12.1
虚拟语气一般表示说话人的主观愿望,推测等,而非客观情况,常用在非真实条件语句中。
如: How I wish i were a bird
12.2 虚拟语气的基本形式
12.2.1 虚拟语气根据其所表达意思的不同,也有各种时态的变化。 如果所描述的情况与目前事实不符,用现在虚拟语气;所描述的情况与将来的情况可能不符时,用将来虚拟语气;而当所描述的情况与过去发生的情况不符时,则用过去虚拟语气
具体的动词形式
主句中动词形式 从句中动词形式
与现在事实相反 should/would/could/might+动词原形 动词的过去式(be 一般用were)
与将来事实相反 should/would/could/might +动词原形 动词过去式、were to+动词原形或should+动词原形
与过去事实相反 should/would/could/might+动词的现在完成式 动词的过去完成式
If we should water the wheat field next week,we could hope to get a better harvest
If i had got up earlier yesterday,I would have cought the first bus then。
12.2.2 “might/should/ought to+动词完成时态 结构表示过去可能发生而没有发生的事情 如:
You were stupid to try climbing up there. You might have killed yourself
12.3 wish与if only 引起的虚拟语气
在English中wish 往往和短语if only表示愿望,两者往往可以互换。 if only则侧重强调所希望的情况并不存在,而wish 则常常表示所希望的事情有可能发生
如:
I wish/if only Tessa were here now
I wish you wouldn’t make so much noise
在此类句子中,如果有would(表示愿望),could 表示能够 则在I 和we之后一般用could而不用would
I wish he would come here tomorrow(我希望他明天能来,我不知道他明天能不能来)
I wish he could come here tomorrow(我肯定他明天不能来)
12.4 宾语从句中的虚拟语气
12.4.1 当wish ,would rather/had better 后接宾语从句,或在”It‘s (high/about) time that 从句“结构中,要使用虚拟语气,其虚拟语气的动词应为过去式/过去完成式,表示与 现在/过去事实相反 如:
I wish you saw the exhibition
It’s (high)time you got up
12.4.2 “would rather/sooner+从句”时,从句使用虚拟语气 如:
I would Jane take the former train
12.4.3 “would rather/sooner+从句“结构也可以用于表示和过去情况相反
I‘d would rather he hadn't told me about it
12.4.4 suggest,propose,advise,insist,command,order,require/request 和recommend 等动词,在引导 并与从句时,通常使用虚拟语气
上述动词一般表示使令的概念,因此它所要求的宾语从句中的动作未必一定能实现,符合虚拟语气所表达的概念特点 其虚拟语气 的谓语动词 为”should+动词原形“ 但should 常可以省略
They insist that a meeting (should) be held as soon as possible
12.4.4.1 以上动词的名词所引导的同位语从句或表语从句也要使用这种虚拟语气
To save time,my suggestion is that we meet at the restaurant
12.4.4.2 在suggest,insist 等所引导的宾语从句中,当主句的主语和从句的主语一致时,一般不用虚拟语气,而当主句的主语和从句的主语不一致的时候,则需要使用虚拟语气 如:
Jack insisted that he had once seen the UFO
12.4.4.3 当suggestion 表示”暗示“ 说明 而不表示 建议的时候,不引导虚拟语气 如
Her accent suggests that she’s from Canada
12.5 主语从句中的虚拟语气(it‘s vital /essential+that 从句 ” 等引导的虚拟语气)
表示 重要“必要”等意义的形容词 如: important,vital (至关重要的),essential(本质,必须),necessary,desirable(指的要的)等,从句中的谓语用should+ 动词原形 如:
It is essential that every child have the same educational opportunities
Was it essential that my uncle be informed
12.6 有as if/though 引导的虚拟语气
12.6.1 当as if/though 进行非事实的比喻或夸张时,经常可以引导虚拟语气
The old machine runs as if it were a new one.
12.6.2 As if 也可以用在句首,表示惊讶,不满、气氛的语气
如:As if we were all stupid and he alone clever
12.6.3 如果as if 表示的是一种真实的情况,应该用正常语气
It looks as if it is going to rain soon
12.7 虚拟语气中的倒装结构
在虚拟条件句中,可以使用倒装结构的形式代替if
Should you change your mind,let us know
=If you should change your mind,let us know
The Cave might never have been discovered ,had not the entrance been spotted by the distinguished French pot-holer, Berger.