一、什么是ViewBinding
View Binding是Android Studio 3.6推出的新特性,旨在替代findViewById(内部实现还是使用findViewById)。通过ViewBinding,可以更轻松地编写可与视图交互的代码。在模块中启用ViewBinding之后,系统会为该模块中的每个 XML 布局文件生成一个绑定类。绑定类的实例包含对在相应布局中具有 ID 的所有视图的直接引用。
在大多数情况下,视图绑定会替代 findViewById
注意:视图绑定在 Android Studio 3.6 Canary 11 及更高版本中可用
二、ViewBinding怎么使用
启用Viewbinding
在模块build.gradle文件android节点下添加如下代码
android {
viewBinding{
enabled = true
}
}
在 Android Studio 4.0 中,viewBinding 变成属性被整合到了 buildFeatures 选项中,所以配置要改成:
// Android Studio 4.0
android {
buildFeatures {
viewBinding = true
}
}
重新编译后系统会为每个布局文件生成对应的Binding类,该类中包含对应布局中具有 ID 的所有视图的直接引用。生成类的目录在 模块根目录/build/generated/data_binding_base_class_source_out下。
在Activity中使用
// activity_main.xml
ActivityMainBinding mViewBinding;
@Override
protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
mViewBinding = ActivityMainBinding.inflate(getLayoutInflater());
setContentView(mViewBinding.getRoot());
...
}
kotlin:
package androidstack.viewbinding
import android.os.Bundle
import androidstack.viewbinding.databinding.ActivityMainBinding
import androidx.appcompat.app.AppCompatActivity
class MainActivity : AppCompatActivity() {
private lateinit var binding: ActivityMainBinding
override fun onCreate(savedInstanceState: Bundle?) {
super.onCreate(savedInstanceState)
//获取绑定类实例
binding = ActivityMainBinding.inflate(layoutInflater)
//通过绑定类获取布局后,传给setContentView设置内容视图
setContentView(binding.root)
//通过绑定类获取对应的ID视图,进行操作
binding.tvHelloWorld.text = "视图绑定"
}
}
Binding文件名和布局中控件根据驼峰命名规则生成;
使用的时候在Activity的onCreate方法里调用其静态inflate方法,返回ViewBinding实例,通过ViewBinding实例可以直接访问布局文件中带id的控件,比如上面的TextView, mViewBinding.tvTextView
如果想在生成绑定类时忽略某个布局文件,将 tools:viewBindingIgnore="true"属性添加到相应布局文件的根视图中。
使用View Binding 写的基类
abstract class BaseActivity : AppCompatActivity() {
private lateinit var _binding: T
protected val binding get() = _binding;
override fun onCreate(savedInstanceState: Bundle?) {
super.onCreate(savedInstanceState)
_binding = getViewBinding()
setContentView(_binding.root)
}
protected abstract fun getViewBinding(): T
}
class MainActivity : BaseActivity() {
override fun onCreate(savedInstanceState: Bundle?) {
super.onCreate(savedInstanceState)
binding.textView.text = "这是MainActivity"
}
override fun getViewBinding() = ActivityMainBinding.inflate(layoutInflater)
}
abstract class BaseFragment : Fragment() {
private lateinit var _binding: T
protected val binding get() = _binding;
override fun onCreateView(
inflater: LayoutInflater,
container: ViewGroup?,
savedInstanceState: Bundle?
): View? {
_binding = getViewBinding(inflater, container)
return _binding.root
}
protected abstract fun getViewBinding(inflater: LayoutInflater, container: ViewGroup?): T
}
class FirstFragment : BaseFragment() {
override fun onViewCreated(view: View, savedInstanceState: Bundle?) {
super.onViewCreated(view, savedInstanceState)
binding.textView.text = "这是FirstFragment"
}
override fun getViewBinding(
inflater: LayoutInflater,
container: ViewGroup?
) = FragmentFirstBinding.inflate(inflater, container, false)
}
Fragment中使用
public class MyFragment extends Fragment {
private FragmentMyBinding binding;
public MyFragment() {
}
@Override
public void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
}
@Override
public View onCreateView(LayoutInflater inflater, ViewGroup container,
Bundle savedInstanceState) {
binding = FragmentMyBinding.inflate(inflater, container, false);
return binding.getRoot();
}
@Override
public void onViewCreated(@NonNull View view, @Nullable Bundle savedInstanceState) {
super.onViewCreated(view, savedInstanceState);
binding.textView.setText("这是Fragment");
binding.button.setOnClickListener(new View.OnClickListener() {
@Override
public void onClick(View view) {
Log.d("Fragment", "点击了按钮");
}
});
}
@Override
public void onDestroy() {
super.onDestroy();
binding = null;
}
在Dialog中的使用
class MyDialog extends Dialog {
protected View mView;
protected MyDialogBinding mBinding;
public MyDialog(@NonNull Context context) {
super(context,R.style.Dialog);
mBinding = MyDialogBinding.inflate(getLayoutInflater());
mView = mBinding.getRoot();
}
@Override
protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
setContentView(mView);
Window window = this.getWindow();
WindowManager.LayoutParams lp = window.getAttributes();
Display d = window.getWindowManager().getDefaultDisplay();
lp.width = (int) (d.getWidth() * 0.9F);
window.setAttributes(lp);
}
}
在 Adapter 中的使用
public class MainAdapter extends RecyclerView.Adapter {
private List mList;
public MainAdapter(List list) {
mList = list;
}
@NonNull
@Override
public MainAdapter.ViewHolder onCreateViewHolder(@NonNull ViewGroup parent, int viewType) {
//之前的写法
//View view = LayoutInflater.from(parent.getContext()).inflate(R.layout.layout_comment, parent, false);
//ViewHolder holder = new ViewHolder(view);
//使用ViewBinding的写法
LayoutCommentBinding commentBinding = LayoutCommentBinding.inflate(LayoutInflater.from(parent.getContext()), parent, false);
ViewHolder holder = new ViewHolder(commentBinding);
return holder;
}
@Override
public void onBindViewHolder(@NonNull MainAdapter.ViewHolder holder, int position) {
holder.mTextView.setText(mList.get(position));
}
@Override
public int getItemCount() {
return mList.size();
}
static class ViewHolder extends RecyclerView.ViewHolder {
TextView mTextView;
//之前的写法
//public ViewHolder(@NonNull View itemView) {
// super(itemView);
// mTextView = itemView.findViewById(R.id.tv_include);
//}
//使用ViewBinding的写法
ViewHolder(@NonNull LayoutCommentBinding commentBinding) {
super(commentBinding.getRoot());
mTextView = commentBinding.tvInclude;
}
}
}
自定义View中使用
如果我们的自定义View中使用了layout布局,比如layout_my_view.xml,如下
会生成一个名为LayoutMyViewViewBinding.java文件,在自定义View通过如下方式绑定,
public class MyView extends View {
public MyView (Context context) {
this(context, null);
}
public MyView (Context context, @Nullable AttributeSet attrs) {
this(context, attrs, 0);
}
public MyView (Context context, @Nullable AttributeSet attrs, int defStyleAttr) {
super(context, attrs, defStyleAttr);
LayoutMyViewViewBinding viewBinding = LayoutMyViewViewBinding.inflate(LayoutInflater.from(getContext()), this, true);
}
}
如果自定义View布局文件中使用merge标签,
此时要写成下面这个样子,
LayoutMyViewViewBinding viewBinding = LayoutMyViewViewBinding.inflate(LayoutInflater.from(context), this);
include 标签的使用
include 标签不带 merge 标签,需要给 include 标签添加 id, 直接使用 id 即可,用法如下所示。
ActivityMainBinding binding = ActivityMainBinding.inflate(layoutInflater);
binding.include.includeTvTitle.setText("使用 include 布局中的控件, 不包含 merge");
include 标签带 merge 标签,需要通过bind()将merge布局绑定到主布局上,用法如下所示。
ActivityMainBinding binding = ActivityMainBinding.inflate(layoutInflater);
LayoutMergeItemBinding mergeItemBinding = LayoutMergeItemBinding.bind(binding.getRoot());
mergeItemBinding.mergeTvTitle.setText("使用 include 布局中的控件, 包含 merge");
三、原理
原理就是Google在那个用来编译的gradle插件中增加了新功能,当某个module开启ViewBinding功能后,编译的时候就去扫描此模块下的layout文件,生成对应的binding类。
public final class ActivityMainBinding implements ViewBinding {
@NonNull
private final ConstraintLayout rootView;
@NonNull
public final TextView tvTextView;
private ActivityMainBinding(@NonNull ConstraintLayout rootView,
@NonNull TextView rvDataList) {
this.rootView = rootView;
this.tvTextView = tvTextView;
}
@Override
@NonNull
public ConstraintLayout getRoot() {
return rootView;
}
@NonNull
public static ActivityMainBinding inflate(@NonNull LayoutInflater inflater) {
return inflate(inflater, null, false);
}
@NonNull
public static ActivityMainBinding inflate(@NonNull LayoutInflater inflater,
@Nullable ViewGroup parent, boolean attachToParent) {
View root = inflater.inflate(R.layout.activity_main, parent, false);
if (attachToParent) {
parent.addView(root);
}
return bind(root);
}
@NonNull
public static ActivityMainBinding bind(@NonNull View rootView) {
// The body of this method is generated in a way you would not otherwise write.
// This is done to optimize the compiled bytecode for size and performance.
String missingId;
missingId:
{
TextView tvTextView = rootView.findViewById(R.id.tv_text);
if (tvTextView == null) {
missingId = "tvTextView";
break missingId;
}
return new ActivityMainBinding((ConstraintLayout) rootView, tvTextView);
}
throw new NullPointerException("Missing required view with ID: ".concat(missingId));
}
}
可以看出,最终使用的仍然是findViewById,和ButterKnife异曲同工,不同的是ButterKnife通过编译时注解生成ViewBinding类,而ViewBinding是通过编译时扫描layout文件生成ViewBinding类。
四、与findViewById相比优点
与使用 findViewById 相比,视图绑定具有一些很显著的优点:
- Null 安全:由于视图绑定会创建对视图的直接引用,因此不存在因视图 ID 无效而引发 Null 指针异常的风险。此外,如果视图仅出现在布局的某些配置中(比如横竖屏布局内容差异),则绑定类中包含其引用的字段会使用 @Nullable 标记。
- 类型安全:每个绑定类中的字段均具有与它们在 XML 文件中引用的视图相匹配的类型。这意味着不存在发生类转换异常的风险。
这些差异意味着布局和代码之间的不兼容将会导致构建在编译时(而非运行时)失败。