一、简介
单表查询语法:
select 字段1, 字段2, ...
from table
where 条件
group by field
having 筛选
order by field
limit 限制条数;
重点在于关键字的优先级:
from
where
group by
having
select
distict
order by
limit
所以,在执行单表查询的时候:
第一步:找到表,from
第二步:用where指定的约束条件,去表中取出相应的记录
第三步:将取出的记录进行分组group by,如果没有group by,则将整体作为一个整体
第四步:将分组的结果进行having过滤
第五步:执行select
第六步:去重
第七步:将结果按条件排序:order by
第八步:限制结果的显示条数
二、where约束
where子句中可以使用:
(1)比较云算法:>,<,>=,<=,==,!=
(2)between 80 and 100 # 值在80到100之间
(3)in (80, 90, 100) # 值时80 90 100中的一个
(4)like'z%' 或like 'zy_' # %表示多个任意字符,_表示任意一个字符
(5)and or not # 逻辑运算符,在多个条件可以之间使用逻辑运算符
1、创建表
create table employee(
id int primary key auto_increment,
name varchar(20) not null,
sex enum('male', 'female') not null default 'male',
age int(3) unsigned not null default 28,
hire_date date not null,
post varchar(50),
post_comment varchar(100),
salary double(15, 2),
office int,
depart_id int
);
2、插入记录
insert into employee(name ,sex,age,hire_date,post,salary,office,depart_id) values
# 部门1
('alex','male',78,'20150302','teacher',1000000.31,401,1),
('wupeiqi','male',81,'20130305','teacher',8300,401,1),
('yuanhao','male',73,'20140701','teacher',3500,401,1),
('liwenzhou','male',28,'20121101','teacher',2100,401,1),
('jingliyang','female',18,'20110211','teacher',9000,401,1),
('jinxin','male',18,'19000301','teacher',30000,401,1),
('xiaomage','male',48,'20101111','teacher',10000,401,1),
# 部门2
('歪歪','female',48,'20150311','sale',3000.13,402,2),
('丫丫','female',38,'20101101','sale',2000.35,402,2),
('丁丁','female',18,'20110312','sale',1000.37,402,2),
('星星','female',18,'20160513','sale',3000.29,402,2),
('格格','female',28,'20170127','sale',4000.33,402,2),
('张野','male',28,'20160311','operation',10000.13,403,3),
# 部门3
('程咬金','male',18,'19970312','operation',20000,403,3),
('程咬银','female',18,'20130311','operation',19000,403,3),
('程咬铜','male',18,'20150411','operation',18000,403,3),
('程咬铁','female',18,'20140512','operation',17000,403,3);
3、单条件查询
select id, name from employee where id < 5;
4、多条件查询
select name from employee where post = 'teacher' and salary > 100;
5、关键字查询between and
select name from employee where salary between 1000 and 2000;
6、关键字查询 in 集合查询
# where in
select name, salary from employee where salary =1000 and salary = 2000 and salary = 3000;
# 等价于:
select name, salary from employee where salary in (1000, 2000, 3000);
# where not in
select name,salary,post from employee where post='operation' and (salary not in(10000.13));
7、模糊查询
(1)通配符%,任意多个字符
select * from employee where name like "陈咬%"
(2)通配符_,任意单字符
selelct * from employee where name like "ale_"
三、分组查询 group by
分组查询时发生在where之后,即分组时基于where之后得到的记录而进行的。
分组:将所有记录按照某个相同的字段进行归类,比如针对员工信息表的职位分组,或者按照性别分组等。
可以按照任意字段进行分组,但是分组完毕之后,比如group by post,只能看post字段,如果想要看组内信息,需要借助聚合函数。
使用分组查询,需要设置查询模式:only_full_group_by,如果没设置,查询结果默认是组内的第一条记录,没有任何意义。设置语句如下:
set global sql_mode='ONLY_FULL_GROUP_BY';
查看sql_mode的方式如下:
select @@global.sql_mode;
(1)根据部门进行分组
select post from employee group by post;
group by之后只能查看当前字段,如果想看组内信息,需要借助聚合函数。
四、聚合函数
常见的聚合函数有:
max() # 求最大值
min() # 求最小值
avg() # 求平均值
sum() # 求和
count() # 求总个数
group_concat(字段名) # 拼接
强调:聚合函数聚合的是组内内容,如是没有分组,则默认是一组
【示例】
# 查每个部门有多少个员工
select post, count(*) from employee group by post;
# 查每个部分的平均薪水
select past, avg(salary) from employee group by post;
# 查岗位名以及岗位包含的所有员工名字
select post, group_concat(name) as name from employee group by post; #as name:重命名的字段名
# 查公司内部男女员工的个数
select sex, count(id) from employee group by sex;
# 查岗位名称以及各个岗位的最高薪资
select past, max(salary) from employee group by post;
# 查男员工于男员工的平均薪资,女员工和女员工的平均薪资
select sex, avg(salary) from employee group by sex;
五、having过滤
优先级:
1、执行优先级从高到低:where > group by > having
2、where发生在分组group by之前,因而where中可以有任意字段,但是绝对不能使用聚合函数
3、having发生在分组group by之后,因而having中可以使用分组的字段,无法直接取到其它字段,可使用聚合函数
【示例】
# 查询所有salary大于10000的员工信息
select * from employee having salary > 10000;
# 查询各岗位内包含的员工个数小于2的岗位名、岗位内包含员工名字、个数
select post,group_concat(name),count(1) from employee group by post having count(id)<2;
# group_concat(name): 将每个部门的员工姓名进行拼接,作为一个新字段展示
# 查询各岗位平均薪资大于10000的岗位名、平均工资
select post,avg(salary) from employee group by post having avg(salary)>10000;
# 查询各岗位平均薪资大于10000且小于20000的岗位名、平均工资
select post,avg(salary) from employee group by post having avg(salary)>10000 and avg(salary)<20000;
六、order by查询排序
按单列排序:
select * from employee order by age; # 默认升序,根据age升序
select * from employee order by age asc; # asc 升序
select * from employee order by age desc; # desc 降序
按多列排序:
# 先按照age升序排序,如果年纪相同,则按照id降序
select * from employee order by age asc, id desc;
七、limit限制查询的记录数
# 查询前三行记录
select * from employee limit 3;
# 从第0开始,即先查询出第一条,然后包含这一条在内往后查5条
select * from employee order by salary desc limit 0, 5;
# 从第5开始,即先查询出第6条,然后包含这一条在内往后查5条
select * from employee order by salary desc limit 5, 5;