java 阻塞_深入理解java中的底层阻塞原理及实现
谈到阻塞，相信大家都不会陌生了。阻塞的应用场景真的多得不要不要的，比如 生产-消费模式，限流统计等等。什么 ArrayBlockingQueue, LinkedBlockingQueue, DelayQueue... 都是阻塞队列的实现啊，多简单！
阻塞，一般有两个特性很亮眼：1. 不耗cpu的等待；2. 线程安全；
额，要这么说也ok的。毕竟，我们遇到的问题，到这里就够解决了。但是有没有想过，这容器的阻塞又是如何实现的呢？
好吧，翻开源码，也很简单了：(比如ArrayBlockingQueue的take、put....)
//ArrayBlockingQueue
/*** Inserts the specified element at the tail of this queue, waiting
* for space to become available if the queue is full.
*
*@throwsInterruptedException {@inheritDoc}
*@throwsNullPointerException {@inheritDoc}*/
public void put(E e) throwsInterruptedException {
checkNotNull(e);final ReentrantLock lock = this.lock;
lock.lockInterruptibly();try{while (count ==items.length)//阻塞的点
notFull.await();
enqueue(e);
}finally{
lock.unlock();
}
}/*** Inserts the specified element at the tail of this queue, waiting
* up to the specified wait time for space to become available if
* the queue is full.
*
*@throwsInterruptedException {@inheritDoc}
*@throwsNullPointerException {@inheritDoc}*/
public boolean offer(E e, longtimeout, TimeUnit unit)throwsInterruptedException {
checkNotNull(e);long nanos =unit.toNanos(timeout);final ReentrantLock lock = this.lock;
lock.lockInterruptibly();try{while (count ==items.length) {if (nanos <= 0)return false;//阻塞的点
nanos =notFull.awaitNanos(nanos);
}
enqueue(e);return true;
}finally{
lock.unlock();
}
}public E take() throwsInterruptedException {final ReentrantLock lock = this.lock;
lock.lockInterruptibly();try{while (count == 0)//阻塞的点
notEmpty.await();returndequeue();
}finally{
lock.unlock();
}
}
看来，最终都是依赖了AbstractQueuedSynchronizer类(著名的AQS)的await方法，看起来像那么回事。那么这个同步器的阻塞又是如何实现的呢？
java的代码总是好跟踪的：
// AbstractQueuedSynchronizer.await()
/*** Implements interruptible condition wait.
*
*
If current thread is interrupted, throw InterruptedException.*
Save lock state returned by {@link#getState}.*
Invoke {@link#release} with saved state as argument,* throwing IllegalMonitorStateException if it fails.
*
Block until signalled or interrupted.*
Reacquire by invoking specialized version of* {@link#acquire} with saved state as argument.
*
If interrupted while blocked in step 4, throw InterruptedException.*
*/public final void await() throwsInterruptedException {if(Thread.interrupted())throw newInterruptedException();
Node node=addConditionWaiter();int savedState =fullyRelease(node);int interruptMode = 0;while (!isOnSyncQueue(node)) {//此处进行真正的阻塞
LockSupport.park(this);if ((interruptMode = checkInterruptWhileWaiting(node)) != 0)break;
}if (acquireQueued(node, savedState) && interruptMode !=THROW_IE)
interruptMode=REINTERRUPT;if (node.nextWaiter != null) //clean up if cancelled
unlinkCancelledWaiters();if (interruptMode != 0)
reportInterruptAfterWait(interruptMode);
}
如上，可以看到，真正的阻塞工作又转交给了另一个工具类： LockSupport的 park 方法了，这回跟锁扯上了关系，看起来已经越来越接近事实了：
// LockSupport.park()
/*** Disables the current thread for thread scheduling purposes unless the
* permit is available.
*
*
If the permit is available then it is consumed and the call returns
* immediately; otherwise
* the current thread becomes disabled for thread scheduling
* purposes and lies dormant until one of three things happens:
*
*
*
Some other thread invokes {@link#unpark unpark} with the* current thread as the target; or
*
*
Some other thread {@linkplainThread#interrupt interrupts}* the current thread; or
*
*
The call spuriously (that is, for no reason) returns.*
*
*
This method does not report which of these caused the
* method to return. Callers should re-check the conditions which caused
* the thread to park in the first place. Callers may also determine,
* for example, the interrupt status of the thread upon return.
*
*@paramblocker the synchronization object responsible for this
* thread parking
*@since1.6*/
public static voidpark(Object blocker) {
Thread t=Thread.currentThread();
setBlocker(t, blocker);
UNSAFE.park(false, 0L);
setBlocker(t,null);
}
看得出来，这里的实现就比较简洁了，先获取当前线程，设置阻塞对象，阻塞，然后解除阻塞。
好吧，到底什么是真正的阻塞，我们还是不得而知！
UNSAFE.park(false, 0L); 是个什么东西？ 看起来就是这一句起到了最关键的作用呢！但由于这里已经是 native代码，我们已经无法再简单的查看源码了！那咋整呢？
那不行就看C/C++的源码呗，看一下parker的定义(park.hpp)：
class Parker : publicos::PlatformParker {private:volatile int_counter ;
Parker*FreeNext ;
JavaThread* AssociatedWith ; //Current association
public:
Parker() : PlatformParker() {
_counter= 0;
FreeNext=NULL ;
AssociatedWith=NULL ;
}protected:~Parker() { ShouldNotReachHere(); }public://For simplicity of interface with Java, all forms of park (indefinite,//relative, and absolute) are multiplexed into one call. c中暴露出两个方法给java调用
void park(boolisAbsolute, jlong time);voidunpark();//Lifecycle operators
static Parker * Allocate (JavaThread *t) ;static void Release (Parker *e) ;private:static Parker * volatileFreeList ;static volatile intListLock ;
};
那 park() 方法到底是如何实现的呢？ 其实是继承的 os::PlatformParker 的功能，也就是平台相关的私有实现，以 linux 平台实现为例(os_linux.hpp)：
//linux中的parker定义
class PlatformParker : public CHeapObj{protected:enum{
REL_INDEX= 0,
ABS_INDEX= 1};int _cur_index; //which cond is in use: -1, 0, 1
pthread_mutex_t _mutex [1] ;
pthread_cond_t _cond [2] ; //one for relative times and one for abs.
public: //TODO-FIXME: make dtor private
~PlatformParker() { guarantee (0, "invariant") ; }public:
PlatformParker() {intstatus;
status= pthread_cond_init (&_cond[REL_INDEX], os::Linux::condAttr());
assert_status(status== 0, status, "cond_init rel");
status= pthread_cond_init (&_cond[ABS_INDEX], NULL);
assert_status(status== 0, status, "cond_init abs");
status=pthread_mutex_init (_mutex, NULL);
assert_status(status== 0, status, "mutex_init");
_cur_index= -1; //mark as unused
}
};
看到 park.cpp 中没有重写 park() 和 unpark() 方法，也就是说阻塞实现完全交由特定平台代码处理了(os_linux.cpp)：
//park方法的实现，依赖于 _counter, _mutex[1], _cond[2]
void Parker::park(boolisAbsolute, jlong time) {//Ideally we'd do something useful while spinning, such//as calling unpackTime().//Optional fast-path check://Return immediately if a permit is available.//We depend on Atomic::xchg() having full barrier semantics//since we are doing a lock-free update to _counter.
if (Atomic::xchg(0, &_counter) > 0) return;
Thread* thread =Thread::current();
assert(thread->is_Java_thread(), "Must be JavaThread");
JavaThread*jt = (JavaThread *)thread;//Optional optimization -- avoid state transitions if there's an interrupt pending.//Check interrupt before trying to wait
if (Thread::is_interrupted(thread, false)) {return;
}//Next, demultiplex/decode time arguments
timespec absTime;if (time < 0 || (isAbsolute && time == 0) ) { //don't wait at all
return;
}if (time > 0) {
unpackTime(&absTime, isAbsolute, time);
}//Enter safepoint region//Beware of deadlocks such as 6317397.//The per-thread Parker:: mutex is a classic leaf-lock.//In particular a thread must never block on the Threads_lock while//holding the Parker:: mutex. If safepoints are pending both the//the ThreadBlockInVM() CTOR and DTOR may grab Threads_lock.
ThreadBlockInVM tbivm(jt);//Don't wait if cannot get lock since interference arises from//unblocking. Also. check interrupt before trying wait
if (Thread::is_interrupted(thread, false) || pthread_mutex_trylock(_mutex) != 0) {return;
}intstatus ;if (_counter > 0) { //no wait needed
_counter = 0;
status=pthread_mutex_unlock(_mutex);
assert (status== 0, "invariant") ;//Paranoia to ensure our locked and lock-free paths interact//correctly with each other and Java-level accesses.
OrderAccess::fence();return;
}
#ifdef ASSERT//Don't catch signals while blocked; let the running threads have the signals.//(This allows a debugger to break into the running thread.)
sigset_t oldsigs;
sigset_t* allowdebug_blocked =os::Linux::allowdebug_blocked_signals();
pthread_sigmask(SIG_BLOCK, allowdebug_blocked,&oldsigs);#endifOSThreadWaitState osts(thread->osthread(), false /*not Object.wait()*/);
jt->set_suspend_equivalent();//cleared by handle_special_suspend_equivalent_condition() or java_suspend_self()
assert(_cur_index== -1, "invariant");if (time == 0) {
_cur_index= REL_INDEX; //arbitrary choice when not timed
status = pthread_cond_wait (&_cond[_cur_index], _mutex) ;
}else{
_cur_index= isAbsolute ?ABS_INDEX : REL_INDEX;
status= os::Linux::safe_cond_timedwait (&_cond[_cur_index], _mutex, &absTime) ;if (status != 0 &&WorkAroundNPTLTimedWaitHang) {
pthread_cond_destroy (&_cond[_cur_index]) ;
pthread_cond_init (&_cond[_cur_index], isAbsolute ?NULL : os::Linux::condAttr());
}
}
_cur_index= -1;
assert_status(status== 0 || status == EINTR ||status== ETIME || status ==ETIMEDOUT,
status,"cond_timedwait");
#ifdef ASSERT
pthread_sigmask(SIG_SETMASK,&oldsigs, NULL);#endif_counter= 0;
status=pthread_mutex_unlock(_mutex) ;
assert_status(status== 0, status, "invariant") ;//Paranoia to ensure our locked and lock-free paths interact//correctly with each other and Java-level accesses.
OrderAccess::fence();//If externally suspended while waiting, re-suspend
if (jt->handle_special_suspend_equivalent_condition()) {
jt->java_suspend_self();
}
}//unpark 实现，相对简单些
voidParker::unpark() {ints, status ;
status=pthread_mutex_lock(_mutex);
assert (status== 0, "invariant") ;
s=_counter;
_counter= 1;if (s < 1) {//thread might be parked
if (_cur_index != -1) {//thread is definitely parked
if(WorkAroundNPTLTimedWaitHang) {
status= pthread_cond_signal (&_cond[_cur_index]);
assert (status== 0, "invariant");
status=pthread_mutex_unlock(_mutex);
assert (status== 0, "invariant");
}else{//must capture correct index before unlocking
int index =_cur_index;
status=pthread_mutex_unlock(_mutex);
assert (status== 0, "invariant");
status= pthread_cond_signal (&_cond[index]);
assert (status== 0, "invariant");
}
}else{
pthread_mutex_unlock(_mutex);
assert (status== 0, "invariant") ;
}
}else{
pthread_mutex_unlock(_mutex);
assert (status== 0, "invariant") ;
}
}
从上面代码可以看出，阻塞主要借助于三个变量，_cond, _mutex, _counter, 调用linux系统的 pthread_cond_wait, pthread_mutex_lock, pthread_mutex_unlock (一组POSIX标准的阻塞接口)等平台相关的方法进行阻塞了！
而 park.cpp中，则只有 Allocate、Release 等的一些常规操作！
//6399321 As a temporary measure we copied & modified the ParkEvent:://allocate() and release() code for use by Parkers. The Parker:: forms//will eventually be removed as we consolide and shift over to ParkEvents//for both builtin synchronization and JSR166 operations.
volatile int Parker::ListLock = 0;
Parker* volatile Parker::FreeList =NULL ;
Parker* Parker::Allocate (JavaThread *t) {
guarantee (t!= NULL, "invariant") ;
Parker*p ;//Start by trying to recycle an existing but unassociated//Parker from the global free list.//8028280: using concurrent free list without memory management can leak//pretty badly it turns out.
Thread::SpinAcquire(&ListLock, "ParkerFreeListAllocate");
{
p=FreeList;if (p !=NULL) {
FreeList= p->FreeNext;
}
}
Thread::SpinRelease(&ListLock);if (p !=NULL) {
guarantee (p->AssociatedWith == NULL, "invariant") ;
}else{//Do this the hard way -- materialize a new Parker..
p = newParker() ;
}
p->AssociatedWith = t ; //Associate p with t
p->FreeNext =NULL ;returnp ;
}void Parker::Release (Parker *p) {if (p == NULL) return;
guarantee (p->AssociatedWith != NULL, "invariant") ;
guarantee (p->FreeNext == NULL , "invariant") ;
p->AssociatedWith =NULL ;
Thread::SpinAcquire(&ListLock, "ParkerFreeListRelease");
{
p->FreeNext =FreeList;
FreeList=p;
}
Thread::SpinRelease(&ListLock);
}
综上源码，在进行阻塞的时候，底层并没有(并不一定)要用while死循环来阻塞，更多的是借助于操作系统的实现来进行阻塞的。当然，这也更符合大家的猜想！
从上的代码我们也发现一点，底层在做许多事的时候，都不忘考虑线程中断，也就是说，即使在阻塞状态也是可以接收中断信号的，这为上层语言打开了方便之门。
如果要细说阻塞，其实还远没完，不过再往操作系统层面如何实现，就得再下点功夫，去翻翻资料了，把底线压在操作系统层面，大多数情况下也够用了！