English phrase

1. more challenging yet more practical 更有挑战性但是更符合实际的
2. pairwise 成对的
3. fine-grained 精细的
4. manifold 流形
5. zero shot learning 0样本学习
6. narrow the gap 缩小差距
7. w.r.t with respect to 考虑到
8. be different from in 跟某些人在某些方面不同，例如：Our work is different from all these approaches in that our
   query is a reference image and a modification text requested
   by the user to be applied to the image.
9. ground-truth 标准答案，例子：However, it is generally much harder to reduce bias in outlier ensembles because of the absence of ground truth.
10. Qualitative 定型的
11. de facto 真实的
12. e.g. 例子
13. state-of-the-art(sometimes cutting edge) ： the level of development (as of a device, procedure, process, technique, or science) reached at any particular time usually as a result of modern methods 最先进的
14. "e.g."和"i.e."是什么意思？"e.g."是拉丁语exempli gratia的缩写，意思是“举例”。"i.e."是拉丁短语id est的缩写，意思是“也就是说”或“换句话说”。
15. underspecification 说明不足，描述不足
16. succinct 简洁的
17. annotation 注释
18. adress 解决。例子：Our dataset also allows
    for evaluation on fully labeled subsets, which addresses a shortcoming of existing datasets that are not fully labeled and therefore contain multiple false-negatives (as unlabeled images are considered negative).
19. visiolinguistic 视觉语言学
20. conjecture :“Conjecture” is a noun that means a guess or an idea that is not based on evidence. It often refers to a hypothesis or a theory that is not yet proven. sample:We conjecture one of the reasons being the existing domain-specific
    datasets cannot greatly benefit from the pre-training, which
    uses more complex, open-world images.我们推测原因之一是现有的特定于域数据集无法从预训练中受益匪浅，预训练使用更复杂的开放世界图像。
21. “et al.” 是拉丁语缩写，意为 “et al.”，中文意为“等人”。在学术论文或引用中，它通常用于表示作者列表中的最后一位作者之后的其他作者。
22. mitigate 减轻
23. VLP: Vision-and-Language Pre-trained Models
24. Fig. 2 图片2