首先模拟grub损坏,dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/sda count=1 bs=400
grub引导破坏,但是此时并未重启,可以直接重新安装grub,从而达到恢复grub:
第一种方法:
1、首先输入grub 进入grub命令行
[[email protected] networking]# grub
Probing devices to guess BIOS drives. This may take a long time.
GNU GRUB version 0.97 (640K lower / 3072K upper memory)
[ Minimal BASH-like line editing is supported. For the first word, TAB
lists possible command completions. Anywhere else TAB lists the possible
completions of a device/filename.]
grub>root (hd0,0) 制定内核所在分区
root (hd0,0)
Filesystem type is ext2fs, partition type 0x83
grub> setup (hd0) 直接使用setup安装,setup (hd0)直接安装在hd0第一引导的硬盘上
setup (hd0)
Checking if "/boot/grub/stage1" exists... no
Checking if "/grub/stage1" exists... yes
Checking if "/grub/stage2" exists... yes
Checking if "/grub/e2fs_stage1_5" exists... yes
Running "embed /grub/e2fs_stage1_5 (hd0)"... 27 sectors are embedded.
succeeded
Running "install /grub/stage1 (hd0) (hd0)1+27 p (hd0,0)/grub/stage2 /grub/grub.conf"... succeeded
Done.
grub> quit 然后退出即可
quit
第二种方法:
#grub-install --root-directory=/PATH/TO/boot父目录 /dev/sda 指定/boot的父目录及当前硬 盘设备
1、cat /etc/grub.conf 该配置文件时/boot/grub的链接文件:
# grub.conf generated by anaconda
#
# Note that you do not have to rerun grub after making changes to this file
# NOTICE: You have a /boot partition. This means that
# all kernel and initrd paths are relative to /boot/, eg.
# root (hd0,0)
# kernel /vmlinuz-version ro root=/dev/sda2
# initrd /initrd-[generic-]version.img
#boot=/dev/sda
default=0 # 设定默认启动的title编号,从0开始,从上往下排序。
timeout=5 # 等待用户选择的超时时长,单位是秒
splashimage=(hd0,0)/grub/linux.xpm.gz # grub的背景图片
hiddenmenu # 隐藏菜单
password --md5 $1$7yZf4/$Bo.1Rg8dZNcimFoMud6Ed0 # 使得进入维护模式需要使用密码
title CentOS (2.6.32-431.el6.i686) # 内核标题或者操作系统名称,字符串,可自由修改
root (hd0,0)# 内核文件所在的设备,对grub而言,所有类型硬盘一律为hd;
格式为(hd#,N);hd#,#表示第几个磁盘,最后的0表示对应磁盘的分区
kernel /vmlinuz-2.6.32-431.el6.i686 ro root=UUID=47b74772-4295-493a-8aa6-8fc85ae0807d rd_NO_LUKS KEYBOARDTYPE=pc KEYTABLE=us rd_NO_MD crashkernel=auto LANG=zh_CN.UTF-8 rd_NO_LVM rd_NO_DM rhgb quiet # 内核文件路径/boot目录,及传递给内核的参数
initrd /initramfs-2.6.32-431.el6.i686.img # ramdisk文件路径/boot目录中
对grub加密:grub-md5-crypt 生成加密字符串
[[email protected] ~]# grub-md5-crypt
Password:
Retype password:
$1$5vIg4/$xqmsVS.9l2m99sZYaCfEb/ 复制该加密字符串
然后修改grub.conf文件,vim /boot/grub/grub.conf
# grub.conf generated by anaconda
#
# Note that you do not have to rerun grub after making changes to this file
# NOTICE: You have a /boot partition. This means that
# all kernel and initrd paths are relative to /boot/, eg.
# root (hd0,0)
# kernel /vmlinuz-version ro root=/dev/sda2
# initrd /initrd-[generic-]version.img
#boot=/dev/sda
default=0
timeout=6
splashimage=(hd0,0)/grub/splash.xpm.gz
hiddenmenu
password --md5 $1$5vIg4/$xqmsVS.9l2m99sZYaCfEb/ 添加加密密码
title My CentOS6.5 (2.6.32-431.el6.i686)
root (hd0,0)
kernel /vmlinuz-2.6.32-431.el6.i686 ro root=UUID=47b74772-4295-493a-8aa6-8fc85ae0807d rd_NO _LUKS KEYBOARDTYPE=pc KEYTABLE=us rd_NO_MD crashkernel=auto LANG=zh_CN.UTF-8 rd_NO_LVM rd_NO_DM rh gb quiet
initrd /initramfs-2.6.32-431.el6.i686.img
2、纯字符界面的分辨率调整:
grep"CONFIG_FRAMEBUFFER_CONSOLE"/boot/config-2.6.32-279.e16.i686
查询内核是否支持分辨率修改
修改grub.conf配置文件,从而达到调整分辨率
vim /boot/grub/grub.conf
default=0
....
kernel /.......... quiet vga=791 此字符串为修改分辨率的命令
3、系统修复模式
1、开机按e或者p键进入选择内核再按e quiet 1 再按b键,即可进入单用户维护模式
2、单用户模式常见的的错误修复
1)、root密码的重置
2)、修改系统默认的运行级别 vim /etc/inittab
4、光盘修复模式
先从光盘引导,选择rescue installed system 系统修复,进入修复界面:
bash-4.1#重要系统文件丢失,导致系统无法启动时,光盘修复步骤如下:
假设系统文件丢失了/etc/inittab文件
bash-4.1# chroot /mnt/sysimage 临时把光盘根目录设置为系统根目录
# cd /root
# rpm -qf /etc/inittab 查询下/etc/inittab文件属于那个安装包
# mkdir /mnt/cdrom 建立挂载点
# mount /dev/sr0 /mnt/cdrom 挂载光盘
bash-4.1#rpm2cpio /mnt/cdrom/Packages/initscripts-8.45.3-l.i386.rpm |
cpio-idv ./etc/inittab 提取inittab文件到当前目录.
bash-4.1#cp ./etc/inittab /etc/inittab 复制inittab文件到指定位置
5、linux安全性
用户密码-->grub密码-->Bios加密-->锁起来
针对各种安全有不同的解锁方式:
用户密码丢失,通过单用户模式重置,grub密码可以通过光盘修复模式重置
Bios密码可以通过拨除主板电池清除,锁起来直接暴力把锁弄掉
*当开机后进入grub界面但没有菜单,只剩下grub>提示符的解决方法:
grub>cat /boot/grub/grub.conf 查看grub.conf配置文件的参数
grub>root (hd0,0)
grub>kernl (hd0,0) /vmlinuz-2.6.32-431.el6.i686
grub>initrd (hd0,0) /initramfs-2.6.32-431.el6.i686.img
grub>boot 重启