Path-based URL，File reference URL，String-based path区别
All of the following entries are valid references to a file called MyFile.txt in a user’s Documents directory:
Path-based URL:
file://localhost/Users/steve/Documents/MyFile.txt
File reference URL:
file:///.file/id=6571367.2773272/
String-based path:
/Users/steve/Documents/MyFile.txt
存储文件路径尽可能地使用NSURL（Path-based URL）。因为基于路径的url更容易操作、更容易调试，而且通常是NSFileManager等类的首选。
File reference URL的优点是，在程序运行时，如果用户在Finder中移动文件，任何Path-based URL都会失效，必须更新到新的路径。但是，只要文件在同一磁盘上移动，它的唯一ID就不会改变，任何File reference URL都一直有效。有一点需要注意，系统重启后，File reference URL可能会改变。
NSString 转 NSURL 时，NSString不能包含空格，否则转换得到的NSURL为nil
使用
- (BOOL)moveItemAtURL:toURL: error:使用该方法时，两个URL参数都要确保是fileURL(路径字符串以file:开头)，否则会无法move。使用如下方法将NSString转为NSURL：
[NSURL fileURLWithPath:@"/desktop/."]将图片保存到本地后，千万不要保存全路径，比如：
/var/mobile/Containers/Data/Application/E710C3F0-844A-420C-91D9-016D06B22A36/Library/Caches/VideoThumbnails/20180821224508.png
只存储自己创建的目录及文件路径即可（上面例子Caches/之后的路径），取数据的时候再通过系统提供的接口（NSHomeDiretory()）等方法去拼接完整路径。
原因是每一个App的沙盒路径在运行时会改变，不是唯一确定的值。
File System
An iOS app operating within its own sandbox directory：
Where You Should Put Your App’s Files
To prevent the syncing and backup processes on iOS devices from taking a long time, be selective about where you place files. Apps that store large files can slow down the process of backing up to iTunes or iCloud. These apps can also consume a large amount of a user's available storage, which may encourage the user to delete the app or disable backup of that app's data to iCloud. With this in mind, you should store app data according to the following guidelines:
Put user data in
Documents/. User data generally includes any files you might want to expose to the user—anything you might want the user to create, import, delete or edit. For a drawing app, user data includes any graphic files the user might create. For a text editor, it includes the text files. Video and audio apps may even include files that the user has downloaded to watch or listen to later.Put app-created support files in the
Library/Application support/directory. In general, this directory includes files that the app uses to run but that should remain hidden from the user. This directory can also include data files, configuration files, templates and modified versions of resources loaded from the app bundle.Remember that files in
Documents/andApplication Support/are backed up by default. You can exclude files from the backup by calling-[NSURL setResourceValue:forKey:error:]using theNSURLIsExcludedFromBackupKeykey. Any file that can be re-created or downloaded must be excluded from the backup. This is particularly important for large media files. If your application downloads video or audio files, make sure they are not included in the backup.Put temporary data in the
tmp/directory. Temporary data comprises any data that you do not need to persist for an extended period of time. Remember to delete those files when you are done with them so that they do not continue to consume space on the user’s device. The system will periodically purge these files when your app is not running; therefore, you cannot rely on these files persisting after your app terminates.Put data cache files in the
Library/Caches/directory. Cache data can be used for any data that needs to persist longer than temporary data, but not as long as a support file. Generally speaking, the application does not require cache data to operate properly, but it can use cache data to improve performance. Examples of cache data include (but are not limited to) database cache files and transient, downloadable content. Note that the system may delete theCaches/directory to free up disk space, so your app must be able to re-create or download these files as needed.
Files, Concurrency, and Thread Safety
Because file-related operations involve interacting with the hard disk and are therefore slow compared to most other operations, most of the file-related interfaces in iOS and macOS are designed with concurrency in mind. Several technologies incorporate asynchronous operation into their design and most others can execute safely from a dispatch queue or secondary thread. Table 1-4 lists some of the key technologies discussed in this document and whether they are safe to use from specific threads or any thread. For specific information about the capabilities of any interface, see the reference documentation for that interface.
It's good habit to alloc/init the file manager for move/copy operations, just in case you decide to add a delegate later.
为App中的文件创建自定义目录
- (NSURL*)applicationDirectory
{
NSString* bundleID = [[NSBundle mainBundle] bundleIdentifier];
NSFileManager*fm = [NSFileManager defaultManager];
NSURL* dirPath = nil;
// Find the application support directory in the home directory.
NSArray* appSupportDir = [fm URLsForDirectory:NSApplicationSupportDirectory
inDomains:NSUserDomainMask];
if ([appSupportDir count] > 0)
{
// Append the bundle ID to the URL for the
// Application Support directory
dirPath = [[appSupportDir objectAtIndex:0] URLByAppendingPathComponent:bundleID];
// If the directory does not exist, this method creates it.
// This method is only available in macOS 10.7 and iOS 5.0 or later.
NSError* theError = nil;
if (![fm createDirectoryAtURL:dirPath withIntermediateDirectories:YES
attributes:nil error:&theError])
{
// Handle the error.
return nil;
}
}
return dirPath;
}
拷贝，移动文件或目录
- (void)backupMyApplicationData {
// Get the application's main data directory
NSArray* theDirs = [[NSFileManager defaultManager] URLsForDirectory:NSApplicationSupportDirectory
inDomains:NSUserDomainMask];
if ([theDirs count] > 0)
{
// Build a path to ~/Library/Application Support//Data
// where is the actual bundle ID of the application.
NSURL* appSupportDir = (NSURL*)[theDirs objectAtIndex:0];
NSString* appBundleID = [[NSBundle mainBundle] bundleIdentifier];
NSURL* appDataDir = [[appSupportDir URLByAppendingPathComponent:appBundleID]
URLByAppendingPathComponent:@"Data"];
// Copy the data to ~/Library/Application Support//Data.backup
NSURL* backupDir = [appDataDir URLByAppendingPathExtension:@"backup"];
// Perform the copy asynchronously.
dispatch_async(dispatch_get_global_queue(DISPATCH_QUEUE_PRIORITY_DEFAULT, 0), ^{
// It's good habit to alloc/init the file manager for move/copy operations,
// just in case you decide to add a delegate later.
NSFileManager* theFM = [[NSFileManager alloc] init];
NSError* anError;
// Just try to copy the directory.
if (![theFM copyItemAtURL:appDataDir toURL:backupDir error:&anError]) {
// If an error occurs, it's probably because a previous backup directory
// already exists. Delete the old directory and try again.
if ([theFM removeItemAtURL:backupDir error:&anError]) {
// If the operation failed again, abort for real.
if (![theFM copyItemAtURL:appDataDir toURL:backupDir error:&anError]) {
// Report the error....
}
}
}
});
}
}