kubernetes(k8s)helm的基本使用

仓库

Helm 的 Repo 仓库和 Docker Registry 比较类似,Chart 库可以用来存储和共享打包 Chart 的位置,我们在安装了 Helm 后,默认的仓库地址是 google 的一个地址,拉取应用很难成功。通过阿里云镜像安装的服务器端可以看到已经安装了很多charts。
修改charts地址为阿里云地址。(注:上一节https://www.jianshu.com/p/3cc3de00dad0我们安装tiller时已经指定,可通过helm repo list查看)

$ helm repo list
NAME       URL
stable     https://kubernetes-charts.storage.googleapis.com/
local      http://127.0.0.1:8879/charts

除了一个默认的 stable 的仓库配置外,还有一个 local 的本地仓库,这是我们本地测试的一个仓库地址。

设置helm仓库地址为阿里云的仓库地址

$ helm repo remove stable
"stable" has been removed from your repositories

$ helm repo add 存储库名 存储库URL

例如添加阿里云的仓库地址

$ helm init --client-only --stable-repo-url https://aliacs-app-catalog.oss-cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com/charts/
$ helm repo add repo_name1 https://aliacs-app-catalog.oss-cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com/charts-incubator/

仓库添加完成后,可以使用 update 命令进行仓库更新。

$ helm repo update
Hang tight while we grab the latest from your chart repositories...
...Skip local chart repository
...Successfully got an update from the "stable" chart repository
Update Complete. ⎈ Happy Helming!⎈
$ helm repo list
NAME    URL                                                   
stable  https://kubernetes.oss-cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com/charts
local   http://127.0.0.1:8879/charts

安装 chart

要安装新的软件包,直接使用 helm install 命令即可。最简单的情况下,它只需要一个 chart 的名称参数:

$ helm install stable/mysql
NAME:   mewing-squid
LAST DEPLOYED: Tue Sep  4 23:31:23 2019
NAMESPACE: default
STATUS: DEPLOYED

RESOURCES:
==> v1/PersistentVolumeClaim
NAME                STATUS   VOLUME  CAPACITY  ACCESS MODES  STORAGECLASS  AGE
mewing-squid-mysql  Pending  1s

==> v1/Service
NAME                TYPE       CLUSTER-IP     EXTERNAL-IP  PORT(S)   AGE
mewing-squid-mysql  ClusterIP  10.108.197.48         3306/TCP  1s

==> v1beta1/Deployment
NAME                DESIRED  CURRENT  UP-TO-DATE  AVAILABLE  AGE
mewing-squid-mysql  1        0        0           0          1s

==> v1/Pod(related)
NAME                                 READY  STATUS   RESTARTS  AGE
mewing-squid-mysql-69f587bdf9-z7glv  0/1    Pending  0         0s

==> v1/Secret
NAME                TYPE    DATA  AGE
mewing-squid-mysql  Opaque  2     1s

==> v1/ConfigMap
NAME                     DATA  AGE
mewing-squid-mysql-test  1     1s


NOTES:
MySQL can be accessed via port 3306 on the following DNS name from within your cluster:
mewing-squid-mysql.default.svc.cluster.local

To get your root password run:

    MYSQL_ROOT_PASSWORD=$(kubectl get secret --namespace default mewing-squid-mysql -o jsonpath="{.data.mysql-root-password}" | base64 --decode; echo)

To connect to your database:

1. Run an Ubuntu pod that you can use as a client:

    kubectl run -i --tty ubuntu --image=ubuntu:16.04 --restart=Never -- bash -il

2. Install the mysql client:

    $ apt-get update && apt-get install mysql-client -y

3. Connect using the mysql cli, then provide your password:
    $ mysql -h mewing-squid-mysql -p

To connect to your database directly from outside the K8s cluster:
    MYSQL_HOST=127.0.0.1
    MYSQL_PORT=3306

    # Execute the following command to route the connection:
    kubectl port-forward svc/mewing-squid-mysql 3306

    mysql -h ${MYSQL_HOST} -P${MYSQL_PORT} -u root -p${MYSQL_ROOT_PASSWORD}

现在 mysql chart 已经安装上了,安装 chart 会创建一个新 release 对象。上面的 release 被命名为 hmewing-squid。如果你想使用你自己的 release 名称,只需使用--name参数指定即可,比如:

$ helm install stable/mysql --name mydb

在安装过程中,helm 客户端将打印有关创建哪些资源的有用信息,release 的状态以及其他有用的配置信息,比如这里的有访问 mysql 服务的方法、获取 root 用户的密码以及连接 mysql 的方法等信息。

值得注意的是 Helm 并不会一直等到所有资源都运行才退出。因为很多 charts 需要的镜像资源非常大,所以可能需要很长时间才能安装到集群中去。

要跟踪 release 状态或重新读取配置信息,可以使用 helm status 查看:

$  helm status mewing-squid
LAST DEPLOYED: Tue Sep  4 23:31:23 2018
NAMESPACE: default
STATUS: DEPLOYED

RESOURCES:
...

可以看到当前 release 的状态是DEPLOYED,下面还有一些安装的时候出现的信息。

自定义chart

上面的安装方式是使用 chart 的默认配置选项。但是在很多时候,我们都需要自定义 chart 以满足自身的需求,要自定义 chart,我们就需要知道我们使用的 chart 支持的可配置选项才行。

要查看 chart 上可配置的选项,使用helm inspect values命令即可,比如我们这里查看上面的 mysql 的配置选项:

$ helm inspect values stable/mysql
## mysql image version
## ref: https://hub.docker.com/r/library/mysql/tags/
##
image: "mysql"
imageTag: "5.7.14"

## Specify password for root user
##
## Default: random 10 character string
# mysqlRootPassword: testing

## Create a database user
##
# mysqlUser:
## Default: random 10 character string
# mysqlPassword:

## Allow unauthenticated access, uncomment to enable
##
# mysqlAllowEmptyPassword: true

## Create a database
##
# mysqlDatabase:

## Specify an imagePullPolicy (Required)
## It's recommended to change this to 'Always' if the image tag is 'latest'
## ref: http://kubernetes.io/docs/user-guide/images/#updating-images
##
imagePullPolicy: IfNotPresent

extraVolumes: |
  # - name: extras
  #   emptyDir: {}

extraVolumeMounts: |
  # - name: extras
  #   mountPath: /usr/share/extras
  #   readOnly: true

extraInitContainers: |
  # - name: do-something
  #   image: busybox
  #   command: ['do', 'something']

# Optionally specify an array of imagePullSecrets.
# Secrets must be manually created in the namespace.
# ref: https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/containers/images/#specifying-imagepullsecrets-on-a-pod
# imagePullSecrets:
  # - name: myRegistryKeySecretName

## Node selector
## ref: https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/configuration/assign-pod-node/#nodeselector
nodeSelector: {}

livenessProbe:
  initialDelaySeconds: 30
  periodSeconds: 10
  timeoutSeconds: 5
  successThreshold: 1
  failureThreshold: 3

readinessProbe:
  initialDelaySeconds: 5
  periodSeconds: 10
  timeoutSeconds: 1
  successThreshold: 1
  failureThreshold: 3

## Persist data to a persistent volume
persistence:
  enabled: true
  ## database data Persistent Volume Storage Class
  ## If defined, storageClassName: 
  ## If set to "-", storageClassName: "", which disables dynamic provisioning
  ## If undefined (the default) or set to null, no storageClassName spec is
  ##   set, choosing the default provisioner.  (gp2 on AWS, standard on
  ##   GKE, AWS & OpenStack)
  ##
  # storageClass: "-"
  accessMode: ReadWriteOnce
  size: 8Gi
  annotations: {}

## Configure resource requests and limits
## ref: http://kubernetes.io/docs/user-guide/compute-resources/
##
resources:
  requests:
    memory: 256Mi
    cpu: 100m

# Custom mysql configuration files used to override default mysql settings
configurationFiles: {}
#  mysql.cnf: |-
#    [mysqld]
#    skip-name-resolve
#    ssl-ca=/ssl/ca.pem
#    ssl-cert=/ssl/server-cert.pem
#    ssl-key=/ssl/server-key.pem

# Custom mysql init SQL files used to initialize the database
initializationFiles: {}
#  first-db.sql: |-
#    CREATE DATABASE IF NOT EXISTS first DEFAULT CHARACTER SET utf8 DEFAULT COLLATE utf8_general_ci;
#  second-db.sql: |-
#    CREATE DATABASE IF NOT EXISTS second DEFAULT CHARACTER SET utf8 DEFAULT COLLATE utf8_general_ci;

metrics:
  enabled: false
  image: prom/mysqld-exporter
  imageTag: v0.10.0
  imagePullPolicy: IfNotPresent
  resources: {}
  annotations: {}
    # prometheus.io/scrape: "true"
    # prometheus.io/port: "9104"
  livenessProbe:
    initialDelaySeconds: 15
    timeoutSeconds: 5
  readinessProbe:
    initialDelaySeconds: 5
    timeoutSeconds: 1

## Configure the service
## ref: http://kubernetes.io/docs/user-guide/services/
service:
  ## Specify a service type
  ## ref: https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/services-networking/service/#publishing-services---service-types
  type: ClusterIP
  port: 3306
  # nodePort: 32000

ssl:
  enabled: false
  secret: mysql-ssl-certs
  certificates:
#  - name: mysql-ssl-certs
#    ca: |-
#      -----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
#      ...
#      -----END CERTIFICATE-----
#    cert: |-
#      -----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
#      ...
#      -----END CERTIFICATE-----
#    key: |-
#      -----BEGIN RSA PRIVATE KEY-----
#      ...
#      -----END RSA PRIVATE KEY-----

## Populates the 'TZ' system timezone environment variable
## ref: https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.7/en/time-zone-support.html
##
## Default: nil (mysql will use image's default timezone, normally UTC)
## Example: 'Australia/Sydney'
# timezone:

# To be added to the database server pod(s)
podAnnotations: {}

然后,我们可以直接在 YAML 格式的文件中来覆盖上面的任何配置,在安装的时候直接使用该配置文件即可,新建如下文件:(config.yaml)

mysqlUser: qiendaUser
mysqlDatabase: k8sDB
service:
  type: NodePort

我们这里通过 config.yaml 文件定义了 mysqlUser 和 mysqlDatabase,并且把 service 的类型更改为了 NodePort,然后现在我们来安装的时候直接指定该 yaml 文件:

$ helm install -f config.yaml stable/mysql --name mydb
NAME:   mydb
LAST DEPLOYED: Wed Sep  5 00:09:44 2018
NAMESPACE: default
STATUS: DEPLOYED

RESOURCES:
==> v1/Secret
NAME        TYPE    DATA  AGE
mydb-mysql  Opaque  2     1s

==> v1/ConfigMap
NAME             DATA  AGE
mydb-mysql-test  1     1s

==> v1/PersistentVolumeClaim
NAME        STATUS   VOLUME  CAPACITY  ACCESS MODES  STORAGECLASS  AGE
mydb-mysql  Pending  1s

==> v1/Service
NAME        TYPE      CLUSTER-IP     EXTERNAL-IP  PORT(S)         AGE
mydb-mysql  NodePort  10.96.150.198         3306:32604/TCP  0s

==> v1beta1/Deployment
NAME        DESIRED  CURRENT  UP-TO-DATE  AVAILABLE  AGE
mydb-mysql  1        1        1           0          0s

==> v1/Pod(related)
NAME                        READY  STATUS   RESTARTS  AGE
mydb-mysql-dfc999888-hbw5d  0/1    Pending  0         0s
...

可以看到当前 release 的名字已经变成 mydb 了。然后可以查看下 mydb 关联的 Service 是否变成 NodePort 类型的了:

$ kubectl get svc
NAME                 TYPE        CLUSTER-IP       EXTERNAL-IP   PORT(S)          AGE
kubernetes           ClusterIP   10.96.0.1                443/TCP          110d
mewing-squid-mysql   ClusterIP   10.108.197.48            3306/TCP         46m
mydb-mysql           NodePort    10.96.150.198            3306:32604/TCP   8m

看到服务 mydb-mysql 变成了 NodePort 类型的,之前默认创建的 mewing-squid-mysql 是 ClusterIP 类型的,证明上面我们通过 YAML 文件来覆盖 values 是成功的。

接下来我们查看下 Pod 的状况:

$ kubectl get pods
NAME                                      READY     STATUS    RESTARTS   AGE
mewing-squid-mysql-69f587bdf9-z7glv       0/1       Pending   0          49m
mydb-mysql-dfc999888-hbw5d                0/1       Pending   0          11m

比较奇怪的是之前默认创建的和现在的 mydb 的 release 创建的 Pod 都是 Pending 状态,直接使用 describe 命令查看下:

$ kubectl describe pod mydb-mysql-dfc999888-hbw5d
Name:           mydb-mysql-dfc999888-hbw5d
Namespace:      default
Node:           
Labels:         app=mydb-mysql
                pod-template-hash=897555444
...
Events:
  Type     Reason            Age                From               Message
  ----     ------            ----               ----               -------
  Warning  FailedScheduling  2m (x37 over 12m)  default-scheduler  pod has unbound PersistentVolumeClaims (repeated 2 times)

可以发现两个 Pod 处于 Pending 状态的原因都是 PVC 没有被绑定上,所以这里我们可以通过 storageclass 或者手动创建一个合适的 PV 对象来解决这个问题。

另外为了说明 helm 更新的用法,我们这里来直接禁用掉数据持久化,可以在上面的 config.yaml 文件中设置:

persistence:
  enabled: false

另外一种方法就是在安装过程中使用--set来覆盖对应的 value 值,比如禁用数据持久化,我们这里可以这样来覆盖:

$ helm install stable/mysql --set persistence.enabled=false --name mydb

升级

使用upgrade将数据持久化禁用掉来对上面的 mydb 进行升级:

$ echo config.yaml
mysqlUser: haimaxyUser
mysqlDatabase: haimaxyDB
service:
  type: NodePort
persistence:
  enabled: false

$ helm upgrade -f config.yaml mydb stable/mysql
helm upgrade -f config.yaml mydb stable/mysql
Release "mydb" has been upgraded. Happy Helming!
LAST DEPLOYED: Wed Sep  5 00:38:33 2018
NAMESPACE: default
STATUS: DEPLOYED

RESOURCES:
...

可以看到已经变成 DEPLOYED 状态了,现在我们再去看看 Pod 的状态呢:

$ kubectl get pods
NAME                                      READY     STATUS            RESTARTS   AGE
mewing-squid-mysql-69f587bdf9-z7glv       0/1       Pending           0          1h
mydb-mysql-6ffc84bbf6-lcn4d               0/1       PodInitializing   0          49s
...

我们看到 mydb 关联的 Pod 已经变成了 Pod Initializing 的状态,已经不是 Pending 状态了,同样的,使用 describe 命令查看:

$ kubectl describe pod mydb-mysql-6ffc84bbf6-lcn4d
Name:           mydb-mysql-6ffc84bbf6-lcn4d
Namespace:      default
Node:           node02/10.151.30.63
Start Time:     Wed, 05 Sep 2018 00:38:33 +0800
Labels:         app=mydb-mysql
                pod-template-hash=2997406692
Annotations:    
Status:         Pending
...
Events:
  Type    Reason                 Age   From               Message
  ----    ------                 ----  ----               -------
  Normal  SuccessfulMountVolume  58s   kubelet, node02    MountVolume.SetUp succeeded for volume "data"
  Normal  SuccessfulMountVolume  58s   kubelet, node02    MountVolume.SetUp succeeded for volume "default-token-n9w2d"
  Normal  Scheduled              57s   default-scheduler  Successfully assigned mydb-mysql-6ffc84bbf6-lcn4d to node02
  Normal  Pulling                57s   kubelet, node02    pulling image "busybox:1.25.0"
  Normal  Pulled                 45s   kubelet, node02    Successfully pulled image "busybox:1.25.0"
  Normal  Created                44s   kubelet, node02    Created container
  Normal  Started                44s   kubelet, node02    Started container
  Normal  Pulling                41s   kubelet, node02    pulling image "mysql:5.7.14"

可以看到现在没有任何关于 PVC 的错误信息了,这是因为我们刚刚更新的版本中就是禁用掉了的数据持久化的,证明 helm upgrade 和 --values 是生效了的。现在我们使用 helm ls 命令查看先当前的 release:

$ helm ls
NAME            REVISION    UPDATED                     STATUS      CHART           APP VERSION    NAMESPACE
mewing-squid    1           Tue Sep  4 23:31:23 2018    DEPLOYED    mysql-0.10.1    5.7.14         default
mydb            2           Wed Sep  5 00:38:33 2018    DEPLOYED    mysql-0.10.1    5.7.14     

可以看到 mydb 这个 release 的REVISION已经变成2了,这是因为 release 的版本是递增的,每次安装、升级或者回滚,版本号都会加1,第一个版本号始终为1,同样我们可以使用 helm history 命令查看 release 的历史版本:

$ helm history mydb
REVISION    UPDATED                     STATUS        CHART           DESCRIPTION
1           Wed Sep  5 00:09:44 2018    SUPERSEDED    mysql-0.10.1    Install complete
2           Wed Sep  5 00:38:33 2018    DEPLOYED      mysql-0.10.1    Upgrade complete

当然如果我们要回滚到某一个版本的话,使用 helm rollback 命令即可,比如我们将 mydb 回滚到上一个版本:

$ helm rollback mydb 1

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