TPO4 Reading

Passage 1 Deer Populations of the Puget Sound

【单词】

marshy:adj. 沼泽的
understory:n. 林下叶层
meadow['mɛdo]:n. 草地
browse:v. 浏览,吃草,随意翻阅
huckleberry:n. 越橘类
fair-weather:adj. 只适用于好天气的,不可患难的
harsh:adj. 严厉的
dormancy:n. 休眠,冬眠
compensation:n. 补偿,修正,补救方法
hibernate:v. 冬眠
built-in:adj. 内置的,固有的
elevation:n. 高处,高地,高度,海拔
bushy:adj. 浓密的,茂密的
cedar:n. 西洋杉
hemlock:n. 铁杉
red alder:n. 赤杨
arboreal:adj. 树上的,树木的
fodder:n. 草料,饲料
markedly:adv. 引人注意的,明显的
bemoan:v. 惋惜
succulent[ˈsʌkjulənt]:adj. 多汁的,津津有味的
game:n. 猎物;v. 打猎
elk:n. 麋鹿
consume:v. 消耗,消费,吃光,喝光
expedition:n. 远征
Fort Vancouver:温哥华堡
headquarters:n. 总部,指挥部,司令部
botanical:adj. 植物学的
disturbing:adj. 令人不安的
picturesquely:adv. 绘画般地
bode:v. 预示
plight:n. 境况
encroach:v. 侵犯,侵占,蚕食,侵蚀
biotic:adj. 生物的,有关生命的
yield:v. 屈服,投降,生产,获利;n. 产量,产额
indefinite:adj. 不明确的,无限期的
review:v. 评论,复习
rebound:n. 弹回,反弹
predator:n. 捕食者,食肉动物
cougar:n. 美洲狮
lynx:n. 猞猁
restoration:n. 恢复,复位
tract:n. 大片土地,(神经)束
deforest:v. 砍伐森林
protein:n. 蛋白质

【短语】

almost in the same breath:与此同时……

【长难句】

1. The early explorers and settlers told of abundant deer in the early 1800s and yet almost in the same breath bemoaned the lack of this succulent game animal.

2. A recent Douglas biographer states:" The deer which once picturesquely dotted the meadows around the fort were gone [in 1832], hunted to extermination in order to protect the crops.

3. Wildlife zoologist Helmut Buechner(1953), in reviewing the nature of biotic changes in Washington through recorded time, says that "since the early 1940s, the state has had more deer than at any other time in its history, the winter population fluctuating around approximately 320,000 deer (mule and black-tailed deer),which will yield about 65,000 of either sex and any age annually for an indefinite period."

4. Great tracts of lowland country deforested by logging, fire, or both have become ideal feeding grounds of deer.
In addition to finding an increase of suitable browse, like huckleberry and vine maple, Arthur Einarsen, longtime game biologist in the Pacific Northwest, found quality of browse in the open areas to be substantially more nutritive.

【段落大意与逻辑联系】

第一段:介绍了两种目前皮吉特湾常见的鹿类,并简单介绍栖息地与现状。
第二段:鹿的生活习性,在气候环境恶劣的植被休眠期,有理论认为它们会迁徙到有高灌木的低地。
第三段:鹿的数量在不断的波动变化。game,fort
第四段:波动变化的影响因素和影响对比。在殖民者不断的侵蚀改造下,鹿的数量势必不断减少,然而相对于白尾鹿变成保护动物的局面,黑尾鹿却因受到这种影响而不断增加。
第五段:阐述黑尾鹿数量增加的可能原因,共三个,天敌的减少,政策的保护,最重要的是森林更多的变成平原,作为草料的植物生长的更好。

Passage 2 Cave Art in Europe

【单词】

trace:n. 痕迹
bead:n. 珠子
Paleolithic[ˌpeɪliəˈlɪθɪk]:adj. 旧石器时代的
crude:adj. 粗略的,粗糙的
marked:adj. 明显的,显著的
slab:n. 厚板,平板,厚片
excavate:v. 挖掘, 发掘
backdrop:n. 背景
trappings:n. 装饰,外部标志
chip:n. 碎片,缺口
herd:n. 兽群
symbolic:adj. 象征性的
explicitly:adv. 明确地,明白地
tusk:n. 长牙,尖形物
mammoth:n. 猛犸象
bovine:n. 牛,牛科动物
reindeer:n. 驯鹿
confine:v. 限制
shaft:n. 杆状物
engraving:n. 版画,雕刻作品
notation:n. 记号,标记法
figurine:n. 小雕像,小塑像
fertility:n. 多产,繁殖力

【短语】

In addition, ...:除此之外……
be consistent with the idea that ...:与……的观念相一致

【长难句】

The researchers Peter Ucko and Andree Rosenfeld identified three principal locations of paintings in the caves of western Europe: (1) in obviously inhabited rock shelters and cave entrances; (2) in galleries immediately off the inhabited areas of caves; and (3) in the inner reaches of caves, whose difficulty of access has been interpreted by some as a sign that magical-religious activities were performed there.

This theory is suggested by evidence of chips in the painted figures, perhaps made by spears thrown at the drawings.
The particular symbolic significance of the cave paintings in southwestern France is more explicitly revealed, perhaps, by the results of a study conducted by researchers Patricia Rice and Ann Paterson.

Thus, the paintings are consistent with the idea that the art is related to the importance of hunting in the economy of Upper Paleolithic people.

Consistent with this idea, according to the investigators, is the fact that the art of the cultural period that followed the Upper Paleolithic also seems to reflect how people got their food.
In addition to other artworks, figurines representing the human female in exaggerated form have also been found at Upper Paleolithic sites.

【段落大意与逻辑联系】

第一段:洞穴作画的起源时间可以追溯到很早很早,不仅在欧洲,包括非洲,洞穴的作画都有类似相同的发掘时间,并且在澳洲可能更早。
第二段:洞穴作画的三个主要位置。
第三段:洞穴作画的主题绝大多是动物,以及对于该主题是动物这一特征的三种解释。【一般】
第四段:在法国西南部的洞穴作画中,得出作画大多为作画者更加喜爱或者畏惧的大型危险动物,因此艺术与捕猎在经济中的重要性也息息相关。【特殊】
第五段:旧石器时期晚期的其他艺术形式。

Passage 3 Petroleum Resources

【单词】

decompose:v. 分解
convert:v. 转变
subject:v. 提供,提出,使……隶属
droplet:n. 小滴,小水珠
derrick:n. 起重机,(油井的)井架
permanent:adj. 永久的,不变的,稳定的,常设的
portable:adj. 手提的,便携的
dismantle:v. 拆除
spout:n. 喷口,水柱,龙卷
gusher:n. 喷油井
refinery:n. 精炼厂,提炼厂,冶炼厂
kerosene:n. 煤油
petrochemical:n. 石油化学产品
dye:n. 染料
fertilizer:n. 肥料,化肥
hostile:adj. 敌对的,不利的
offshore:adj. 离岸的
continental shelf:n. 大陆架
spillage:n. 溢出
collision:n. 碰撞
oil slicks:浮油
drift:v. 漂泊,流动
foul:v. 弄脏,纠缠,阻塞
subside:v. 减弱,平息,坐下,沉下去
adverse:adj. 不利的,有害的
halt:v. 阻止,使停止

【长难句】

1.When the well reaches a pool, oil usually rises up the well because of its density difference with water beneath it or because of the pressure of expanding gas trapped above it.

2.Offshore drilling platforms extend the search for oil to the ocean’s continental shelves—those gently sloping submarine regions at the edges of the continents.

3.Spillage from huge oil-carrying cargo ships, called tankers, involved in collisions or accidental groundings (such as the one off Alaska in 1989) can create oil slicks at sea.

【段落大意与逻辑关系】

第一段:石油的构成与海底有机物的形成。
第二段:石油最终形成,海底沉积物进一步生成油和气。【前两段都是形成】
第三段:石油的提取和提炼产物。
第四段:石油发掘地的扩展(由于资源愈发稀缺)。
第五段:石油发掘过程中的问题。
第六段:石油工业带来的各种环境问题:石油泄漏污染;油田处地面下沉,石油精炼和燃烧的空气污染等。

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