grpc服务发现&负载均衡

构建高可用、高性能的通信服务,通常采用服务注册与发现、负载均衡和容错处理等机制实现。根据负载均衡实现所在的位置不同,通常可分为以下三种解决方案: # 1、集中式LB(Proxy Model) ![](https://upload-images.jianshu.io/upload_images/28338950-8a65c6dd35ec6f80.png) 在服务消费者和服务提供者之间有一个独立的LB,通常是专门的硬件设备如 F5,或者基于软件如 LVS,HAproxy等实现。LB上有所有服务的地址映射表,通常由运维配置注册,当服务消费方调用某个目标服务时,它向LB发起请求,由LB以某种策略,比如轮询(Round-Robin)做负载均衡后将请求转发到目标服务。LB一般具备健康检查能力,能自动摘除不健康的服务实例。 该方案主要问题: 1. 单点问题,所有服务调用流量都经过LB,当服务数量和调用量大的时候,LB容易成为瓶颈,且一旦LB发生故障影响整个系统; 2. 服务消费方、提供方之间增加了一级,有一定性能开销。 # 2、进程内LB(Balancing-aware Client) ![](https://upload-images.jianshu.io/upload_images/28338950-f1aa15d3f63ac68e.png) 针对第一个方案的不足,此方案将LB的功能集成到服务消费方进程里,也被称为软负载或者客户端负载方案。服务提供方启动时,首先将服务地址注册到服务注册表,同时定期报心跳到服务注册表以表明服务的存活状态,相当于健康检查,服务消费方要访问某个服务时,它通过内置的LB组件向服务注册表查询,同时缓存并定期刷新目标服务地址列表,然后以某种负载均衡策略选择一个目标服务地址,最后向目标服务发起请求。LB和服务发现能力被分散到每一个服务消费者的进程内部,同时服务消费方和服务提供方之间是直接调用,没有额外开销,性能比较好。该方案主要问题: 1. 开发成本,该方案将服务调用方集成到客户端的进程里头,如果有多种不同的语言栈,就要配合开发多种不同的客户端,有一定的研发和维护成本; 2. 另外生产环境中,后续如果要对客户库进行升级,势必要求服务调用方修改代码并重新发布,升级较复杂。 # 3、独立 LB 进程(External Load Balancing Service) ![](https://upload-images.jianshu.io/upload_images/28338950-20ecc8b2d62cb6d9.png) 该方案是针对第二种方案的不足而提出的一种折中方案,原理和第二种方案基本类似。 不同之处是将LB和服务发现功能从进程内移出来,变成主机上的一个独立进程。主机上的一个或者多个服务要访问目标服务时,他们都通过同一主机上的独立LB进程做服务发现和负载均衡。该方案也是一种分布式方案没有单点问题,一个LB进程挂了只影响该主机上的服务调用方,服务调用方和LB之间是进程内调用性能好,同时该方案还简化了服务调用方,不需要为不同语言开发客户库,LB的升级不需要服务调用方改代码。 该方案主要问题:部署较复杂,环节多,出错调试排查问题不方便。 # gRPC服务发现及负载均衡实现 gRPC开源组件官方并未直接提供服务注册与发现的功能实现,但其设计文档已提供实现的思路,并在不同语言的gRPC代码API中已提供了命名解析和负载均衡接口供扩展。 ![](https://upload-images.jianshu.io/upload_images/28338950-c5b3804ae7f465e4.png) 其基本实现原理: 1. 服务启动后gRPC客户端向命名服务器发出名称解析请求,名称将解析为一个或多个IP地址,每个IP地址标示它是服务器地址还是负载均衡器地址,以及标示要使用那个客户端负载均衡策略或服务配置。 2. 客户端实例化负载均衡策略,如果解析返回的地址是负载均衡器地址,则客户端将使用grpclb策略,否则客户端使用服务配置请求的负载均衡策略。 3. 负载均衡策略为每个服务器地址创建一个子通道(channel)。 4. 当有rpc请求时,负载均衡策略决定那个子通道即grpc服务器将接收请求,当可用服务器为空时客户端的请求将被阻塞。 根据gRPC官方提供的设计思路,基于进程内LB方案(即第2个案,阿里开源的服务框架 Dubbo 也是采用类似机制),结合分布式一致的组件(如Zookeeper、Consul、Etcd),可找到gRPC服务发现和负载均衡的可行解决方案。接下来以GO语言为例,简单介绍下基于Etcd3的关键代码实现: 1)命名解析实现:resolver.go resolver.go ``` package etcdv3 import ( "errors" "fmt" "strings" etcd3 "github.com/coreos/etcd/clientv3" "google.golang.org/grpc/naming" ) // resolver is the implementaion of grpc.naming.Resolver type resolver struct { serviceName string // service name to resolve } // NewResolver return resolver with service name func NewResolver(serviceName string) *resolver { return &resolver{serviceName: serviceName} } // Resolve to resolve the service from etcd, target is the dial address of etcd // target example: "http://127.0.0.1:2379,http://127.0.0.1:12379,http://127.0.0.1:22379" func (re *resolver) Resolve(target string) (naming.Watcher, error) { if re.serviceName == "" { return nil, errors.New("grpclb: no service name provided") } // generate etcd client client, err := etcd3.New(etcd3.Config{ Endpoints: strings.Split(target, ","), }) if err != nil { return nil, fmt.Errorf("grpclb: creat etcd3 client failed: %s", err.Error()) } // Return watcher return &watcher{re: re, client: *client}, nil } ``` 2)服务发现实现:watcher.go watcher.go ``` package etcdv3 import ( "fmt" etcd3 "github.com/coreos/etcd/clientv3" "golang.org/x/net/context" "google.golang.org/grpc/naming" "github.com/coreos/etcd/mvcc/mvccpb" ) // watcher is the implementaion of grpc.naming.Watcher type watcher struct { re *resolver // re: Etcd Resolver client etcd3.Client isInitialized bool } // Close do nothing func (w *watcher) Close() { } // Next to return the updates func (w *watcher) Next() ([]*naming.Update, error) { // prefix is the etcd prefix/value to watch prefix := fmt.Sprintf("/%s/%s/", Prefix, w.re.serviceName) // check if is initialized if !w.isInitialized { // query addresses from etcd resp, err := w.client.Get(context.Background(), prefix, etcd3.WithPrefix()) w.isInitialized = true if err == nil { addrs := extractAddrs(resp) //if not empty, return the updates or watcher new dir if l := len(addrs); l != 0 { updates := make([]*naming.Update, l) for i := range addrs { updates[i] = &naming.Update{Op: naming.Add, Addr: addrs[i]} } return updates, nil } } } // generate etcd Watcher rch := w.client.Watch(context.Background(), prefix, etcd3.WithPrefix()) for wresp := range rch { for _, ev := range wresp.Events { switch ev.Type { case mvccpb.PUT: return []*naming.Update{ {Op: naming.Add, Addr: string(ev.Kv.Value)} }, nil case mvccpb.DELETE: return []*naming.Update{ {Op: naming.Delete, Addr: string(ev.Kv.Value)} }, nil } } } return nil, nil } func extractAddrs(resp *etcd3.GetResponse) []string { addrs := []string{} if resp == nil || resp.Kvs == nil { return addrs } for i := range resp.Kvs { if v := resp.Kvs[i].Value; v != nil { addrs = append(addrs, string(v)) } } return addrs } ``` 3)服务注册实现:register.go register.go ``` package etcdv3 import ( "fmt" "log" "strings" "time" etcd3 "github.com/coreos/etcd/clientv3" "golang.org/x/net/context" "github.com/coreos/etcd/etcdserver/api/v3rpc/rpctypes" ) // Prefix should start and end with no slash var Prefix = "etcd3_naming" var client etcd3.Client var serviceKey string var stopSignal = make(chan bool, 1) // Register func Register(name string, host string, port int, target string, interval time.Duration, ttl int) error { serviceValue := fmt.Sprintf("%s:%d", host, port) serviceKey = fmt.Sprintf("/%s/%s/%s", Prefix, name, serviceValue) // get endpoints for register dial address var err error client, err := etcd3.New(etcd3.Config{ Endpoints: strings.Split(target, ","), }) if err != nil { return fmt.Errorf("grpclb: create etcd3 client failed: %v", err) } go func() { // invoke self-register with ticker ticker := time.NewTicker(interval) for { // minimum lease TTL is ttl-second resp, _ := client.Grant(context.TODO(), int64(ttl)) // should get first, if not exist, set it _, err := client.Get(context.Background(), serviceKey) if err != nil { if err == rpctypes.ErrKeyNotFound { if _, err := client.Put(context.TODO(), serviceKey, serviceValue, etcd3.WithLease(resp.ID)); err != nil { log.Printf("grpclb: set service '%s' with ttl to etcd3 failed: %s", name, err.Error()) } } else { log.Printf("grpclb: service '%s' connect to etcd3 failed: %s", name, err.Error()) } } else { // refresh set to true for not notifying the watcher if _, err := client.Put(context.Background(), serviceKey, serviceValue, etcd3.WithLease(resp.ID)); err != nil { log.Printf("grpclb: refresh service '%s' with ttl to etcd3 failed: %s", name, err.Error()) } } select { case <-stopSignal: return case <-ticker.C: } } }() return nil } // UnRegister delete registered service from etcd func UnRegister() error { stopSignal <- true stopSignal = make(chan bool, 1) // just a hack to avoid multi UnRegister deadlock var err error; if _, err := client.Delete(context.Background(), serviceKey); err != nil { log.Printf("grpclb: deregister '%s' failed: %s", serviceKey, err.Error()) } else { log.Printf("grpclb: deregister '%s' ok.", serviceKey) } return err } ``` 4)接口描述文件:helloworld.proto helloworld.proto ``` syntax = "proto3"; option java_multiple_files = true; option java_package = "com.midea.jr.test.grpc"; option java_outer_classname = "HelloWorldProto"; option objc_class_prefix = "HLW"; package helloworld; // The greeting service definition. service Greeter { // Sends a greeting rpc SayHello (HelloRequest) returns (HelloReply) { } } // The request message containing the user's name. message HelloRequest { string name = 1; } // The response message containing the greetings message HelloReply { string message = 1; } ``` 5)实现服务端接口:helloworldserver.go helloworldserver.go ``` package main import ( "flag" "fmt" "log" "net" "os" "os/signal" "syscall" "time" "golang.org/x/net/context" "google.golang.org/grpc" grpclb "com.midea/jr/grpclb/naming/etcd/v3" "com.midea/jr/grpclb/example/pb" ) var ( serv = flag.String("service", "hello_service", "service name") port = flag.Int("port", 50001, "listening port") reg = flag.String("reg", "http://127.0.0.1:2379", "register etcd address") ) func main() { flag.Parse() lis, err := net.Listen("tcp", fmt.Sprintf("0.0.0.0:%d", *port)) if err != nil { panic(err) } err = grpclb.Register(*serv, "127.0.0.1", *port, *reg, time.Second*10, 15) if err != nil { panic(err) } ch := make(chan os.Signal, 1) signal.Notify(ch, syscall.SIGTERM, syscall.SIGINT, syscall.SIGKILL, syscall.SIGHUP, syscall.SIGQUIT) go func() { s := <-ch log.Printf("receive signal '%v'", s) grpclb.UnRegister() os.Exit(1) }() log.Printf("starting hello service at %d", *port) s := grpc.NewServer() pb.RegisterGreeterServer(s, &server{}) s.Serve(lis) } // server is used to implement helloworld.GreeterServer. type server struct{} // SayHello implements helloworld.GreeterServer func (s *server) SayHello(ctx context.Context, in *pb.HelloRequest) (*pb.HelloReply, error) { fmt.Printf("%v: Receive is %s\n", time.Now(), in.Name) return &pb.HelloReply{Message: "Hello " + in.Name}, nil } ``` 6)实现客户端接口:helloworldclient.go helloworldclient.go ``` package main import ( "flag" "fmt" "time" grpclb "com.midea/jr/grpclb/naming/etcd/v3" "com.midea/jr/grpclb/example/pb" "golang.org/x/net/context" "google.golang.org/grpc" "strconv" ) var ( serv = flag.String("service", "hello_service", "service name") reg = flag.String("reg", "http://127.0.0.1:2379", "register etcd address") ) func main() { flag.Parse() r := grpclb.NewResolver(*serv) b := grpc.RoundRobin(r) ctx, _ := context.WithTimeout(context.Background(), 10*time.Second) conn, err := grpc.DialContext(ctx, *reg, grpc.WithInsecure(), grpc.WithBalancer(b)) if err != nil { panic(err) } ticker := time.NewTicker(1 * time.Second) for t := range ticker.C { client := pb.NewGreeterClient(conn) resp, err := client.SayHello(context.Background(), &pb.HelloRequest{Name: "world " + strconv.Itoa(t.Second())}) if err == nil { fmt.Printf("%v: Reply is %s\n", t, resp.Message) } } } ``` 7)运行测试 1、运行3个服务端S1、S2、S3,1个客户端C,观察各服务端接收的请求数是否相等? ![](https://upload-images.jianshu.io/upload_images/28338950-15a0eb845537d0bd.png) 2、关闭1个服务端S1,观察请求是否会转移到另外2个服务端? ![](https://upload-images.jianshu.io/upload_images/28338950-370ac7c531b4c6c9.png) 3、重新启动S1服务端,观察另外2个服务端请求是否会平均分配到S1? ![](https://upload-images.jianshu.io/upload_images/28338950-b6e575fb3e7c57ef.png) 4、关闭Etcd3服务器,观察客户端与服务端通信是否正常? 关闭通信仍然正常,但新服务端不会注册进来,服务端掉线了也无法摘除掉。 5、重新启动Etcd3服务器,服务端上下线可自动恢复正常。 6、关闭所有服务端,客户端请求将被阻塞。 参考 http://www.grpc.io/docs/ https://github.com/grpc/grpc/blob/master/doc/load-balancing.md > 原文地址 https://segmentfault.com/a/1190000008672912 关注 获取更多好文 ![](https://upload-images.jianshu.io/upload_images/28338950-f886b6a1ad0a57f9.png) 本文由[mdnice](https://mdnice.com/?platform=6)多平台发布

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