-0.5f, -0.5f,  0.5f,  0.0f, 0.0f,
		 0.5f, -0.5f,  0.5f,  1.0f, 0.0f,
		 0.5f,  0.5f,  0.5f,  1.0f, 1.0f,
		 0.5f,  0.5f,  0.5f,  1.0f, 1.0f,
		-0.5f,  0.5f,  0.5f,  0.0f, 1.0f,
		-0.5f, -0.5f,  0.5f,  0.0f, 0.0f,

		-0.5f,  0.5f,  0.5f,  1.0f, 0.0f,
		-0.5f,  0.5f, -0.5f,  1.0f, 1.0f,
		-0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f,  0.0f, 1.0f,
		-0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f,  0.0f, 1.0f,
		-0.5f, -0.5f,  0.5f,  0.0f, 0.0f,
		-0.5f,  0.5f,  0.5f,  1.0f, 0.0f,

		 0.5f,  0.5f,  0.5f,  1.0f, 0.0f,
		 0.5f,  0.5f, -0.5f,  1.0f, 1.0f,
		 0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f,  0.0f, 1.0f,
		 0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f,  0.0f, 1.0f,
		 0.5f, -0.5f,  0.5f,  0.0f, 0.0f,
		 0.5f,  0.5f,  0.5f,  1.0f, 0.0f,

		-0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f,  0.0f, 1.0f,
		 0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f,  1.0f, 1.0f,
		 0.5f, -0.5f,  0.5f,  1.0f, 0.0f,
		 0.5f, -0.5f,  0.5f,  1.0f, 0.0f,
		-0.5f, -0.5f,  0.5f,  0.0f, 0.0f,
		-0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f,  0.0f, 1.0f,

		-0.5f,  0.5f, -0.5f,  0.0f, 1.0f,
		 0.5f,  0.5f, -0.5f,  1.0f, 1.0f,
		 0.5f,  0.5f,  0.5f,  1.0f, 0.0f,
		 0.5f,  0.5f,  0.5f,  1.0f, 0.0f,
		-0.5f,  0.5f,  0.5f,  0.0f, 0.0f,
		-0.5f,  0.5f, -0.5f,  0.0f, 1.0f
	};

	unsigned int indices[] = {
	0, 1, 3, // first triangle
	1, 2, 3  // second triangle
	};

	unsigned int VBO, VAO, EBO;
	glGenVertexArrays(1, &VAO);
	glGenBuffers(1, &VBO);
	glGenBuffers(1, &EBO);//元素缓冲对象：Element Buffer Object，EBO 

	glBindVertexArray(VAO);

	//复制顶点数组到缓冲区中供opengl使用
	glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, VBO);
	glBufferData(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, sizeof(vertices), vertices, GL_STATIC_DRAW);

	glBindBuffer(GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, EBO);
	glBufferData(GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, sizeof(indices), indices, GL_STATIC_DRAW);


	//设置顶点属性指针
	glVertexAttribPointer(0, 3, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, 5 * sizeof(float), (void*)0);
	glEnableVertexAttribArray(0);
	//设置纹理属性指针
	glVertexAttribPointer(1, 2, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, 5 * sizeof(float), (void*)(3 * sizeof(float)));
	glEnableVertexAttribArray(1);

	//加载和创建纹理
	unsigned int textureone, texturetwo;
	glGenTextures(1, &textureone);
	glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, textureone);
	//设置纹理环绕参数
	glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_S, GL_REPEAT);
	glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_T, GL_REPEAT);
	//设置纹理过滤参数
	glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_MIN_FILTER, GL_LINEAR);
	glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_MAG_FILTER, GL_LINEAR);

	//加载图像和生成mipmaps
	int width, height, nrChannels;
	stbi_set_flip_vertically_on_load(true);
	std::string filePath = R"(..\..\Data\container.jpg)";
	unsigned char* data = stbi_load(filePath.c_str(), &width, &height, &nrChannels, 0);

	if (data) {
		glTexImage2D(GL_TEXTURE_2D, 0, GL_RGB, width, height, 0, GL_RGB, GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE, data);
		glGenerateMipmap(GL_TEXTURE_2D);
	}
	else {
		std::cout << "Failed to load texture" << std::endl;
	}

	stbi_image_free(data);


	glGenTextures(1, &texturetwo);
	glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, texturetwo);
	//设置纹理环绕参数
	glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_S, GL_REPEAT);
	glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_T, GL_REPEAT);
	//设置纹理过滤参数
	glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_MIN_FILTER, GL_LINEAR);
	glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_MAG_FILTER, GL_LINEAR);

	//加载图像和生成mipmaps
	filePath = R"(..\..\Data\awesomeface.png)";
	unsigned char* data2 = stbi_load(filePath.c_str(), &width, &height, &nrChannels, 0);

	if (data2) {
		glTexImage2D(GL_TEXTURE_2D, 0, GL_RGB, width, height, 0, GL_RGBA, GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE, data2);
		glGenerateMipmap(GL_TEXTURE_2D);
	}
	else {
		std::cout << "Failed to load texture" << std::endl;
	}

	stbi_image_free(data2);



	ourShader.use();
	glUniform1i(glGetUniformLocation(ourShader.ID, "textureone"), 0);//二选一
	ourShader.setInt("texturetwo", 1);//二选一

	glm::vec3 cubePositions[] = {
  glm::vec3(0.0f,  0.0f,  0.0f),
  glm::vec3(2.0f,  5.0f, -15.0f),
  glm::vec3(-1.5f, -2.2f, -2.5f),
  glm::vec3(-3.8f, -2.0f, -12.3f),
  glm::vec3(2.4f, -0.4f, -3.5f),
  glm::vec3(-1.7f,  3.0f, -7.5f),
  glm::vec3(1.3f, -2.0f, -2.5f),
  glm::vec3(1.5f,  2.0f, -2.5f),
  glm::vec3(1.5f,  0.2f, -1.5f),
  glm::vec3(-1.3f,  1.0f, -1.5f)
	};

	glfwSetInputMode(window, GLFW_CURSOR, GLFW_CURSOR_DISABLED);
	//5. 循环渲染
	while (!glfwWindowShouldClose(window)) {
		processInput(window);
		glEnable(GL_DEPTH_TEST);
		// render
		glClearColor(0.2f, 0.3f, 0.3f, 1.0f);
		glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT | GL_DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT);
		//绑定纹理
		glActiveTexture(GL_TEXTURE0);
		glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, textureone);
		glActiveTexture(GL_TEXTURE1);
		glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, texturetwo);
		ourShader.setFloat("mixValue", mixValue);
		ourShader.use();

		//计算deltaTime
		float currentFrame = glfwGetTime();
		deltaTime = currentFrame - lastFrame;
		lastFrame = currentFrame;

		//计算俯仰角和偏航角
		glm::vec3 front;
		front.x = cos(glm::radians(pitch)) * cos(glm::radians(yaw));
		front.y = sin(glm::radians(pitch));
		front.z = cos(glm::radians(pitch)) * sin(glm::radians(yaw));
		cameraFront = glm::normalize(front);

		
		// create transformations
		glm::mat4 view = glm::mat4(1.0f);
		view = glm::lookAt(cameraPos, cameraPos + cameraFront, cameraUp);
		unsigned int viewLoc = glGetUniformLocation(ourShader.ID, "view");
		glUniformMatrix4fv(viewLoc, 1, GL_FALSE, &view[0][0]);

		glm::mat4 projection = glm::mat4(1.0f);
		projection = glm::perspective(glm::radians(fov), (float)SCR_WIDTH / (float)SCR_HEIGHT, 0.1f, 100.0f);
		glUniformMatrix4fv(glGetUniformLocation(ourShader.ID, "projection"), 1, GL_FALSE, &projection[0][0]);


		glBindVertexArray(VAO);

		for (unsigned int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
			glm::mat4 model = glm::mat4(1.0f);
			model = glm::translate(model, cubePositions[i]);
			float angle = 20.0f * i;
			model = glm::rotate(model, glm::radians(angle), glm::vec3(1.0f, 0.3f, 0.5f));
			model = glm::rotate(model, (float)glfwGetTime() * glm::radians(50.0f), glm::vec3(0.5f, 1.0f, 0.0f));
			unsigned int modelLoc = glGetUniformLocation(ourShader.ID, "model");
			glUniformMatrix4fv(modelLoc, 1, GL_FALSE, glm::value_ptr(model));
			glDrawArrays(GL_TRIANGLES, 0, 36);
		}




		glfwSwapBuffers(window);
		glfwPollEvents();

	}

	glDeleteVertexArrays(1, &VAO);
	glDeleteBuffers(1, &VBO);
	glDeleteBuffers(1, &EBO);

	glfwTerminate();
	return 0;

}

void mouse_callback(GLFWwindow* window, double xpos, double ypos) {
	float xoffset = xpos - lastX;
	float yoffset = lastY - ypos;
	lastX = xpos;
	lastY = ypos;

	float sensitivity = 0.05f;
	xoffset *= sensitivity;
	yoffset *= sensitivity;

	yaw += xoffset;
	pitch += yoffset;

	if (pitch > 89.0f) {
		pitch = 89.0f;
	}
	if (pitch < -89.0f) {
		pitch = -89.0f;
	}
}


void scroll_callback(GLFWwindow* window, double xoffset, double yoffset) {
	if (fov >= 1.0f && fov <= 45.0f) {
		fov -= yoffset;
	}
	if (fov <= 1.0f) {
		fov = 1.0f;
	}
	if (fov >= 45.0f) {
		fov = 45.0f;
	}
}

// process all input: query GLFW whether relevant keys are pressed/released this frame and react accordingly
// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
void processInput(GLFWwindow* window)
{
	if (glfwGetKey(window, GLFW_KEY_ESCAPE) == GLFW_PRESS)
		glfwSetWindowShouldClose(window, true);

	if (glfwGetKey(window, GLFW_KEY_UP) == GLFW_PRESS) {
		std::cout << "up" << std::endl;
		mixValue += 0.001f;
		if (mixValue >= 1.0f) {
			mixValue = 1.0f;
		}
	}

	if (glfwGetKey(window, GLFW_KEY_DOWN) == GLFW_PRESS)
	{
		std::cout << "down" << std::endl;
		mixValue -= 0.001f; // change this value accordingly (might be too slow or too fast based on system hardware)
		if (mixValue <= 0.0f)
			mixValue = 0.0f;
	}
	/*std::cout << "mixValue:" << mixValue << std::endl;*/

	float cameraSpeed = 2.5f * deltaTime;
	if (glfwGetKey(window, GLFW_KEY_W) == GLFW_PRESS) {
		cameraPos += cameraSpeed * cameraFront;
	}
	if (glfwGetKey(window, GLFW_KEY_S) == GLFW_PRESS) {
		cameraPos -= cameraSpeed * cameraFront;
	}
	if (glfwGetKey(window, GLFW_KEY_A) == GLFW_PRESS) {
		cameraPos -= glm::normalize(glm::cross(cameraFront, cameraUp)) * cameraSpeed;
	}
	if (glfwGetKey(window, GLFW_KEY_D) == GLFW_PRESS) {
		cameraPos += glm::normalize(glm::cross(cameraFront, cameraUp)) * cameraSpeed;
	}
	std::cout << "cameraPos:" << cameraPos.x << " ," << cameraPos.y << " ," << cameraPos.z << std::endl;
}

// glfw: whenever the window size changed (by OS or user resize) this callback function executes
// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
void framebuffer_size_callback(GLFWwindow* window, int width, int height)
{
	// make sure the viewport matches the new window dimensions; note that width and 
	// height will be significantly larger than specified on retina displays.
	glViewport(0, 0, width, height);
}

5. 构建摄像机类

camera.h

#ifndef CAMERA_H
#define CAMERA_H

#include 
#include 
#include 

#include 

// Defines several possible options for camera movement. Used as abstraction to stay away from window-system specific input methods
enum Camera_Movement {
    FORWARD,
    BACKWARD,
    LEFT,
    RIGHT
};

// Default camera values
const float YAW         = -90.0f;
const float PITCH       =  0.0f;
const float SPEED       =  2.5f;
const float SENSITIVITY =  0.1f;
const float ZOOM        =  45.0f;


// An abstract camera class that processes input and calculates the corresponding Euler Angles, Vectors and Matrices for use in OpenGL
class Camera
{
public:
    // camera Attributes
    glm::vec3 Position;
    glm::vec3 Front;
    glm::vec3 Up;
    glm::vec3 Right;
    glm::vec3 WorldUp;
    // euler Angles
    float Yaw;
    float Pitch;
    // camera options
    float MovementSpeed;
    float MouseSensitivity;
    float Zoom;

    // constructor with vectors
    Camera(glm::vec3 position = glm::vec3(0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f), glm::vec3 up = glm::vec3(0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f), float yaw = YAW, float pitch = PITCH) : Front(glm::vec3(0.0f, 0.0f, -1.0f)), MovementSpeed(SPEED), MouseSensitivity(SENSITIVITY), Zoom(ZOOM)
    {
        Position = position;
        WorldUp = up;
        Yaw = yaw;
        Pitch = pitch;
        updateCameraVectors();
    }
    // constructor with scalar values
    Camera(float posX, float posY, float posZ, float upX, float upY, float upZ, float yaw, float pitch) : Front(glm::vec3(0.0f, 0.0f, -1.0f)), MovementSpeed(SPEED), MouseSensitivity(SENSITIVITY), Zoom(ZOOM)
    {
        Position = glm::vec3(posX, posY, posZ);
        WorldUp = glm::vec3(upX, upY, upZ);
        Yaw = yaw;
        Pitch = pitch;
        updateCameraVectors();
    }

    // returns the view matrix calculated using Euler Angles and the LookAt Matrix
    glm::mat4 GetViewMatrix()
    {
        return glm::lookAt(Position, Position + Front, Up);
    }

    // processes input received from any keyboard-like input system. Accepts input parameter in the form of camera defined ENUM (to abstract it from windowing systems)
    void ProcessKeyboard(Camera_Movement direction, float deltaTime)
    {
        float velocity = MovementSpeed * deltaTime;
        if (direction == FORWARD)
            Position += Front * velocity;
        if (direction == BACKWARD)
            Position -= Front * velocity;
        if (direction == LEFT)
            Position -= Right * velocity;
        if (direction == RIGHT)
            Position += Right * velocity;
    }

    // processes input received from a mouse input system. Expects the offset value in both the x and y direction.
    void ProcessMouseMovement(float xoffset, float yoffset, GLboolean constrainPitch = true)
    {
        xoffset *= MouseSensitivity;
        yoffset *= MouseSensitivity;

        Yaw   += xoffset;
        Pitch += yoffset;

        // make sure that when pitch is out of bounds, screen doesn't get flipped
        if (constrainPitch)
        {
            if (Pitch > 89.0f)
                Pitch = 89.0f;
            if (Pitch < -89.0f)
                Pitch = -89.0f;
        }

        // update Front, Right and Up Vectors using the updated Euler angles
        updateCameraVectors();
    }

    // processes input received from a mouse scroll-wheel event. Only requires input on the vertical wheel-axis
    void ProcessMouseScroll(float yoffset)
    {
        Zoom -= (float)yoffset;
        if (Zoom < 1.0f)
            Zoom = 1.0f;
        if (Zoom > 45.0f)
            Zoom = 45.0f;
    }

private:
    // calculates the front vector from the Camera's (updated) Euler Angles
    void updateCameraVectors()
    {
        // calculate the new Front vector
        glm::vec3 front;
        front.x = cos(glm::radians(Yaw)) * cos(glm::radians(Pitch));
        front.y = sin(glm::radians(Pitch));
        front.z = sin(glm::radians(Yaw)) * cos(glm::radians(Pitch));
        Front = glm::normalize(front);
        // also re-calculate the Right and Up vector
        Right = glm::normalize(glm::cross(Front, WorldUp));  // normalize the vectors, because their length gets closer to 0 the more you look up or down which results in slower movement.
        Up    = glm::normalize(glm::cross(Right, Front));
    }
};
#endif

shader.h

#ifndef SHADER_H
#define SHADER_H

#include 
#include 

#include 
#include 
#include 
#include 

class Shader
{
public:
    unsigned int ID;
    // constructor generates the shader on the fly
    // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
    Shader(const char* vertexPath, const char* fragmentPath)
    {
        // 1. retrieve the vertex/fragment source code from filePath
        std::string vertexCode;
        std::string fragmentCode;
        std::ifstream vShaderFile;
        std::ifstream fShaderFile;
        // ensure ifstream objects can throw exceptions:
        vShaderFile.exceptions(std::ifstream::failbit | std::ifstream::badbit);
        fShaderFile.exceptions(std::ifstream::failbit | std::ifstream::badbit);
        try
        {
            // open files
            vShaderFile.open(vertexPath);
            fShaderFile.open(fragmentPath);
            std::stringstream vShaderStream, fShaderStream;
            // read file's buffer contents into streams
            vShaderStream << vShaderFile.rdbuf();
            fShaderStream << fShaderFile.rdbuf();
            // close file handlers
            vShaderFile.close();
            fShaderFile.close();
            // convert stream into string
            vertexCode = vShaderStream.str();
            fragmentCode = fShaderStream.str();
        }
        catch (std::ifstream::failure& e)
        {
            std::cout << "ERROR::SHADER::FILE_NOT_SUCCESSFULLY_READ: " << e.what() << std::endl;
        }
        const char* vShaderCode = vertexCode.c_str();
        const char* fShaderCode = fragmentCode.c_str();
        // 2. compile shaders
        unsigned int vertex, fragment;
        // vertex shader
        vertex = glCreateShader(GL_VERTEX_SHADER);
        glShaderSource(vertex, 1, &vShaderCode, NULL);
        glCompileShader(vertex);
        checkCompileErrors(vertex, "VERTEX");
        // fragment Shader
        fragment = glCreateShader(GL_FRAGMENT_SHADER);
        glShaderSource(fragment, 1, &fShaderCode, NULL);
        glCompileShader(fragment);
        checkCompileErrors(fragment, "FRAGMENT");
        // shader Program
        ID = glCreateProgram();
        glAttachShader(ID, vertex);
        glAttachShader(ID, fragment);
        glLinkProgram(ID);
        checkCompileErrors(ID, "PROGRAM");
        // delete the shaders as they're linked into our program now and no longer necessary
        glDeleteShader(vertex);
        glDeleteShader(fragment);

    }
    // activate the shader
    // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
    void use() const
    {
        glUseProgram(ID);
    }
    // utility uniform functions
    // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
    void setBool(const std::string& name, bool value) const
    {
        glUniform1i(glGetUniformLocation(ID, name.c_str()), (int)value);
    }
    // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
    void setInt(const std::string& name, int value) const
    {
        glUniform1i(glGetUniformLocation(ID, name.c_str()), value);
    }
    // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
    void setFloat(const std::string& name, float value) const
    {
        glUniform1f(glGetUniformLocation(ID, name.c_str()), value);
    }
    // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
    void setVec2(const std::string& name, const glm::vec2& value) const
    {
        glUniform2fv(glGetUniformLocation(ID, name.c_str()), 1, &value[0]);
    }
    void setVec2(const std::string& name, float x, float y) const
    {
        glUniform2f(glGetUniformLocation(ID, name.c_str()), x, y);
    }
    // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
    void setVec3(const std::string& name, const glm::vec3& value) const
    {
        glUniform3fv(glGetUniformLocation(ID, name.c_str()), 1, &value[0]);
    }
    void setVec3(const std::string& name, float x, float y, float z) const
    {
        glUniform3f(glGetUniformLocation(ID, name.c_str()), x, y, z);
    }
    // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
    void setVec4(const std::string& name, const glm::vec4& value) const
    {
        glUniform4fv(glGetUniformLocation(ID, name.c_str()), 1, &value[0]);
    }
    void setVec4(const std::string& name, float x, float y, float z, float w) const
    {
        glUniform4f(glGetUniformLocation(ID, name.c_str()), x, y, z, w);
    }
    // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
    void setMat2(const std::string& name, const glm::mat2& mat) const
    {
        glUniformMatrix2fv(glGetUniformLocation(ID, name.c_str()), 1, GL_FALSE, &mat[0][0]);
    }
    // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
    void setMat3(const std::string& name, const glm::mat3& mat) const
    {
        glUniformMatrix3fv(glGetUniformLocation(ID, name.c_str()), 1, GL_FALSE, &mat[0][0]);
    }
    // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
    void setMat4(const std::string& name, const glm::mat4& mat) const
    {
        glUniformMatrix4fv(glGetUniformLocation(ID, name.c_str()), 1, GL_FALSE, &mat[0][0]);
    }

private:
    // utility function for checking shader compilation/linking errors.
    // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
    void checkCompileErrors(GLuint shader, std::string type)
    {
        GLint success;
        GLchar infoLog[1024];
        if (type != "PROGRAM")
        {
            glGetShaderiv(shader, GL_COMPILE_STATUS, &success);
            if (!success)
            {
                glGetShaderInfoLog(shader, 1024, NULL, infoLog);
                std::cout << "ERROR::SHADER_COMPILATION_ERROR of type: " << type << "\n" << infoLog << "\n -- --------------------------------------------------- -- " << std::endl;
            }
        }
        else
        {
            glGetProgramiv(shader, GL_LINK_STATUS, &success);
            if (!success)
            {
                glGetProgramInfoLog(shader, 1024, NULL, infoLog);
                std::cout << "ERROR::PROGRAM_LINKING_ERROR of type: " << type << "\n" << infoLog << "\n -- --------------------------------------------------- -- " << std::endl;
            }
        }
    }
};
#endif

#version 330 core
out vec4 FragColor;

in vec3 ourColor;
in vec2 TexCoord;

uniform float mixValue;

//texture sampler
uniform sampler2D texture0;
uniform sampler2D texture1;

void main()
{
    FragColor = mix(texture(texture0,TexCoord),texture(texture1,TexCoord),mixValue);
}



#version 330 core
layout (location = 0) in vec3 aPos;
layout (location = 1) in vec2 aTexCorrd;

out vec2 TexCoord;

uniform mat4 model;
uniform mat4 view;
uniform mat4 projection;

void main()
{
    gl_Position=projection*view*model*vec4(aPos,1.0);
    TexCoord=vec2(aTexCorrd.x,aTexCorrd.y);
}

main.cpp

#include 
#include 

#include 
#include "stb_image.h"
#include 
#include "shader.h"
#include "camera.h"

#include 
#include 
#include 

void framebuffer_size_callback(GLFWwindow* window, int width, int height);
void processInput(GLFWwindow* window);
void mouse_callback(GLFWwindow* window, double xpos, double ypos);
void scroll_callback(GLFWwindow* window, double xoffset, double yoffset);

// settings
const unsigned int SCR_WIDTH = 1800;
const unsigned int SCR_HEIGHT = 1200;


//camera
Camera camera(glm::vec3(0.0f, 0.0f, 3.0f));
float lastX = SCR_WIDTH / 2.0f;
float lastY = SCR_HEIGHT / 2.0f;
bool firstMouse = true;

//timing
float deltaTime = 0.0f;//不同配置绘制速度不同，所以需要这个属性
float lastFrame = 0.0f;

int main() {
	//glfw:initialize and configure
	//=============================
	glfwInit();
	glfwWindowHint(GLFW_CONTEXT_VERSION_MAJOR, 3);
	glfwWindowHint(GLFW_CONTEXT_VERSION_MINOR, 3);
	glfwWindowHint(GLFW_OPENGL_PROFILE, GLFW_OPENGL_CORE_PROFILE);

#ifdef __APPLE__
	glfwWindowHint(GLFW_OPENGL_FORWARD_COMPAT, GL_TRUE);
#endif

	//glfw window creation
	//=============================
	GLFWwindow* window = glfwCreateWindow(SCR_WIDTH, SCR_HEIGHT, "Learn", NULL, NULL);
	if (window == NULL) {
		std::cout << "Failed to create GLFW window" << std::endl;
		glfwTerminate();
		return -1;
	}

	glfwMakeContextCurrent(window);
	glfwSetFramebufferSizeCallback(window, framebuffer_size_callback);
	glfwSetCursorPosCallback(window, mouse_callback);
	glfwSetScrollCallback(window, scroll_callback);

	//tell GLFW to capture our mouse
	glfwSetInputMode(window, GLFW_CURSOR, GLFW_CURSOR_DISABLED);

	//glad::load all OPenGL function pointers
	//=============================
	if (!gladLoadGLLoader((GLADloadproc)glfwGetProcAddress)) {
		std::cout << "Failed to initialize GLAD" << std::endl;
		return -1;
	}

	//configure gloabl opengl state
	//=============================
	glEnable(GL_DEPTH_TEST);

	//build and compile our shader zprogram
	//=============================
	Shader ourShader("./texture.vs", "./texture.fs");


	//set up vertex data 

    float vertices[] = {
    -0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f,  0.0f, 0.0f,
     0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f,  1.0f, 0.0f,
     0.5f,  0.5f, -0.5f,  1.0f, 1.0f,
     0.5f,  0.5f, -0.5f,  1.0f, 1.0f,
    -0.5f,  0.5f, -0.5f,  0.0f, 1.0f,
    -0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f,  0.0f, 0.0f,

    -0.5f, -0.5f,  0.5f,  0.0f, 0.0f,
     0.5f, -0.5f,  0.5f,  1.0f, 0.0f,
     0.5f,  0.5f,  0.5f,  1.0f, 1.0f,
     0.5f,  0.5f,  0.5f,  1.0f, 1.0f,
    -0.5f,  0.5f,  0.5f,  0.0f, 1.0f,
    -0.5f, -0.5f,  0.5f,  0.0f, 0.0f,

    -0.5f,  0.5f,  0.5f,  1.0f, 0.0f,
    -0.5f,  0.5f, -0.5f,  1.0f, 1.0f,
    -0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f,  0.0f, 1.0f,
    -0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f,  0.0f, 1.0f,
    -0.5f, -0.5f,  0.5f,  0.0f, 0.0f,
    -0.5f,  0.5f,  0.5f,  1.0f, 0.0f,

     0.5f,  0.5f,  0.5f,  1.0f, 0.0f,
     0.5f,  0.5f, -0.5f,  1.0f, 1.0f,
     0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f,  0.0f, 1.0f,
     0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f,  0.0f, 1.0f,
     0.5f, -0.5f,  0.5f,  0.0f, 0.0f,
     0.5f,  0.5f,  0.5f,  1.0f, 0.0f,

    -0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f,  0.0f, 1.0f,
     0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f,  1.0f, 1.0f,
     0.5f, -0.5f,  0.5f,  1.0f, 0.0f,
     0.5f, -0.5f,  0.5f,  1.0f, 0.0f,
    -0.5f, -0.5f,  0.5f,  0.0f, 0.0f,
    -0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f,  0.0f, 1.0f,

    -0.5f,  0.5f, -0.5f,  0.0f, 1.0f,
     0.5f,  0.5f, -0.5f,  1.0f, 1.0f,
     0.5f,  0.5f,  0.5f,  1.0f, 0.0f,
     0.5f,  0.5f,  0.5f,  1.0f, 0.0f,
    -0.5f,  0.5f,  0.5f,  0.0f, 0.0f,
    -0.5f,  0.5f, -0.5f,  0.0f, 1.0f
    };
    // world space positions of our cubes
    glm::vec3 cubePositions[] = {
        glm::vec3(0.0f,  0.0f,  0.0f),
        glm::vec3(2.0f,  5.0f, -15.0f),
        glm::vec3(-1.5f, -2.2f, -2.5f),
        glm::vec3(-3.8f, -2.0f, -12.3f),
        glm::vec3(2.4f, -0.4f, -3.5f),
        glm::vec3(-1.7f,  3.0f, -7.5f),
        glm::vec3(1.3f, -2.0f, -2.5f),
        glm::vec3(1.5f,  2.0f, -2.5f),
        glm::vec3(1.5f,  0.2f, -1.5f),
        glm::vec3(-1.3f,  1.0f, -1.5f)
    };

    unsigned int VBO, VAO;
    glGenVertexArrays(1, &VAO);
    glGenBuffers(1, &VBO);

    glBindVertexArray(VAO);

    glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, VBO);
    glBufferData(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, sizeof(vertices), vertices, GL_STATIC_DRAW);

    //position attribute
    glVertexAttribPointer(0, 3, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, 5 * sizeof(float), (void*)0);
    glEnableVertexAttribArray(0);

    //texture coord attribute
    glVertexAttribPointer(1, 2, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, 5 * sizeof(float), (void*)(3 * sizeof(float)));
    glEnableVertexAttribArray(1);


    //load and create a texture
    //=============================
    unsigned int texture0, texture1;
    //texture 0
    glGenTextures(1, &texture0);
    glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, texture0);
    //set the texture wrapping parameters;
    glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_S, GL_REPEAT);
    glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_T, GL_REPEAT);
    //set texture filtering parameters
    glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_MIN_FILTER, GL_LINEAR);
    glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_MAG_FILTER, GL_LINEAR);
    //load image,create texture and generate mipmaps;
    int width, height, nrChannels;
    stbi_set_flip_vertically_on_load(true);
    std::string filePath = R"(..\..\Data\container.jpg)";
    unsigned char* data = stbi_load(filePath.c_str(), &width, &height, &nrChannels, 0);
    if (data) {
        glTexImage2D(GL_TEXTURE_2D, 0, GL_RGB, width, height, 0, GL_RGB, GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE, data);
        glGenerateMipmap(GL_TEXTURE_2D);
    }
    else {
        std::cout << "Failed to load texture" << std::endl;
    }
    stbi_image_free(data);
    //texture 1
    //=============================
    glGenTextures(1, &texture1);
    glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, texture1);
    //set the texture wrapping parameters;
    glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_S, GL_REPEAT);
    glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_T, GL_REPEAT);
    //set texture filtering parameters
    glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_MIN_FILTER, GL_LINEAR);
    glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_MAG_FILTER, GL_LINEAR);
    //load image,create texture and generate mipmaps;
    filePath = R"(..\..\Data\awesomeface.png)";
    data = stbi_load(filePath.c_str(), &width, &height, &nrChannels, 0);
    if (data) {
        glTexImage2D(GL_TEXTURE_2D, 0, GL_RGB, width, height, 0, GL_RGBA, GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE, data);
        glGenerateMipmap(GL_TEXTURE_2D);
    }
    else {
        std::cout << "Failed to load texture" << std::endl;
    }
    stbi_image_free(data);


    ourShader.use();
    ourShader.setInt("texture0", 0);
    ourShader.setInt("texture1", 1);

    //reader loop
    while (!glfwWindowShouldClose(window)) {
        //per-frame time logic
        float currentFrame = static_cast(glfwGetTime());
        deltaTime = currentFrame - lastFrame;
        lastFrame = currentFrame;

        //input
        processInput(window);

        //render
        glClearColor(0.2f, 0.3f, 0.3f, 1.0f);
        glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT | GL_DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT);

        //bind textures on corresponding texture units
        glActiveTexture(GL_TEXTURE0);
        glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, texture0);
        glActiveTexture(GL_TEXTURE);
        glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, texture1);

        //activate shader
        ourShader.use();

        //projection matrix
        glm::mat4 projection = glm::perspective(glm::radians(camera.Zoom), (float)SCR_WIDTH / (float)SCR_HEIGHT, 0.1f, 100.0f);
        ourShader.setMat4("projection", projection);

        //camera
        glm::mat4 view = camera.GetViewMatrix();
        ourShader.setMat4("view", view);

        //render boxes
        glBindVertexArray(VAO);
        for (unsigned int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
            glm::mat4 model = glm::mat4(1.0f);
            model = glm::translate(model,cubePositions[i]);
            float angle = 20.0f * i;
            model = glm::rotate(model, glm::radians(angle), glm::vec3(1.0f, 0.3f, 0.5f));
            ourShader.setMat4("model", model);
            glDrawArrays(GL_TRIANGLES, 0, 36);
        }

        glfwSwapBuffers(window);
        glfwPollEvents();

    }

    glDeleteVertexArrays(1, &VAO);
    glDeleteBuffers(1, &VBO);

    glfwTerminate();
    return 0;

}
void processInput(GLFWwindow* window)
{
    if (glfwGetKey(window, GLFW_KEY_ESCAPE) == GLFW_PRESS)
        glfwSetWindowShouldClose(window, true);

    if (glfwGetKey(window, GLFW_KEY_W) == GLFW_PRESS)
        camera.ProcessKeyboard(FORWARD, deltaTime);
    if (glfwGetKey(window, GLFW_KEY_S) == GLFW_PRESS)
        camera.ProcessKeyboard(BACKWARD, deltaTime);
    if (glfwGetKey(window, GLFW_KEY_A) == GLFW_PRESS)
        camera.ProcessKeyboard(LEFT, deltaTime);
    if (glfwGetKey(window, GLFW_KEY_D) == GLFW_PRESS)
        camera.ProcessKeyboard(RIGHT, deltaTime);
}

void framebuffer_size_callback(GLFWwindow* window, int width, int height)
{
    // make sure the viewport matches the new window dimensions; note that width and 
    // height will be significantly larger than specified on retina displays.
    glViewport(0, 0, width, height);
}
// glfw: whenever the mouse moves, this callback is called
// -------------------------------------------------------
void mouse_callback(GLFWwindow* window, double xposIn, double yposIn)
{
    float xpos = static_cast(xposIn);
    float ypos = static_cast(yposIn);

    if (firstMouse)
    {
        lastX = xpos;
        lastY = ypos;
        firstMouse = false;
    }

    float xoffset = xpos - lastX;
    float yoffset = lastY - ypos; // reversed since y-coordinates go from bottom to top

    lastX = xpos;
    lastY = ypos;

    camera.ProcessMouseMovement(xoffset, yoffset);
}

// glfw: whenever the mouse scroll wheel scrolls, this callback is called
// ----------------------------------------------------------------------
void scroll_callback(GLFWwindow* window, double xoffset, double yoffset)
{
    camera.ProcessMouseScroll(static_cast(yoffset));
}

6. 禁止飞行

也就是在x和z上运动

    void ProcessKeyboard(Camera_Movement direction, float deltaTime)
    {
        float velocity = MovementSpeed * deltaTime;
        if (direction == FORWARD)
            Position += Front * velocity;
        if (direction == BACKWARD)
            Position -= Front * velocity;
        if (direction == LEFT)
            Position -= Right * velocity;
        if (direction == RIGHT)
            Position += Right * velocity;

        Position.y = 0.0f;
    }

摄像机 - LearnOpenGL CN (learnopengl-cn.github.io)

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