Linux系统环境配置指南
目录
- 一、系统
-
- 1）Linux
- 2）ROS
- 二、软件
-
- 1）Sogou
- 2）Google
- 3）VS code
- 4）RoboWare Studio
- 5）Typora
- 三、配置
-
- 1）ntpdate
- 2）zsh
- 3）Terminator
$ 安装配置Linux系统 = 疯狂碰壁 //整过的人都懂
几十次了也算有些经验了，正好笔者要重新安装配置一次，这里就同时做一下记录总结。网上教程比较多，笔者仅进行整理，未引用出处的地方，还请海涵～
一、系统
1）Linux
按照网上的教程安装吧，不同的电脑会遇到不同的问题，出现不同的奇奇怪怪的问题~
2）ROS
按照官方教程安装还好，具体问题具体查基本能解决。一般在进行到rosdep时会出错，这里推荐这位老哥的方法：离线rosdep，链接。
二、软件
1）Sogou
搜狗安装包下载地址为：http://pinyin.sogou.com/linux/。cd到文件目录下：
$ sudo dpkg -i [sogoupinyin_file_name].deb
由于Linux系统下搜狗输入法是在小企鹅输入法fcitx基础上安装的，需要安装fcitx，并在语言支持里面将ibus替换成fcitx，安装fcitx：
$ sudo apt install fcitx
若出现错误，输入修复命令：
$ sudo apt-get install -f
在语言支持界面，点击应用到整个系统，重启电脑，更新输入法配置即可。
详细步骤，推荐该教程。
2）Google
一般都是64位版本，使用wget命令进行下载：
$ wget https://dl.google.com/linux/direct/google-chrome-stable_current_amd64.deb
cd到下载目录使用dpkg命令进行安装：
$ sudo dpkg -i [google-chrome_file_name].deb
若出现dpkg：错误：另外一个进行已经为dpkg fronted加锁，重启电脑即可。
下面两个问题笔者未遇到：
有依赖关系使用命令：
$ sudo apt-get -f install
若点击运行，界面没有加载出来。
$ sudo gedit /opt/google/chrome/google-chrome
在最后一行exec -a “ 0 " " 0" " 0""HERE/chrome” "$@"最后加上 --no-sandbox $HOME
3）VS code
在官网下载deb包，cd到下载目录使用dpkg命令进行安装：
$ sudo dpkg -i [Vscode_file_name].deb
安装很简单，同时配置好的vscode环境尤为重要。安装插件：
- ARM
- Bracket Pair Colorizer
- C/C++
- C/C++ Snippets
- C++ Intellisense
- Chinese
- clang-format
- ESLint
- Include Autocomplete
- One Dark Pro
- Prettier - Code formatter
- Vetur
其中，C/C++配置工程环境。使用F1，打开命令选项，输入C/C++，选择C/C++:Edit configuration，生成c_cpp_properties.json配置文件，笔者的文件内容为：
{
"configurations": [
{
"name": "Linux",
"includePath": [
"${workspaceFolder}/**",
"/opt/ros/melodic/include/**",
"/usr/include/**",
"/usr/local/include/**"
],
"defines": [],
"compilerPath": "/usr/bin/gcc",
"cStandard": "c11",
"cppStandard": "c++17",
"intelliSenseMode": "gcc-x64"
}
],
"version": 4
}
这样之后，程序中就不会有波浪线了，变量和函数的声明定义也可跳转。
同时，代码格式化用到clang-format，除了在Vscode中安装，还需终端安装：
$ sudo apt-get install clang-format
之后在工作空间下创建文件.clang-format，配置文件：
# 基于那个配置文件
BasedOnStyle: LLVM
# 访问说明符的偏移(public private)
AccessModifierOffset: -4
# 括号之后,水平对齐参数: Align DontAlign AlwaysBreak
AlignAfterOpenBracket: Align
# 连续的赋值时,对齐所有的等号
AlignConsecutiveAssignments: true
# 连续声明时，对齐所有声明的变量名
AlignConsecutiveDeclarations: true
# 左对齐换行(使用反斜杠换行)的反斜杠
AlignEscapedNewlinesLeft: true
# 水平对齐二元和三元表达式的操作数
AlignOperands: true
# 对齐连续的尾随的注释
AlignTrailingComments: true
# 允许函数声明的所有参数在放在下一行
AllowAllParametersOfDeclarationOnNextLine: true
# 允许短的块放在同一行
AllowShortBlocksOnASingleLine : false
# 允许短的case标签放在同一行
AllowShortCaseLabelsOnASingleLine: false
# 允许短的函数放在同一行: None, InlineOnly(定义在类中), Empty(空函数), Inline(定义在类中，空函数), All
AllowShortFunctionsOnASingleLine: Empty
# 是否允许短if单行 If true, if (a) return; 可以放到同一行
AllowShortIfStatementsOnASingleLine: false
# 允许短的循环保持在同一行
AllowShortLoopsOnASingleLine: false
# 总是在定义返回类型后换行(deprecated)
AlwaysBreakAfterDefinitionReturnType: None
# 每行字符的限制，0表示没有限制
ColumnLimit: 100
# 描述具有特殊意义的注释的正则表达式，它不应该被分割为多行或以其它方式改变
CommentPragmas: '^ IWYU pragma:'
# 语言: None Cpp Java Objc Protp
Language: Cpp
#指针的*的挨着哪边
PointerAlignment: Right
#缩进宽度
IndentWidth: 4
# 连续的空行保留几行
MaxEmptyLinesToKeep: 1
# 在 @property 后面添加空格, \@property (readonly) 而不是 \@property(readonly).
ObjCSpaceAfterProperty: true
# OC block后面的缩进
ObjCBlockIndentWidth: 4
# 是否允许短方法单行
AllowShortFunctionsOnASingleLine: false
# 换行的时候对齐操作符
#AlignOperands: true
# 中括号两边空格 []
SpacesInSquareBrackets: true
# 小括号两边添加空格
SpacesInParentheses : false
#等号两边的空格
SpaceBeforeAssignmentOperators: true
# 容器类的空格 例如 OC的字典
SpacesInContainerLiterals: true
#缩进
IndentWrappedFunctionNames: true
#在block从空行开始
KeepEmptyLinesAtTheStartOfBlocks: true
#在构造函数初始化时按逗号断行，并以冒号对齐
BreakConstructorInitializersBeforeComma: true
#括号后添加空格
SpaceAfterCStyleCast: false
# 允许排序#include, 造成编译错误
# SortIncludes: true
# 缩进case 标签
IndentCaseLabels: true
#tab键盘的宽度
TabWidth: 4
UseTab: Never
4）RoboWare Studio
一般情况下使用Vscode就足够了，但如果想进行远程调试，涉及程序的修改，就需要用到RoboWare Studio的部署功能了。下载deb包，好像不能从官网下载了，网上应该有资源，下载完成后，cd到下载目录使用dpkg命令进行安装：
$ sudo dpkg -i [RoboWare_Studio_file_name].deb
5）Typora
Markdown文档编写，下载deb包，cd到下载目录使用dpkg命令进行安装：
$ sudo dpkg -i [Typora_file_name].deb
可能存在未安装依赖的问题，根据终端提示安装依赖即可。
三、配置
1）ntpdate
安装双系统会存在windows和linux时间不同步的问题，解决方法：
$ sudo apt-get install ntpdate //在ubuntu16.04下更新本地时间
$ sudo ntpdate time.windows.com
$ sudo hwclock --localtime --systohc //将本地时间更新到硬件上
重启，进入windows时间就改变回来了。
2）zsh
如果你喜欢敲键盘的感觉，完全没必要配置zsh，zsh配置好后输入感极差~
安装的话，打开终端，输入：
$ sudo apt-get install zsh
安装oh-my-zsh，但是安装时会存在网络的问题，这里推荐使用脚本文件（来源）安装。新建文件install_oh_my_zsh.sh，文件内容：
#!/bin/sh
#
# This script should be run via curl:
# sh -c "$(curl -fsSL https://raw.githubusercontent.com/ohmyzsh/ohmyzsh/master/tools/install.sh)"
# or via wget:
# sh -c "$(wget -qO- https://raw.githubusercontent.com/ohmyzsh/ohmyzsh/master/tools/install.sh)"
# or via fetch:
# sh -c "$(fetch -o - https://raw.githubusercontent.com/ohmyzsh/ohmyzsh/master/tools/install.sh)"
#
# As an alternative, you can first download the install script and run it afterwards:
# wget https://raw.githubusercontent.com/ohmyzsh/ohmyzsh/master/tools/install.sh
# sh install.sh
#
# You can tweak the install behavior by setting variables when running the script. For
# example, to change the path to the Oh My Zsh repository:
# ZSH=~/.zsh sh install.sh
#
# Respects the following environment variables:
# ZSH - path to the Oh My Zsh repository folder (default: $HOME/.oh-my-zsh)
# REPO - name of the GitHub repo to install from (default: ohmyzsh/ohmyzsh)
# REMOTE - full remote URL of the git repo to install (default: GitHub via HTTPS)
# BRANCH - branch to check out immediately after install (default: master)
#
# Other options:
# CHSH - 'no' means the installer will not change the default shell (default: yes)
# RUNZSH - 'no' means the installer will not run zsh after the install (default: yes)
# KEEP_ZSHRC - 'yes' means the installer will not replace an existing .zshrc (default: no)
#
# You can also pass some arguments to the install script to set some these options:
# --skip-chsh: has the same behavior as setting CHSH to 'no'
# --unattended: sets both CHSH and RUNZSH to 'no'
# --keep-zshrc: sets KEEP_ZSHRC to 'yes'
# For example:
# sh install.sh --unattended
# or:
# sh -c "$(curl -fsSL https://raw.githubusercontent.com/ohmyzsh/ohmyzsh/master/tools/install.sh)" "" --unattended
#
set -e
# Default settings
ZSH=${ZSH:-~/.oh-my-zsh}
REPO=${REPO:-ohmyzsh/ohmyzsh}
REMOTE=${REMOTE:-https://github.com/${REPO}.git}
BRANCH=${BRANCH:-master}
# Other options
CHSH=${CHSH:-yes}
RUNZSH=${RUNZSH:-yes}
KEEP_ZSHRC=${KEEP_ZSHRC:-no}
command_exists() {
command -v "$@" >/dev/null 2>&1
}
error() {
echo ${RED}"Error: $@"${RESET} >&2
}
underline() {
echo "$(printf '\033[4m')$@$(printf '\033[24m')"
}
setup_color() {
# Only use colors if connected to a terminal
if [ -t 1 ]; then
RED=$(printf '\033[31m')
GREEN=$(printf '\033[32m')
YELLOW=$(printf '\033[33m')
BLUE=$(printf '\033[34m')
BOLD=$(printf '\033[1m')
RESET=$(printf '\033[m')
else
RED=""
GREEN=""
YELLOW=""
BLUE=""
BOLD=""
RESET=""
fi
}
setup_ohmyzsh() {
# Prevent the cloned repository from having insecure permissions. Failing to do
# so causes compinit() calls to fail with "command not found: compdef" errors
# for users with insecure umasks (e.g., "002", allowing group writability). Note
# that this will be ignored under Cygwin by default, as Windows ACLs take
# precedence over umasks except for filesystems mounted with option "noacl".
umask g-w,o-w
echo "${BLUE}Cloning Oh My Zsh...${RESET}"
command_exists git || {
error "git is not installed"
exit 1
}
if [ "$OSTYPE" = cygwin ] && git --version | grep -q msysgit; then
error "Windows/MSYS Git is not supported on Cygwin"
error "Make sure the Cygwin git package is installed and is first on the \$PATH"
exit 1
fi
git clone -c core.eol=lf -c core.autocrlf=false \
-c fsck.zeroPaddedFilemode=ignore \
-c fetch.fsck.zeroPaddedFilemode=ignore \
-c receive.fsck.zeroPaddedFilemode=ignore \
--depth=1 --branch "$BRANCH" "$REMOTE" "$ZSH" || {
error "git clone of oh-my-zsh repo failed"
exit 1
}
echo
}
setup_zshrc() {
# Keep most recent old .zshrc at .zshrc.pre-oh-my-zsh, and older ones
# with datestamp of installation that moved them aside, so we never actually
# destroy a user's original zshrc
echo "${BLUE}Looking for an existing zsh config...${RESET}"
# Must use this exact name so uninstall.sh can find it
OLD_ZSHRC=~/.zshrc.pre-oh-my-zsh
if [ -f ~/.zshrc ] || [ -h ~/.zshrc ]; then
# Skip this if the user doesn't want to replace an existing .zshrc
if [ $KEEP_ZSHRC = yes ]; then
echo "${YELLOW}Found ~/.zshrc.${RESET} ${GREEN}Keeping...${RESET}"
return
fi
if [ -e "$OLD_ZSHRC" ]; then
OLD_OLD_ZSHRC="${OLD_ZSHRC}-$(date +%Y-%m-%d_%H-%M-%S)"
if [ -e "$OLD_OLD_ZSHRC" ]; then
error "$OLD_OLD_ZSHRC exists. Can't back up ${OLD_ZSHRC}"
error "re-run the installer again in a couple of seconds"
exit 1
fi
mv "$OLD_ZSHRC" "${OLD_OLD_ZSHRC}"
echo "${YELLOW}Found old ~/.zshrc.pre-oh-my-zsh." \
"${GREEN}Backing up to ${OLD_OLD_ZSHRC}${RESET}"
fi
echo "${YELLOW}Found ~/.zshrc.${RESET} ${GREEN}Backing up to ${OLD_ZSHRC}${RESET}"
mv ~/.zshrc "$OLD_ZSHRC"
fi
echo "${GREEN}Using the Oh My Zsh template file and adding it to ~/.zshrc.${RESET}"
sed "/^export ZSH=/ c\\
export ZSH=\"$ZSH\"
" "$ZSH/templates/zshrc.zsh-template" > ~/.zshrc-omztemp
mv -f ~/.zshrc-omztemp ~/.zshrc
echo
}
setup_shell() {
# Skip setup if the user wants or stdin is closed (not running interactively).
if [ $CHSH = no ]; then
return
fi
# If this user's login shell is already "zsh", do not attempt to switch.
if [ "$(basename "$SHELL")" = "zsh" ]; then
return
fi
# If this platform doesn't provide a "chsh" command, bail out.
if ! command_exists chsh; then
cat <<-EOF
I can't change your shell automatically because this system does not have chsh.
${BLUE}Please manually change your default shell to zsh${RESET}
EOF
return
fi
echo "${BLUE}Time to change your default shell to zsh:${RESET}"
# Prompt for user choice on changing the default login shell
printf "${YELLOW}Do you want to change your default shell to zsh? [Y/n]${RESET} "
read opt
case $opt in
y*|Y*|"") echo "Changing the shell..." ;;
n*|N*) echo "Shell change skipped."; return ;;
*) echo "Invalid choice. Shell change skipped."; return ;;
esac
# Check if we're running on Termux
case "$PREFIX" in
*com.termux*) termux=true; zsh=zsh ;;
*) termux=false ;;
esac
if [ "$termux" != true ]; then
# Test for the right location of the "shells" file
if [ -f /etc/shells ]; then
shells_file=/etc/shells
elif [ -f /usr/share/defaults/etc/shells ]; then # Solus OS
shells_file=/usr/share/defaults/etc/shells
else
error "could not find /etc/shells file. Change your default shell manually."
return
fi
# Get the path to the right zsh binary
# 1. Use the most preceding one based on $PATH, then check that it's in the shells file
# 2. If that fails, get a zsh path from the shells file, then check it actually exists
if ! zsh=$(which zsh) || ! grep -qx "$zsh" "$shells_file"; then
if ! zsh=$(grep '^/.*/zsh$' "$shells_file" | tail -1) || [ ! -f "$zsh" ]; then
error "no zsh binary found or not present in '$shells_file'"
error "change your default shell manually."
return
fi
fi
fi
# We're going to change the default shell, so back up the current one
if [ -n "$SHELL" ]; then
echo $SHELL > ~/.shell.pre-oh-my-zsh
else
grep "^$USER:" /etc/passwd | awk -F: '{print $7}' > ~/.shell.pre-oh-my-zsh
fi
# Actually change the default shell to zsh
if ! chsh -s "$zsh"; then
error "chsh command unsuccessful. Change your default shell manually."
else
export SHELL="$zsh"
echo "${GREEN}Shell successfully changed to '$zsh'.${RESET}"
fi
echo
}
main() {
# Run as unattended if stdin is closed
if [ ! -t 0 ]; then
RUNZSH=no
CHSH=no
fi
# Parse arguments
while [ $# -gt 0 ]; do
case $1 in
--unattended) RUNZSH=no; CHSH=no ;;
--skip-chsh) CHSH=no ;;
--keep-zshrc) KEEP_ZSHRC=yes ;;
esac
shift
done
setup_color
if ! command_exists zsh; then
echo "${YELLOW}Zsh is not installed.${RESET} Please install zsh first."
exit 1
fi
if [ -d "$ZSH" ]; then
cat <<-EOF
${YELLOW}You already have Oh My Zsh installed.${RESET}
You'll need to remove '$ZSH' if you want to reinstall.
EOF
exit 1
fi
setup_ohmyzsh
setup_zshrc
setup_shell
printf "$GREEN"
cat <<-'EOF'
__ __
____ / /_ ____ ___ __ __ ____ _____/ /_
/ __ \/ __ \ / __ `__ \/ / / / /_ / / ___/ __ \
/ /_/ / / / / / / / / / / /_/ / / /_(__ ) / / /
\____/_/ /_/ /_/ /_/ /_/\__, / /___/____/_/ /_/
/____/ ....is now installed!
EOF
cat <<-EOF
Before you scream Oh My Zsh! please look over the ~/.zshrc file to select plugins, themes, and options.
• Follow us on Twitter: $(underline https://twitter.com/ohmyzsh)
• Join our Discord server: $(underline https://discord.gg/ohmyzsh)
• Get stickers, shirts, coffee mugs and other swag: $(underline https://shop.planetargon.com/collections/oh-my-zsh)
EOF
printf "$RESET"
if [ $RUNZSH = no ]; then
echo "${YELLOW}Run zsh to try it out.${RESET}"
exit
fi
exec zsh -l
}
main "$@"
运行脚本文件：
$ sh install_oh_my_zsh.sh
选择y，会替换默认的shell。或者使用命令替换：
$ chsh -s /bin/zsh
重启电脑，可以看到终端已发生了改变，但是这还并不是zsh的完全体，需要添加插件。
- 自动补全插件
$ git clone git://github.com/zsh-users/zsh-autosuggestions $ZSH_CUSTOM/plugins/zsh-autosuggestions
在终端打开.zshrc文件：
$ sudo gedit .zshrc
在plugins=(git)的括号中添加zsh-autosuggestions，效果如下：
$ plugins=(git zsh-autosuggestions)
- 高亮插件
$ git clone https://github.com/zsh-users/zsh-syntax-highlighting.git ${ZSH_CUSTOM:-~/.oh-my-zsh/custom}/plugins/zsh-syntax-highlighting
打开.zshrc文件添加zsh-syntax-highlighting。
3）Terminator
添加终端分屏功能，输入：
$ sudo apt-get install terminator
网上说需要添加源，但成功与否有点玄学~
目前笔者只安装了这些，后续持续更新~