【MySQL复合查询】

目录:

  • 前言
  • 一、基本查询回顾
      • 查询工资高于4500或岗位为MANAGER的雇员,同时还要满足他们的姓名首字母为大写的J
      • 按照部门号升序而雇员的工资降序排序
      • 使用年薪进行降序排序
      • 显示工资最高的员工的名字和工作岗位
      • 显示工资高于平均工资的员工信息
      • 显示每个部门的平均工资和最高工资
      • 显示平均工资低于4000的部门号和它的平均工资
      • 显示所有岗位以及每种岗位的雇员总数,平均工资
  • 二、多表查询
    • 笛卡尔积
      • 显示部门号为100的部门名,员工名和工资
      • 显示各个员工的姓名,工资,及工资级别
  • 三、自连接
      • 显示员工Amanda Jackson的上级领导的编号和姓名(mgr是员工领导的编号--empno)
  • 四、子查询
    • 单行子查询
      • 显示Amanda Jackson同一部门的员工
    • 多行子查询
      • in关键字: 查询和100号部门的工作岗位相同的雇员的名字,岗位,工资,部门号,但是不包含100号部门自己的
      • all关键字: 显示工资比部门104的所有员工的工资高的员工的姓名、工资和部门号
      • any关键字: 显示工资比部门104的任一员工的工资高的员工的姓名、工资和部门号(包含自己部门的员工)
    • 多列子查询
      • 查询和Amanda Jackson的部门和岗位完全相同的所有雇员,不含Amanda Jackson本人
    • 在from子句中使用子查询
      • 显示每个高于自己部门平均工资的员工的姓名、部门、工资、平均工资
      • 查找每个部门工资最高的人的姓名、工资、部门、最高工资
      • 显示每个部门的信息(部门名,编号,地址)和人员数量
    • 合并查询
      • union
      • 将工资大于4000或职位是MANAGER的人找出来
      • union all
  • 总结

前言

剑指offer:一年又8天

前面我们讲解了表的操作以及常用函数的使用,本篇文章主要进行select练习,以及讲解子查询多表笛卡尔积



一、基本查询回顾

前期数据准备:

员工表:员工编号,姓名,工作,领导编号,入职时间,工资,奖金,部门编号;
【MySQL复合查询】_第1张图片

部门表:部门编号,部门名称,部门所在地
【MySQL复合查询】_第2张图片

工资等级表:等级,该等级最低工资,该等级最高工资
【MySQL复合查询】_第3张图片

若需要表和数据,请在评论区扣1或私信。


查询工资高于4500或岗位为MANAGER的雇员,同时还要满足他们的姓名首字母为大写的J

没有说明需要那些信息,我们可以使用 select * 查询所有信息。

-- 姓名可以使用 like 模糊匹配
mysql> select * from emp where (sal > 4500 or job = 'Manager') and ename like 'J%';
+--------+------------+---------+--------+---------------------+---------+---------+--------+
| empid  | ename      | job     | mgr    | hiredate            | sal     | bonus   | deptid |
+--------+------------+---------+--------+---------------------+---------+---------+--------+
| 100001 | John Smith | Manager | 000000 | 2023-01-01 00:00:00 | 5000.00 | 1000.00 |    100 |
+--------+------------+---------+--------+---------------------+---------+---------+--------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
-- 也可以使用截取子串进行比较
mysql> select * from emp where (sal > 4500 or job = 'Manager') and left(ename, 1) = 'J';
+--------+------------+---------+--------+---------------------+---------+---------+--------+
| empid  | ename      | job     | mgr    | hiredate            | sal     | bonus   | deptid |
+--------+------------+---------+--------+---------------------+---------+---------+--------+
| 100001 | John Smith | Manager | 000000 | 2023-01-01 00:00:00 | 5000.00 | 1000.00 |    100 |
+--------+------------+---------+--------+---------------------+---------+---------+--------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

按照部门号升序而雇员的工资降序排序

-- 部门号升序,工资降序
mysql> select * from emp order by deptid asc, sal desc;
+--------+----------------------+-----------+--------+---------------------+---------+---------+--------+
| empid  | ename                | job       | mgr    | hiredate            | sal     | bonus   | deptid |
+--------+----------------------+-----------+--------+---------------------+---------+---------+--------+
| 100001 | John Smith           | Manager   | 000000 | 2023-01-01 00:00:00 | 6000.00 | 1000.00 |    100 |
| 100002 | Jane Doe             | Analyst   | 100001 | 2023-02-15 00:00:00 | 4000.00 |  800.00 |    100 |
| 100003 | Michael Johnson      | Developer | 100001 | 2023-03-10 00:00:00 | 4500.00 |  900.00 |    101 |
| 100004 | Emily Davis          | Designer  | 100001 | 2023-04-20 00:00:00 | 3800.00 |  760.00 |    101 |
| 100005 | David Wilson         | Developer | 100002 | 2023-05-05 00:00:00 | 4200.00 |  840.00 |    102 |
| 100009 | Sarah Thompson       | Analyst   | 100002 | 2023-06-18 00:00:00 | 3000.00 |  780.00 |    102 |
| 100006 | Jessica Martinez     | Designer  | 100003 | 2023-08-08 00:00:00 | 3700.00 |  740.00 |    103 |
| 100010 | Christopher Anderson | Developer | 100003 | 2023-07-25 00:00:00 | 4200.00 |  860.00 |    104 |
| 100007 | Daniel Thomas        | Analyst   | 100010 | 2023-09-12 00:00:00 | 2000.00 |  800.00 |    104 |
| 100008 | Amanda Jackson       | Developer | 100010 | 2023-10-30 00:00:00 | 1800.00 |  900.00 |    104 |
+--------+----------------------+-----------+--------+---------------------+---------+---------+--------+
10 rows in set (0.00 sec)

使用年薪进行降序排序

年薪 = 工资 * 12 + 奖金

-- 信息过多,提取一下需要的信息
mysql> select empid, ename, sal, bonus, sal*12+bonus 年薪 from emp;
+--------+----------------------+---------+---------+----------+
| empid  | ename                | sal     | bonus   | 年薪     |
+--------+----------------------+---------+---------+----------+
| 100001 | John Smith           | 6000.00 | 1000.00 | 73000.00 |
| 100002 | Jane Doe             | 4000.00 |  800.00 | 48800.00 |
| 100003 | Michael Johnson      | 4500.00 |  900.00 | 54900.00 |
| 100004 | Emily Davis          | 3800.00 |  760.00 | 46360.00 |
| 100005 | David Wilson         | 4200.00 |  840.00 | 51240.00 |
| 100006 | Jessica Martinez     | 3700.00 |  740.00 | 45140.00 |
| 100007 | Daniel Thomas        | 2000.00 |  800.00 | 24800.00 |
| 100008 | Amanda Jackson       | 1800.00 |  900.00 | 22500.00 |
| 100009 | Sarah Thompson       | 3000.00 |  780.00 | 36780.00 |
| 100010 | Christopher Anderson | 4200.00 |  860.00 | 51260.00 |
+--------+----------------------+---------+---------+----------+
10 rows in set (0.00 sec)
-- 降序排序
mysql> select empid, ename, sal, bonus, sal*12+bonus 年薪 from emp order by 年薪 desc;
+--------+----------------------+---------+---------+----------+
| empid  | ename                | sal     | bonus   | 年薪     |
+--------+----------------------+---------+---------+----------+
| 100001 | John Smith           | 6000.00 | 1000.00 | 73000.00 |
| 100003 | Michael Johnson      | 4500.00 |  900.00 | 54900.00 |
| 100010 | Christopher Anderson | 4200.00 |  860.00 | 51260.00 |
| 100005 | David Wilson         | 4200.00 |  840.00 | 51240.00 |
| 100002 | Jane Doe             | 4000.00 |  800.00 | 48800.00 |
| 100004 | Emily Davis          | 3800.00 |  760.00 | 46360.00 |
| 100006 | Jessica Martinez     | 3700.00 |  740.00 | 45140.00 |
| 100009 | Sarah Thompson       | 3000.00 |  780.00 | 36780.00 |
| 100007 | Daniel Thomas        | 2000.00 |  800.00 | 24800.00 |
| 100008 | Amanda Jackson       | 1800.00 |  900.00 | 22500.00 |
+--------+----------------------+---------+---------+----------+
10 rows in set (0.00 sec)

显示工资最高的员工的名字和工作岗位

-- 要找员工首先要知道最高工资是多少
mysql> select max(sal) from emp;
+----------+
| max(sal) |
+----------+
|  6000.00 |
+----------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
-- 查找员工信息
mysql> select ename, job from emp where sal = 6000;
+------------+---------+
| ename      | job     |
+------------+---------+
| John Smith | Manager |
+------------+---------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

查找两次可以达到目的,但是并不方便,MySQL允许在where中使用select查询(既:子查询)

-- 先执行子查询再执行where判断
mysql> select ename, job from emp where sal = (select max(sal) from emp);
+------------+---------+
| ename      | job     |
+------------+---------+
| John Smith | Manager |
+------------+---------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

显示工资高于平均工资的员工信息

-- 先查询平均工资
mysql> select avg(sal) from emp;
+-------------+
| avg(sal)    |
+-------------+
| 3720.000000 |
+-------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
-- 再查找工资高于平均工资的员工信息
mysql> select * from emp where sal > 3720;
+--------+----------------------+-----------+--------+---------------------+---------+---------+--------+
| empid  | ename                | job       | mgr    | hiredate            | sal     | bonus   | deptid |
+--------+----------------------+-----------+--------+---------------------+---------+---------+--------+
| 100001 | John Smith           | Manager   | 000000 | 2023-01-01 00:00:00 | 6000.00 | 1000.00 |    100 |
| 100002 | Jane Doe             | Analyst   | 100001 | 2023-02-15 00:00:00 | 4000.00 |  800.00 |    100 |
| 100003 | Michael Johnson      | Developer | 100001 | 2023-03-10 00:00:00 | 4500.00 |  900.00 |    101 |
| 100004 | Emily Davis          | Designer  | 100001 | 2023-04-20 00:00:00 | 3800.00 |  760.00 |    101 |
| 100005 | David Wilson         | Developer | 100002 | 2023-05-05 00:00:00 | 4200.00 |  840.00 |    102 |
| 100010 | Christopher Anderson | Developer | 100003 | 2023-07-25 00:00:00 | 4200.00 |  860.00 |    104 |
+--------+----------------------+-----------+--------+---------------------+---------+---------+--------+
6 rows in set (0.00 sec)

-- 使用子查询
mysql> select * from emp where sal > (select avg(sal) from emp);
+--------+----------------------+-----------+--------+---------------------+---------+---------+--------+
| empid  | ename                | job       | mgr    | hiredate            | sal     | bonus   | deptid |
+--------+----------------------+-----------+--------+---------------------+---------+---------+--------+
| 100001 | John Smith           | Manager   | 000000 | 2023-01-01 00:00:00 | 6000.00 | 1000.00 |    100 |
| 100002 | Jane Doe             | Analyst   | 100001 | 2023-02-15 00:00:00 | 4000.00 |  800.00 |    100 |
| 100003 | Michael Johnson      | Developer | 100001 | 2023-03-10 00:00:00 | 4500.00 |  900.00 |    101 |
| 100004 | Emily Davis          | Designer  | 100001 | 2023-04-20 00:00:00 | 3800.00 |  760.00 |    101 |
| 100005 | David Wilson         | Developer | 100002 | 2023-05-05 00:00:00 | 4200.00 |  840.00 |    102 |
| 100010 | Christopher Anderson | Developer | 100003 | 2023-07-25 00:00:00 | 4200.00 |  860.00 |    104 |
+--------+----------------------+-----------+--------+---------------------+---------+---------+--------+
6 rows in set (0.00 sec)

显示每个部门的平均工资和最高工资

-- 整个公司的平均工资和最高工资
mysql> select avg(sal), max(sal) from emp;
+-------------+----------+
| avg(sal)    | max(sal) |
+-------------+----------+
| 3720.000000 |  6000.00 |
+-------------+----------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
-- 按部门分组,再查询
mysql> select avg(sal), max(sal) from emp group by deptid;
+-------------+----------+
| avg(sal)    | max(sal) |
+-------------+----------+
| 5000.000000 |  6000.00 |  -- 遥遥领先
| 4150.000000 |  4500.00 |
| 3600.000000 |  4200.00 |
| 3700.000000 |  3700.00 |
| 2666.666667 |  4200.00 |
+-------------+----------+
5 rows in set (0.00 sec)

显示平均工资低于4000的部门号和它的平均工资

-- 查找各个部门的平均工资
mysql> select deptid, avg(sal) myavg from emp group by deptid;
+--------+-------------+
| deptid | myavg       |
+--------+-------------+
|    100 | 5000.000000 |
|    101 | 4150.000000 |
|    102 | 3600.000000 |
|    103 | 3700.000000 |
|    104 | 2666.666667 |
+--------+-------------+
5 rows in set (0.00 sec)
-- 查找平均工资低于4000的
mysql> select deptid, avg(sal) myavg from emp group by deptid having myavg < 4000;
+--------+-------------+
| deptid | myavg       |
+--------+-------------+
|    102 | 3600.000000 |
|    103 | 3700.000000 |
|    104 | 2666.666667 |
+--------+-------------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)

显示所有岗位以及每种岗位的雇员总数,平均工资

-- 整个公司的雇员总数,平均工资
mysql> select count(*), avg(sal) from emp;
+----------+-------------+
| count(*) | avg(sal)    |
+----------+-------------+
|       10 | 3720.000000 |
+----------+-------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
-- 按岗位分组
mysql> select job, count(*), avg(sal) from emp group by job;
+-----------+----------+-------------+
| job       | count(*) | avg(sal)    |
+-----------+----------+-------------+
| Analyst   |        3 | 3000.000000 |
| Designer  |        2 | 3750.000000 |
| Developer |        4 | 3675.000000 |
| Manager   |        1 | 6000.000000 |
+-----------+----------+-------------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)



二、多表查询

实际开发中往往数据来自不同的表,所以需要多表查询。下面我们要用到上面的三张表来进行查询练习。

笛卡尔积

                            -- 看一下语句就行
mysql> select * from emp;
+--------+----------------------+-----------+--------+---------------------+---------+---------+--------+
| empid  | ename                | job       | mgr    | hiredate            | sal     | bonus   | deptid |
+--------+----------------------+-----------+--------+---------------------+---------+---------+--------+
| 100001 | John Smith           | Manager   | 000000 | 2023-01-01 00:00:00 | 6000.00 | 1000.00 |    100 |
| 100002 | Jane Doe             | Analyst   | 100001 | 2023-02-15 00:00:00 | 4000.00 |  800.00 |    100 |
| 100003 | Michael Johnson      | Developer | 100001 | 2023-03-10 00:00:00 | 4500.00 |  900.00 |    101 |
| 100004 | Emily Davis          | Designer  | 100001 | 2023-04-20 00:00:00 | 3800.00 |  760.00 |    101 |
| 100005 | David Wilson         | Developer | 100002 | 2023-05-05 00:00:00 | 4200.00 |  840.00 |    102 |
| 100006 | Jessica Martinez     | Designer  | 100003 | 2023-08-08 00:00:00 | 3700.00 |  740.00 |    103 |
| 100007 | Daniel Thomas        | Analyst   | 100010 | 2023-09-12 00:00:00 | 2000.00 |  800.00 |    104 |
| 100008 | Amanda Jackson       | Developer | 100010 | 2023-10-30 00:00:00 | 1800.00 |  900.00 |    104 |
| 100009 | Sarah Thompson       | Analyst   | 100002 | 2023-06-18 00:00:00 | 3000.00 |  780.00 |    102 |
| 100010 | Christopher Anderson | Developer | 100003 | 2023-07-25 00:00:00 | 4200.00 |  860.00 |    104 |
+--------+----------------------+-----------+--------+---------------------+---------+---------+--------+
10 rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> select * from dept;
+--------+-------------+---------------+
| deptid | dname       | loc           |
+--------+-------------+---------------+
|    100 | Sales       | New York      |
|    101 | Marketing   | Los Angeles   |
|    102 | Development | San Francisco |
|    103 | Design      | Chicago       |
|    104 | Finance     | Boston        |
+--------+-------------+---------------+
5 rows in set (0.00 sec)
-- 同时从两张表中查找
mysql> select * from emp, dept;
+--------+----------------------+-----------+--------+---------------------+---------+---------+--------+--------+-------------+---------------+
| empid  | ename                | job       | mgr    | hiredate            | sal     | bonus   | deptid | deptid | dname       | loc           |
+--------+----------------------+-----------+--------+---------------------+---------+---------+--------+--------+-------------+---------------+
| 100001 | John Smith           | Manager   | 000000 | 2023-01-01 00:00:00 | 6000.00 | 1000.00 |    100 |    100 | Sales       | New York      |
| 100001 | John Smith           | Manager   | 000000 | 2023-01-01 00:00:00 | 6000.00 | 1000.00 |    100 |    101 | Marketing   | Los Angeles   |
| 100001 | John Smith           | Manager   | 000000 | 2023-01-01 00:00:00 | 6000.00 | 1000.00 |    100 |    102 | Development | San Francisco |
| 100001 | John Smith           | Manager   | 000000 | 2023-01-01 00:00:00 | 6000.00 | 1000.00 |    100 |    103 | Design      | Chicago       |
| 100001 | John Smith           | Manager   | 000000 | 2023-01-01 00:00:00 | 6000.00 | 1000.00 |    100 |    104 | Finance     | Boston        |
| 100002 | Jane Doe             | Analyst   | 100001 | 2023-02-15 00:00:00 | 4000.00 |  800.00 |    100 |    100 | Sales       | New York      |
| 100002 | Jane Doe             | Analyst   | 100001 | 2023-02-15 00:00:00 | 4000.00 |  800.00 |    100 |    101 | Marketing   | Los Angeles   |
| 100002 | Jane Doe             | Analyst   | 100001 | 2023-02-15 00:00:00 | 4000.00 |  800.00 |    100 |    102 | Development | San Francisco |
| 100002 | Jane Doe             | Analyst   | 100001 | 2023-02-15 00:00:00 | 4000.00 |  800.00 |    100 |    103 | Design      | Chicago       |
| 100002 | Jane Doe             | Analyst   | 100001 | 2023-02-15 00:00:00 | 4000.00 |  800.00 |    100 |    104 | Finance     | Boston        |
| 100003 | Michael Johnson      | Developer | 100001 | 2023-03-10 00:00:00 | 4500.00 |  900.00 |    101 |    100 | Sales       | New York      |
| 100003 | Michael Johnson      | Developer | 100001 | 2023-03-10 00:00:00 | 4500.00 |  900.00 |    101 |    101 | Marketing   | Los Angeles   |
| 100003 | Michael Johnson      | Developer | 100001 | 2023-03-10 00:00:00 | 4500.00 |  900.00 |    101 |    102 | Development | San Francisco |
| 100003 | Michael Johnson      | Developer | 100001 | 2023-03-10 00:00:00 | 4500.00 |  900.00 |    101 |    103 | Design      | Chicago       |
| 100003 | Michael Johnson      | Developer | 100001 | 2023-03-10 00:00:00 | 4500.00 |  900.00 |    101 |    104 | 
-- 省略。。。
50 rows in set (0.00 sec)

【MySQL复合查询】_第4张图片
可以看出:使用笛卡尔积聚合数据太多,为了提高查询效率我们一般会使用内外连接来连接多张表(重要,下一篇文章会讲)。

显示部门号为100的部门名,员工名和工资

-- 笛卡尔积:先将部门名,员工名和工资整合到一个表
-- where emp.deptid = dept.deptid 员工与部门相对应
mysql> select * from emp, dept where emp.deptid = dept.deptid;
+--------+----------------------+-----------+--------+---------------------+---------+---------+--------+--------+-------------+---------------+
| empid  | ename                | job       | mgr    | hiredate            | sal     | bonus   | deptid | deptid | dname       | loc           |
+--------+----------------------+-----------+--------+---------------------+---------+---------+--------+--------+-------------+---------------+
| 100001 | John Smith           | Manager   | 000000 | 2023-01-01 00:00:00 | 6000.00 | 1000.00 |    100 |    100 | Sales       | New York      |
| 100002 | Jane Doe             | Analyst   | 100001 | 2023-02-15 00:00:00 | 4000.00 |  800.00 |    100 |    100 | Sales       | New York      |
| 100003 | Michael Johnson      | Developer | 100001 | 2023-03-10 00:00:00 | 4500.00 |  900.00 |    101 |    101 | Marketing   | Los Angeles   |
| 100004 | Emily Davis          | Designer  | 100001 | 2023-04-20 00:00:00 | 3800.00 |  760.00 |    101 |    101 | Marketing   | Los Angeles   |
| 100005 | David Wilson         | Developer | 100002 | 2023-05-05 00:00:00 | 4200.00 |  840.00 |    102 |    102 | Development | San Francisco |
| 100006 | Jessica Martinez     | Designer  | 100003 | 2023-08-08 00:00:00 | 3700.00 |  740.00 |    103 |    103 | Design      | Chicago       |
| 100007 | Daniel Thomas        | Analyst   | 100010 | 2023-09-12 00:00:00 | 2000.00 |  800.00 |    104 |    104 | Finance     | Boston        |
| 100008 | Amanda Jackson       | Developer | 100010 | 2023-10-30 00:00:00 | 1800.00 |  900.00 |    104 |    104 | Finance     | Boston        |
| 100009 | Sarah Thompson       | Analyst   | 100002 | 2023-06-18 00:00:00 | 3000.00 |  780.00 |    102 |    102 | Development | San Francisco |
| 100010 | Christopher Anderson | Developer | 100003 | 2023-07-25 00:00:00 | 4200.00 |  860.00 |    104 |    104 | Finance     | Boston        |
+--------+----------------------+-----------+--------+---------------------+---------+---------+--------+--------+-------------+---------------+
10 rows in set (0.00 sec)
-- 筛选部门号为100
mysql> select * from emp, dept where emp.deptid = dept.deptid and emp.deptid = 100;
+--------+------------+---------+--------+---------------------+---------+---------+--------+--------+-------+----------+
| empid  | ename      | job     | mgr    | hiredate            | sal     | bonus   | deptid | deptid | dname | loc      |
+--------+------------+---------+--------+---------------------+---------+---------+--------+--------+-------+----------+
| 100001 | John Smith | Manager | 000000 | 2023-01-01 00:00:00 | 6000.00 | 1000.00 |    100 |    100 | Sales | New York |
| 100002 | Jane Doe   | Analyst | 100001 | 2023-02-15 00:00:00 | 4000.00 |  800.00 |    100 |    100 | Sales | New York |
+--------+------------+---------+--------+---------------------+---------+---------+--------+--------+-------+----------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
-- 单表操作:筛选我们需要信息
mysql> select dname, ename, sal from emp, dept where emp.deptid = dept.deptid and emp.deptid = 100;
+-------+------------+---------+
| dname | ename      | sal     |
+-------+------------+---------+
| Sales | John Smith | 6000.00 |
| Sales | Jane Doe   | 4000.00 |
+-------+------------+---------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)

显示各个员工的姓名,工资,及工资级别

-- 先将员工的姓名,工资,及工资级别放在一张表
-- where sal between losal and hisal:员工工资与级别相对应才有意义
mysql> select * from emp, salgrade where sal between losal and hisal;
+--------+----------------------+-----------+--------+---------------------+---------+---------+--------+-------+-------+-------+
| empid  | ename                | job       | mgr    | hiredate            | sal     | bonus   | deptid | grade | losal | hisal |
+--------+----------------------+-----------+--------+---------------------+---------+---------+--------+-------+-------+-------+
| 100001 | John Smith           | Manager   | 000000 | 2023-01-01 00:00:00 | 6000.00 | 1000.00 |    100 |     5 |  5001 |  6000 |
| 100002 | Jane Doe             | Analyst   | 100001 | 2023-02-15 00:00:00 | 4000.00 |  800.00 |    100 |     3 |  3001 |  4000 |
| 100003 | Michael Johnson      | Developer | 100001 | 2023-03-10 00:00:00 | 4500.00 |  900.00 |    101 |     4 |  4001 |  5000 |
| 100004 | Emily Davis          | Designer  | 100001 | 2023-04-20 00:00:00 | 3800.00 |  760.00 |    101 |     3 |  3001 |  4000 |
| 100005 | David Wilson         | Developer | 100002 | 2023-05-05 00:00:00 | 4200.00 |  840.00 |    102 |     4 |  4001 |  5000 |
| 100006 | Jessica Martinez     | Designer  | 100003 | 2023-08-08 00:00:00 | 3700.00 |  740.00 |    103 |     3 |  3001 |  4000 |
| 100007 | Daniel Thomas        | Analyst   | 100010 | 2023-09-12 00:00:00 | 2000.00 |  800.00 |    104 |     1 |  1000 |  2000 |
| 100008 | Amanda Jackson       | Developer | 100010 | 2023-10-30 00:00:00 | 1800.00 |  900.00 |    104 |     1 |  1000 |  2000 |
| 100009 | Sarah Thompson       | Analyst   | 100002 | 2023-06-18 00:00:00 | 3000.00 |  780.00 |    102 |     2 |  2001 |  3000 |
| 100010 | Christopher Anderson | Developer | 100003 | 2023-07-25 00:00:00 | 4200.00 |  860.00 |    104 |     4 |  4001 |  5000 |
+--------+----------------------+-----------+--------+---------------------+---------+---------+--------+-------+-------+-------+
-- 单表操作:筛选员工的姓名,工资,及工资级别
10 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> select ename, sal, grade from emp, salgrade where sal between losal and hisal;
+----------------------+---------+-------+
| ename                | sal     | grade |
+----------------------+---------+-------+
| John Smith           | 6000.00 |     5 |
| Jane Doe             | 4000.00 |     3 |
| Michael Johnson      | 4500.00 |     4 |
| Emily Davis          | 3800.00 |     3 |
| David Wilson         | 4200.00 |     4 |
| Jessica Martinez     | 3700.00 |     3 |
| Daniel Thomas        | 2000.00 |     1 |
| Amanda Jackson       | 1800.00 |     1 |
| Sarah Thompson       | 3000.00 |     2 |
| Christopher Anderson | 4200.00 |     4 |
+----------------------+---------+-------+
10 rows in set (0.00 sec)


三、自连接

上面我们看了对不同的表求笛卡尔积,那么同一张表能否对自己求笛卡尔积?

-- 好像不可以?
mysql> select * from salgrade, salgrade;
ERROR 1066 (42000): Not unique table/alias: 'salgrade'
-- 不是不可以,而是两张表同名,MySQL无法区分,因此只要对一张表重命名即可
mysql> select * from salgrade, salgrade tb2;
+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+
| grade | losal | hisal | grade | losal | hisal |
+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+
|     1 |  1000 |  2000 |     1 |  1000 |  2000 |
|     2 |  2001 |  3000 |     1 |  1000 |  2000 |
|     3 |  3001 |  4000 |     1 |  1000 |  2000 |
|     4 |  4001 |  5000 |     1 |  1000 |  2000 |
|     5 |  5001 |  6000 |     1 |  1000 |  2000 |
|     1 |  1000 |  2000 |     2 |  2001 |  3000 |
|     2 |  2001 |  3000 |     2 |  2001 |  3000 |
|     3 |  3001 |  4000 |     2 |  2001 |  3000 |
|     4 |  4001 |  5000 |     2 |  2001 |  3000 |
|     5 |  5001 |  6000 |     2 |  2001 |  3000 |
|     1 |  1000 |  2000 |     3 |  3001 |  4000 |
|     2 |  2001 |  3000 |     3 |  3001 |  4000 |
|     3 |  3001 |  4000 |     3 |  3001 |  4000 |
|     4 |  4001 |  5000 |     3 |  3001 |  4000 |
|     5 |  5001 |  6000 |     3 |  3001 |  4000 |
|     1 |  1000 |  2000 |     4 |  4001 |  5000 |
|     2 |  2001 |  3000 |     4 |  4001 |  5000 |
|     3 |  3001 |  4000 |     4 |  4001 |  5000 |
|     4 |  4001 |  5000 |     4 |  4001 |  5000 |
|     5 |  5001 |  6000 |     4 |  4001 |  5000 |
|     1 |  1000 |  2000 |     5 |  5001 |  6000 |
|     2 |  2001 |  3000 |     5 |  5001 |  6000 |
|     3 |  3001 |  4000 |     5 |  5001 |  6000 |
|     4 |  4001 |  5000 |     5 |  5001 |  6000 |
|     5 |  5001 |  6000 |     5 |  5001 |  6000 |
+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+
25 rows in set (0.00 sec)

以上就是自连接,就是在同一张表连接查询。
那么自连接有什么意义呢?下面我们根据示例来了解

显示员工Amanda Jackson的上级领导的编号和姓名(mgr是员工领导的编号–empno)

-- 自连接
-- where t1.mgr = t2.empid: 员工与自己的领导信息放到一张表
mysql> select * from emp t1, emp t2 where t1.mgr = t2.empid;
-- 单表查询:筛选员工
mysql> select * from emp t1, emp t2 where t1.mgr = t2.empid and t1.ename = 'Amanda Jackson';
+--------+----------------+-----------+--------+---------------------+---------+--------+--------+--------+----------------------+-----------+--------+---------------------+---------+--------+--------+
| empid  | ename          | job       | mgr    | hiredate            | sal     | bonus  | deptid | empid  | ename                | job       | mgr    | hiredate            | sal     | bonus  | deptid |
+--------+----------------+-----------+--------+---------------------+---------+--------+--------+--------+----------------------+-----------+--------+---------------------+---------+--------+--------+
| 100008 | Amanda Jackson | Developer | 100010 | 2023-10-30 00:00:00 | 1800.00 | 900.00 |    104 | 100010 | Christopher Anderson | Developer | 100003 | 2023-07-25 00:00:00 | 4200.00 | 860.00 |    104 |
+--------+----------------+-----------+--------+---------------------+---------+--------+--------+--------+----------------------+-----------+--------+---------------------+---------+--------+--------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
-- 单表查询:筛选需要的信息
mysql> select t2.empid, t2.ename from emp t1, emp t2 where t1.mgr = t2.empid and t1.ename = 'Amanda Jackson';
+--------+----------------------+
| empid  | ename                |
+--------+----------------------+
| 100010 | Christopher Anderson |
+--------+----------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

-- 当然这里也可以使用子查询
mysql> select empid from emp where ename = 'Amanda Jackson';
+--------+
| empid  |
+--------+
| 100008 |
+--------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> select empid, ename from emp where empid = (select empid from emp where ename = 'Amanda Jackson');
+--------+----------------+
| empid  | ename          |
+--------+----------------+
| 100008 | Amanda Jackson |
+--------+----------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)



四、子查询

子查询是指嵌入在其他sql语句中的select语句,也叫嵌套查询。

单行子查询

子查询结果为单列中的一行

显示Amanda Jackson同一部门的员工

mysql> select * from emp where deptid = (select deptid from emp where ename = 'Amanda Jackson');
+--------+----------------------+-----------+--------+---------------------+---------+--------+--------+
| empid  | ename                | job       | mgr    | hiredate            | sal     | bonus  | deptid |
+--------+----------------------+-----------+--------+---------------------+---------+--------+--------+
| 100007 | Daniel Thomas        | Analyst   | 100010 | 2023-09-12 00:00:00 | 2000.00 | 800.00 |    104 |
| 100008 | Amanda Jackson       | Developer | 100010 | 2023-10-30 00:00:00 | 1800.00 | 900.00 |    104 |
| 100010 | Christopher Anderson | Developer | 100003 | 2023-07-25 00:00:00 | 4200.00 | 860.00 |    104 |
+--------+----------------------+-----------+--------+---------------------+---------+--------+--------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
-- 子查询结果为一列中的一行
mysql> select deptid from emp where ename = 'Amanda Jackson';
+--------+
| deptid |
+--------+
|    104 |
+--------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

多行子查询

子查询结果为单列中的多行

in关键字: 查询和100号部门的工作岗位相同的雇员的名字,岗位,工资,部门号,但是不包含100号部门自己的

-- 子查询结果为一列中的多行
mysql> select job from emp where deptid = 100;
+---------+
| job     |
+---------+
| Manager |
| Analyst |
+---------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
-- 使用 in 关键字判断 job 是否在select查询的结果表中
mysql> select ename, job, sal, deptid from emp where job in (select job from emp where deptid = 100);
+----------------+---------+---------+--------+
| ename          | job     | sal     | deptid |
+----------------+---------+---------+--------+
| John Smith     | Manager | 6000.00 |    100 |
| Jane Doe       | Analyst | 4000.00 |    100 |
| Daniel Thomas  | Analyst | 2000.00 |    104 |
| Sarah Thompson | Analyst | 3000.00 |    102 |
+----------------+---------+---------+--------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)
--  不包含100号部门自己
mysql> select ename, job, sal, deptid from emp where job in (select job from emp where deptid = 100) and deptid <>100;
+----------------+---------+---------+--------+
| ename          | job     | sal     | deptid |
+----------------+---------+---------+--------+
| Daniel Thomas  | Analyst | 2000.00 |    104 |
| Sarah Thompson | Analyst | 3000.00 |    102 |
+----------------+---------+---------+--------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)

all关键字: 显示工资比部门104的所有员工的工资高的员工的姓名、工资和部门号

-- 可以是max函数求出104部门所有员工最高工资
mysql> select max(sal) from emp where deptid = 104;
+----------+
| max(sal) |
+----------+
|  4200.00 |
+----------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
-- 下面sal直接判断大小
mysql> select ename, sal, deptid from emp where sal > (select max(sal) from emp where deptid = 104);
+-----------------+---------+--------+
| ename           | sal     | deptid |
+-----------------+---------+--------+
| John Smith      | 6000.00 |    100 |
| Michael Johnson | 4500.00 |    101 |
+-----------------+---------+--------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
-- 也可以先查询104部门所有员工工资:单列多行结果
mysql> select sal from emp where deptid = 104;
+---------+
| sal     |
+---------+
| 2000.00 |
| 1800.00 |
| 4200.00 |
+---------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
-- 使用 all 关键字, 也就是所有的, 这里表示sal > select查询结果表中的所有列
mysql> select ename, sal, deptid from emp where sal > all(select sal from emp where deptid = 104);
+-----------------+---------+--------+
| ename           | sal     | deptid |
+-----------------+---------+--------+
| John Smith      | 6000.00 |    100 |
| Michael Johnson | 4500.00 |    101 |
+-----------------+---------+--------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)

any关键字: 显示工资比部门104的任一员工的工资高的员工的姓名、工资和部门号(包含自己部门的员工)

(注意注意注意:任一,所有选项中任何一个成立)

-- 先查询104部门所有员工工资:单列多行结果
mysql> select sal from emp where deptid = 104;
+---------+
| sal     |
+---------+
| 2000.00 |
| 1800.00 |
| 4200.00 |
+---------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
-- 比任何一个大就可以
mysql> select ename, sal, deptid from emp where sal > any(select sal from emp where deptid = 104);
+----------------------+---------+--------+
| ename                | sal     | deptid |
+----------------------+---------+--------+
| John Smith           | 6000.00 |    100 | -- > 4200
| Jane Doe             | 4000.00 |    100 | -- > 2000
| Michael Johnson      | 4500.00 |    101 |
| Emily Davis          | 3800.00 |    101 |
| David Wilson         | 4200.00 |    102 |
| Jessica Martinez     | 3700.00 |    103 |
| Daniel Thomas        | 2000.00 |    104 | -- > 1800
| Sarah Thompson       | 3000.00 |    102 |
| Christopher Anderson | 4200.00 |    104 |
+----------------------+---------+--------+
9 rows in set (0.00 sec)


多列子查询

单行子查询是指子查询只返回单列,单行数据;多行子查询是指返回单列多行数据,都是针对单列而言的,而多列子查询则是指查询返回多个列数据的子查询语句

查询和Amanda Jackson的部门和岗位完全相同的所有雇员,不含Amanda Jackson本人

-- 多列单行子查询:部门,岗位
mysql> select deptid, job from emp where ename = 'Amanda Jackson';
+--------+-----------+
| deptid | job       |
+--------+-----------+
|    104 | Developer |
+--------+-----------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
-- 使用 in 关键字判断(也可以使用  = )
mysql> select * from emp where (deptid, job) in (select deptid, job from emp where ename = 'Amanda Jackson');
+--------+----------------------+-----------+--------+---------------------+---------+--------+--------+
| empid  | ename                | job       | mgr    | hiredate            | sal     | bonus  | deptid |
+--------+----------------------+-----------+--------+---------------------+---------+--------+--------+
| 100008 | Amanda Jackson       | Developer | 100010 | 2023-10-30 00:00:00 | 1800.00 | 900.00 |    104 |
| 100010 | Christopher Anderson | Developer | 100003 | 2023-07-25 00:00:00 | 4200.00 | 860.00 |    104 |
+--------+----------------------+-----------+--------+---------------------+---------+--------+--------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
-- 由于只有一行,可以使用 = 判断多列相等
mysql> select * from emp where (deptid, job) = (select deptid, job from emp where ename = 'Amanda Jackson');
+--------+----------------------+-----------+--------+---------------------+---------+--------+--------+
| empid  | ename                | job       | mgr    | hiredate            | sal     | bonus  | deptid |
+--------+----------------------+-----------+--------+---------------------+---------+--------+--------+
| 100008 | Amanda Jackson       | Developer | 100010 | 2023-10-30 00:00:00 | 1800.00 | 900.00 |    104 |
| 100010 | Christopher Anderson | Developer | 100003 | 2023-07-25 00:00:00 | 4200.00 | 860.00 |    104 |
+--------+----------------------+-----------+--------+---------------------+---------+--------+--------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> select * from emp where (deptid, job) in (select deptid, job from emp where ename = 'Amanda Jackson') and ename <> 'Amanda Jackson';
+--------+----------------------+-----------+--------+---------------------+---------+--------+--------+
| empid  | ename                | job       | mgr    | hiredate            | sal     | bonus  | deptid |
+--------+----------------------+-----------+--------+---------------------+---------+--------+--------+
| 100010 | Christopher Anderson | Developer | 100003 | 2023-07-25 00:00:00 | 4200.00 | 860.00 |    104 |
+--------+----------------------+-----------+--------+---------------------+---------+--------+--------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)


在from子句中使用子查询

子查询语句出现在from子句中。我们把一个子查询当做一个临时表使用。

显示每个高于自己部门平均工资的员工的姓名、部门、工资、平均工资

-- 查找各个部门的平均工资:子查询结果不就是一张表吗(逻辑上,看起来)
mysql> select deptid, avg(sal) from emp group by deptid;
+--------+-------------+
| deptid | avg(sal)    |
+--------+-------------+
|    100 | 5000.000000 |
|    101 | 4150.000000 |
|    102 | 3600.000000 |
|    103 | 3700.000000 |
|    104 | 2666.666667 |
+--------+-------------+
5 rows in set (0.00 sec)
-- 多表笛卡尔积,将员工信息与平均工资放到一张表(同一行)
-- where emp.deptid = tmp.deptid:与自己的部门相对应(每次求笛卡尔积都需要这样判断一次,否则查询出来的结果大多是无意义的)
mysql> select ename, emp.deptid, sal, myavg 
     -> from emp, (select deptid, avg(sal) myavg from emp group by deptid) tmp 
     -> where emp.deptid = tmp.deptid;
+----------------------+--------+---------+-------------+
| ename                | deptid | sal     | myavg       |
+----------------------+--------+---------+-------------+
| John Smith           |    100 | 6000.00 | 5000.000000 |
| Jane Doe             |    100 | 4000.00 | 5000.000000 |
| Michael Johnson      |    101 | 4500.00 | 4150.000000 |
| Emily Davis          |    101 | 3800.00 | 4150.000000 |
| David Wilson         |    102 | 4200.00 | 3600.000000 |
| Jessica Martinez     |    103 | 3700.00 | 3700.000000 |
| Daniel Thomas        |    104 | 2000.00 | 2666.666667 |
| Amanda Jackson       |    104 | 1800.00 | 2666.666667 |
| Sarah Thompson       |    102 | 3000.00 | 3600.000000 |
| Christopher Anderson |    104 | 4200.00 | 2666.666667 |
+----------------------+--------+---------+-------------+
10 rows in set (0.00 sec)
-- 筛选工资 > 部门平均工资的员工
mysql> select ename, emp.deptid, sal, myavg
     -> from emp, (select deptid, avg(sal) myavg from emp group by deptid) tmp
     -> where emp.deptid = tmp.deptid and sal > myavg;
+----------------------+--------+---------+-------------+
| ename                | deptid | sal     | myavg       |
+----------------------+--------+---------+-------------+
| John Smith           |    100 | 6000.00 | 5000.000000 |
| Michael Johnson      |    101 | 4500.00 | 4150.000000 |
| David Wilson         |    102 | 4200.00 | 3600.000000 |
| Christopher Anderson |    104 | 4200.00 | 2666.666667 |
+----------------------+--------+---------+-------------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)
-- myavg小数位过多,可以 format 格式化一下
mysql> select ename, emp.deptid, sal, format(myavg, 2) salavg 
     -> from emp, (select deptid, avg(sal) myavg from emp grouup by deptid) tmp 
     -> where emp.deptid = tmp.deptid and sal > myavg;
+----------------------+--------+---------+----------+
| ename                | deptid | sal     | salavg   |
+----------------------+--------+---------+----------+
| John Smith           |    100 | 6000.00 | 5,000.00 |
| Michael Johnson      |    101 | 4500.00 | 4,150.00 |
| David Wilson         |    102 | 4200.00 | 3,600.00 |
| Christopher Anderson |    104 | 4200.00 | 2,666.67 |
+----------------------+--------+---------+----------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)

查找每个部门工资最高的人的姓名、工资、部门、最高工资

-- 子查询:查找deptid, maxsal
-- 笛卡尔积:将员工信息与最高工资放到一张表中进行查询,通过where进行筛选
mysql> select ename, sal, emp.deptid, maxsal
    -> from emp, (select deptid, max(sal) maxsal from emp group by deptid) as tmp
    -> where emp.deptid = tmp.deptid and sal = maxsal;
+----------------------+---------+--------+---------+
| ename                | sal     | deptid | maxsal  |
+----------------------+---------+--------+---------+
| John Smith           | 6000.00 |    100 | 6000.00 |
| Michael Johnson      | 4500.00 |    101 | 4500.00 |
| David Wilson         | 4200.00 |    102 | 4200.00 |
| Jessica Martinez     | 3700.00 |    103 | 3700.00 |
| Christopher Anderson | 4200.00 |    104 | 4200.00 |
+----------------------+---------+--------+---------+
5 rows in set (0.00 sec)

显示每个部门的信息(部门名,编号,地址)和人员数量

-- dept.* : dept表的所有列
mysql> select dept.*, 人员数量
	 -> from dept, (select deptid, count(*) 人员数量 from emp group by deptid) tmp
	 -> where dept.deptid = tmp.deptid;
+--------+-------------+---------------+--------------+
| deptid | dname       | loc           | 人员数量     |
+--------+-------------+---------------+--------------+
|    100 | Sales       | New York      |            2 |
|    101 | Marketing   | Los Angeles   |            2 |
|    102 | Development | San Francisco |            2 |
|    103 | Design      | Chicago       |            1 |
|    104 | Finance     | Boston        |            3 |
+--------+-------------+---------------+--------------+
5 rows in set (0.00 sec)


合并查询

在实际应用中,为了合并多个select的执行结果,可以使用集合操作符 union,union all

union

该操作符用于取得两个结果集的并集。当使用该操作符时,会自动去掉结果集中的重复行

将工资大于4000或职位是MANAGER的人找出来

-- 工资大于4000
mysql> select * from emp where sal > 4000;
+--------+----------------------+-----------+--------+---------------------+---------+---------+--------+
| empid  | ename                | job       | mgr    | hiredate            | sal     | bonus   | deptid |
+--------+----------------------+-----------+--------+---------------------+---------+---------+--------+
| 100001 | John Smith           | Manager   | 000000 | 2023-01-01 00:00:00 | 6000.00 | 1000.00 |    100 |
| 100003 | Michael Johnson      | Developer | 100001 | 2023-03-10 00:00:00 | 4500.00 |  900.00 |    101 |
| 100005 | David Wilson         | Developer | 100002 | 2023-05-05 00:00:00 | 4200.00 |  840.00 |    102 |
| 100010 | Christopher Anderson | Developer | 100003 | 2023-07-25 00:00:00 | 4200.00 |  860.00 |    104 |
+--------+----------------------+-----------+--------+---------------------+---------+---------+--------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)
-- 职位是MANAGER
mysql> select * from emp where job = 'Manager';
+--------+------------+---------+--------+---------------------+---------+---------+--------+
| empid  | ename      | job     | mgr    | hiredate            | sal     | bonus   | deptid |
+--------+------------+---------+--------+---------------------+---------+---------+--------+
| 100001 | John Smith | Manager | 000000 | 2023-01-01 00:00:00 | 6000.00 | 1000.00 |    100 |
+--------+------------+---------+--------+---------------------+---------+---------+--------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
-- union:求并集,去重
mysql> select * from emp where job = 'Manager' union select * from emp where sal > 4000;
+--------+----------------------+-----------+--------+---------------------+---------+---------+--------+
| empid  | ename                | job       | mgr    | hiredate            | sal     | bonus   | deptid |
+--------+----------------------+-----------+--------+---------------------+---------+---------+--------+
| 100001 | John Smith           | Manager   |      0 | 2023-01-01 00:00:00 | 6000.00 | 1000.00 |    100 |
| 100003 | Michael Johnson      | Developer | 100001 | 2023-03-10 00:00:00 | 4500.00 |  900.00 |    101 |
| 100005 | David Wilson         | Developer | 100002 | 2023-05-05 00:00:00 | 4200.00 |  840.00 |    102 |
| 100010 | Christopher Anderson | Developer | 100003 | 2023-07-25 00:00:00 | 4200.00 |  860.00 |    104 |
+--------+----------------------+-----------+--------+---------------------+---------+---------+--------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)

union all

该操作符用于取得两个结果集的并集。当使用该操作符时,不会去掉结果集中的重复行

-- union all :求并集,不去重
mysql> select * from emp where job = 'Manager' union all select * from emp where sal > 4000;
+--------+----------------------+-----------+--------+---------------------+---------+---------+--------+
| empid  | ename                | job       | mgr    | hiredate            | sal     | bonus   | deptid |
+--------+----------------------+-----------+--------+---------------------+---------+---------+--------+
| 100001 | John Smith           | Manager   |      0 | 2023-01-01 00:00:00 | 6000.00 | 1000.00 |    100 |
| 100001 | John Smith           | Manager   |      0 | 2023-01-01 00:00:00 | 6000.00 | 1000.00 |    100 |
| 100003 | Michael Johnson      | Developer | 100001 | 2023-03-10 00:00:00 | 4500.00 |  900.00 |    101 |
| 100005 | David Wilson         | Developer | 100002 | 2023-05-05 00:00:00 | 4200.00 |  840.00 |    102 |
| 100010 | Christopher Anderson | Developer | 100003 | 2023-07-25 00:00:00 | 4200.00 |  860.00 |    104 |
+--------+----------------------+-----------+--------+---------------------+---------+---------+--------+
5 rows in set (0.00 sec)


总结

MySQL下一切皆表,select查询结果也可以当做一张表,多表查询结果同样是一张表,因此只要掌握了单表查询并且能够合理得将多表合并为单表,查询就会十分简单。

需要查询的信息在多张表中:使用笛卡尔积将多表合并为单表,然后在单表中查找。



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