考研英语 之 长难句

1月6日

词汇（1.6）

occupy 占领，使用，住在， 使从事，使忙碌，任职
occupation 职业；占有；消遣；占有期
Ukraine 乌克兰
Rassia 俄罗斯
NATO 北大西洋公约组织
Finland 芬兰
Finlandization 芬兰化，维护国家主权的同时不挑战更强大邻国的决定
Chauvinism 沙文主义，侵略性的民族主义
socialism 社会主义，集体主义
reason 理性
passion 感性
sloth 懒惰
lazy 懒惰
industry 工厂、勤劳
redouble 使加倍
help each other 互相帮助（双方）
help one another 互相帮助（多方）
ralely 很少地
nutrition 营养
observe 观察
community 社区、小区
extended family 大家庭
informal flow 非正式的渠道

1. 简单句

1.1简单句的定义

1. 只有一个v.

2. v.分为实义动词与系动词（表联系）

1.2被动语态

1. 主动语态：

I love u
The sun rise

2. 被动语态

be done
u loved by me
Rice is eaten (by me)
They will discuss the plan at the meeting（地点状语）
改为被动：The plan will be discussed by they at the meeting
Ukraine was occupied by Rassia
(使用名词短语显得句子更高级)
Ukraine was under Rassia's occupation
television was under my control

1.3定语（修饰n.）

1. 定语分为前置定语与后置定语（汉语中只有前置定语）

1. 前置定语（单个形容词）

clear water
a lovely dogs

2. 后置定语（短语作为定语）

a girl in the room
a teacher come from China

写作时多使用后置定语

The beautiful and round sun breaking the darkness rises.

2. ⭐后置定语可以多个叠加（翻译由后向前）

The role of natural selection(1) in evalution(2) was formulated
The selective role of the environment(1) in shaping and maintaining the behavior(2) of the individua(3) is only beginning to be recognized and studied

1.4同位语（作为主语、宾语）

1. 在主语的前面后者后面，用','或'-'隔开

2. 翻译时分开翻译（见例子）

He , a handsome man, is our ……
She , a beautiful girl, is from China, an old and great country
翻译：她是一个漂亮的女孩，她来自中国，中国是一个古老且伟大的国家

3. 插入形式，破坏句子完整性

1. 写作时可使用2次

1.5状语（修饰v.\句子）

1. 分为修饰动词的状语与修饰句子的状语

1. 修饰动词的状语（表示动作的程度：XX地）

2. 修饰句子的状语（表示句子的背景：时间、地点、原因、目的、伴随……，翻译放最前面）

2. 可以放在句子的任何位置

I love u with all my heart
with all my heart I love u （知识点2.）
She goes to school quietly （1.a） every early morning （1.b）
翻译：每天一大早（1.b），他悄悄的去学校

1.6写作的规则

1. 写作时可使用2次同位语

2. 多写后置定语

2. 长难句（2个动词）

2.1并列句（两个v.同等重要）

1. 顺接

表顺接的连接词	含义
… and … All things are easy to industry and all things are difficult to sloth.	...和...（两者都）
both ... and ...
not only … but .. .as well	不但…而且
not only ... but also ...
not only ... but ...

and前后的句子成分可能省略

2. 选择

表选择的连接词	含义
… or … We must redouble our efforts, or we will never be able to catch up with the others.	...或者...（二选一）
either ... or ...
neither … nor … We neither understand nor respect each other.	既不...也不...（都不选）

3. 转折

表转折的连接词	含义
… but … Honey is sweet, but bee stings.	...但是...
… yet … We have studied English for only a year, yet we can act English plays already

4. 因果

表因果的连接词	含义
… for … We rarely stay in hotels, for we can't afford it	…因为…
… so … Smith is coming here tomorrow, so you might as well come with him.	…所以…

作业（1.6）

（增强对被动语态的敏感性）
考研不直接考这种被动语态，而是出现在完型中
答案：
The plan will be discussed by them at the meeting.
The student was given some books by us.
The house was painted white by ...
(主语太长：用it做形式主语，即主语重聚)
it was said that???

答案：
直到那个政策 得到解决，

阅读技巧：
a. but前面都不重要（例如第二段段首为but）

1.7

intellectual 知识分子
issue v. 颁布
fashion n.流行 v. 制订
until 直到
tend to do std 趋向于做（我们往往、总是……）
think ... as ... 把…当作…
v. ... as ... 把...当作...
when it came to 固定搭配：当谈论到
reflect 反映了
in combination with 加上、和
Justice 正义、大法官
acknowledge 承认
figures 数字
charge 制约、主管、收费、充电、起诉（sue）、负责 n.电流

2.2主从复合句（v.有主次区别）

2.2.1什么是从句

从句作为主句句子成分的一部分

2.2.2名词性从句

属于句子的主要部分：主、宾、表
次要成分：同、定

1. 宾语从句(写作)

1. 宾语从句表观点，主句谓语可以统一翻译为“认为”

(acknowledge\remember...都是一些表观点的词)

2. 名词性从句的时态主从一致(除非真理性句子)

3. 位置：v后尾巴接一个从句、基本就是宾语从句

4. 宾语从句后置，it做形式宾语

5. 补语从句也是宾语从句

什么是宾语从句:
例句：Justice(法官) Kennedy wrote that the previous decisions(判决rule) were flawed .
He admitted it. -> He admitted that he had ...
句子转换：
(1) Dr.W acknowledge ( that ) there figures are conservative.
(2) Where did we put the keys just a moment ago?
We suddenly can't remember where we put the key.
(3) (一般疑问句) Are other clients going to abandon me, too?
I don't know whether/if other clients are going to abandon me.

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翻译练习：
（1）我知道你想买什么
I know what you want to buy
（2）地理老师说地球围绕太阳转
The geography teacher said that the earth goes/move around the sun
（3）妈妈问我是否认识那个男孩
My mother asks me if/whether I know that boy.
（4）我想知道六级用什么材料
I wonder what reference books should be used in CET-6 text.
（5）你能告诉我哈佛的奖学金是多少吗
Could you tell me How mach the scholarship is?
（6） 我认为 那部电影 不 是有趣的
I don't think that the file is interersting.

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宾语从句后置 ， it 形式宾语 ：①完型、②作文
That kind of activity makes it less likely that the court's decisions will be accepted as impartial judgments.
你热情的帮助 让我 度过了一段愉快的时光 成为可能
Your warm help made it possibie that I spent a happy time and I know how the country...

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什么是补语：（补充说明宾语与表语）
I make the thing clear 复合宾语（宾语补足语）
补语:结构上以“主语 + 及物动词 + 宾语 + 补语”的形式呈
We call her the ice queen.（对宾语的称呼）
I found the book quite interesting.（宾语的特点）
You should leave the door open.（宾语的状态）
I require you to buy something for me.（宾语接下来要做的事情）

2. 表语从句

1. 表语：主系表中系动词表联系

什么是表语：
I am a student.（表明主语的身份）
He looks tired.（表明主语的状态）
This tree has grown so tall.（表明主语的特征）
The book was on the table.（表明主语的位置）

3. 主语从句（翻译、写作）

1. 主语从句后置，it做形式宾语（通常只有That开头的句子才能后置）

例句
That everyone's too busy these days is a cliché(出自法语：陈词滥调).
主系表结构：She is known to us all
将主语改为主语从句： That she is a rich woman is known to us all (有 连动结构就是从句)

（1） That the seas are being overfished has been known for years
后置转换： It has been known for years that the seas are being overfished
翻译：海洋被过度捕捞，这件事已经为人所知很多年了
（2） whether(if不能放开头) she will come isn't clear
中文：他是否会来不清楚
后置转换： 一般不能转换
（3） Who gets the job remain unkown
中文：谁得到这份工作不清楚
后置转换： 一般不能转换
（4）人们压力很大、很孤单是很普遍的
people are stressed is common.
It is common that people are stressed

主语从句考研 句形模板（主语从句后置）
（1） It is done + 主语从句（表人们看法）
例：Ten years ago on Monday , it was announced that the Games of the 30th Olympiad would be in London.
（2） It is +adj./n + 主语从句（表评价）
例：So it's not surprising that people are more stressed at home.
Second, it is surely a good thing that the money and attention come to science rather than go else where.

被动转换（宾\表语从句改主语从句）
2. 很多人认为养宠物能缓解孤单
people believe that keeping pets can reduce lonliness.
It is believed that keeping pets can reduce lonliness by people.

翻译：
（1）So it's not surprising that people are more stressed at home.
所以，人们呆在家里压力更大，这并不令人意外。
因此，毫不意外的是，人们呆在家里压力更大。
（2）Second, it is surely a good thing that the money and attention come to science rather than go elsewhere.
其次，将金钱和关注度投入到科研而不是其他地方，这真的是个好事。

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短语补充：
（1）A rather than B（同级关系）
I like apples rather than bananas.
同意转换： Instance of 更适合放开头
（2）A other than B（上下级关系）
I like fruit other than bananas.
前后对仗：选1

作业：

拥有：有生命：have；地点：there be
3：whether ...(or not) if ...（不能加or not）

小作文（推荐信）：10分（10-15min，120word）

recommend :推荐，recommendation 意见
评分标准： 格式和 语域（分为正式与非正式语域）
推荐信（应用文）：非正式、口语化、缩写，随意……
编一个名字，对象观念
正式与非正式判断依据：由写信对象而决定

流程
①Dear Sir or Madam，Dear Neo,
②第一段：自我介绍\寒暄， How time flies

满分例文（10分）

I am looking forward to you reply, best wish to you,

1.8

单词

inquire 询问inquiring
6-7月应该把英语都学完，后面巩固
作文：出现一篇消灭一篇！
form 形式
formulation = explain 阐述
be aware of 意识到
share 股票
shareholder 股东
retailer 零售商
hypotheses

区分定语从句与同位语从句

The news that he had been back surprised us all.
同位语从句： 解释说明，不缺成分
翻译： 他已经回来了， 这个消息震惊了我们所有人。
The news that he told us suprised us all.
定语从句： 限定修饰（特征）
翻译： 他告诉我们的 消息震惊我们所有人。

1. 同位语从句

1. 抽象名词有必要解释（大概率）

2. 句子不缺成分

抽象名词：
fact, point要点, belief信仰, faith, claim声明, report报道, worry担忧, advantage, evidence,
indication, implication, insight, probability, requirement, idea

The news that he had been back surprised us all. 主谓宾齐全，不缺成分

2. 定语从句（不用记介词，不考）

1. 定语作用：限定修饰

2. 任何名词都可以有定语从句（区别语同位语从句）

3. ⭐连词在从句中有意义：与前面的名词有关

4. 翻译：①前置（XX的），②放在后面另起一句

Law is a （ 先行词 ） discipline(学科，纪律，训练) which encourages responsible judgment.

介词在从句中做宾语可以省略
whom：做宾语
⭐ n. 后面有主谓，一定是定从

The idea that some groups of people may be more intelligent than others(同位语) is one of those hypotheses(假设) that dare not speak its name(同从).
翻译：①一些群体的人可能会比其他人聪明，这种观点是众多 不能公开的 假设的一种。
②一些群体的人可能会比其他人聪明，这种观点是众多假设的一种， 这种假设是不能公开的 。

判断定语从句的技巧：
介词+which：定语从句，状语
n. 主谓：定语从句

1.9

单词：

state 州
states 陈述
immigrant 移民（入）
emigrants 移民（出）
fashion 制订颁布 n.流行
XX... as ... 把...当做

定语从句：
这是我昨天买的自行车。
This is a bike which/that I bought yesterday.
他是我昨天遇见的男孩。
He is the boy I meet yesterday.
这是我们买玩具的商店。
This is a shop where we buy toys.
介词提前：
This is a shop in which we buy toys.（做地点状语用介词+which）
a table on which we put toys
He is the boy with whom I talk

限定性定语从句 与 非限定性定语从句（用 ',' 隔开）

He will call his friend who is working in London.
He will call his mother, who is working in London.(非限定性定语从句)
非限定性定语从句:
He gave me the latter, which was in a blue envelope.
I don't like the boy, who is selfish.

翻译：
He studied hard at school, which contributes a lot to his future.
which:指代前面整个句子
He was late for school, which was usual with him.
He was late for school, as was usual with him. (as 作为非限位置灵活)
= As was usual with him，He was late for school

1.10

单词与短语积累：

eco-friendly 生态友好型
I am often exposed to TV. 看电视
capital 资本、资金，首都、省会，大写字母
资金：money、fund、cash
case 事件、病例、案例
potential 潜力

Yet, being friendly is a virtue that many Americans value highly and expect

One such cause now seeks to end biomedical research（生物医学的研究） because of the theory（状语） that animals have rights ruling out（禁止） their use in research.（同位语从句）

I think that the kinds of things that women are exposed（暴露） to tend to（往往） be in more of a chronic（长期性） or repeated（反复性） nature（自然、性质、特征）.
我认为那种妇女面对的事情往往更具有长期性和反复性。

That the plates（盘子、板块） are moving is now beyond dispute（在移动）.
不容置疑的是，板块正在移动。

While traditional “paid”media -- such as television commercial and print advertisement -- still play a major role, companies today can exploit many alternative forms of media.

状语从句

1. 修饰句子，表明句子发生的背景

2. 位置灵活

3. 考点：引导词的意思

时间、地点、条件、原因、目的、结果、让步、方式等...
I am happy when\because\if ...
When the US built its industrial infrastructure, it didn't have the capital

As the economy picks up, opportunities will abound for aspiring leaders.
As：可以做时间、原因背景

特殊连接词：
I will go there directly, 我直接去那
I will go there directly(连词) I get up. 我一起床就去那

副词从句类型	常用连接词	特殊连接词
时间状语从句	当...时：When,while,as 在...之前：before 在...之后：after 自从：since 直到：till,until 一...就...：as soon as while + Ving：表示当... while一定加ing	统一翻译成：一...就...（只有后面接句子） 1. 一些时间名词：the moment,the instant,the minute,the day,next time,every time 2. 一些副词：instantly,immediately,directly I will go there directly, 我直接去那 I will go there directly(连词) I get up. 我一起床就 3. 固定搭配的连词： no sooner...than,hardly...when,scarcely...when He had no sooner arrived home than he was asked to start on another journey.
地点状语从句（几乎不考）	where 谚语：哪里有，哪里就有 where there is love, there is sunshine.	wherever,anywhere,everywhere
原因状语从句	Because,as,for,since 翻译：既然 since：引导：时间、原因 As the economy picks up, opportunities will abound for aspiring leaders.翻译合理既可	seeing that,considering that,now that,given that, in that,in as much as,in so much as
⭐目的状语从句 与结果状语从句区别：一个没发生，一个发生了。	so that,in order that,that so that 既能引导目的、也能引导结果 so that + can/could：以便于能做某事（在考试时能用can判断）	以防，唯恐，生怕：Lest,for fear that,in case（反向目的） 以便于：In the hope that,no purpose that,for the purpose that,to the end that+句子=so that：为了。以便 分为正向目的和方向目的
⭐结果状语从句	so...that(太...以致于),so that, such...that（如此..以至于）	such that,to the degree that,to the extent that,to such a degree that,such an extent that（不考）
条件状语从句 ①主将从现	If,unless(除非) 这件事情满足了就能发生 If weather is fine, we will go climbing. =unless weather is not fine, we will go climbing.	suppose,supposing,providing,provided+句子 (注意：supposed,provide不用作状语从句的连词) on condition that,so long as,as long as 单独使用：suppose 假设、provide 提供
让步状语从句 反向背景，强调主句：虽然但是，然而... 虽然菜很好吃，但我不吃(相反) 作文多写	although(自带but),though,even though,even if（虽然...但是、尽管...然而…、而、虽） although+/-, -/+ Althought she is beautiful, think she is ugly	while(一般用在句首),as(用于倒装结构)； wh-ever,whatever,whoever,whichever,however,wh enever,wherever,whether...or... (无论...何) as adj. as+主谓结构用在句首 while区别时间状语从句
方式状语从句（考的少）	She treats him as if/as though he were(虚拟语气) her own child.好像

still

As的六大用法整理

0225_class2

[email protected]
循序渐进、一天2小时，不能间断

days and months multiplying

1--------------
unfold展开
Intellectual智力
qui que找寻
require要求 question智力的
enquiry 询问
extreme极端
the UK
impressive 令人 印象 深刻 impress打动
Endeavor to do = 努力
chow En-Lai
thomas wade威妥玛：fukien Shang Chang Kai-shek Sun Yat-sen fuchow Mao Tse-tung

2--------------
Poverty 贫困 alleviation减轻 policy政策
My husband has a Love affair风流韵事
thought思维
She developed a hobby of singing when
Developing the film 洗胶卷
Habitual thought 习惯性的思维、社会惯性思维的结构
We will solve air pollution (problem)
Average (level)
ecology生态
Take pain忍住痛

3--------------
Domestic国内
Workforce劳动力
Eurpeans Asians
potential competitor潜在竞争对手
significant重要
Narrow retreat狭窄的撤退：
decline下降
Fading褪色
Shrink收缩
vanish消失
Disappear消失
quickly迅速

4--------------
Textile 纺织业
Cars机床
on the ropes 岌岌可危
Semi final
conductor 导体
Chip网络芯片： chip mounter贴片机
withdrawn退出： One of the company's backer has withdrawn. 公司的赞助人之一已经退出
Auto自动：automobile汽车
domestic国内
take sth for granted认为理所当然

5--------------
Failing失败
inquiry询问 ask quetion
casualty伤亡
竞争：peer pressure同辈压力
infer推断 maybe
Contribute = lead to
effortless 不費力的
solid稳定 struggle挣扎
devalued dollar贬值
turning：turning of the business cycle商业周期的转变

6--------------
yield to 屈服：All the cars should yiely to the walkers.
yield产量
Field田
blind pride：自我怀疑屈服于盲目的骄傲：self doubt has yielded to blind pride
dean 院长
think tank 智库
MBA企业管理
retail零售 whlesale批发
Drama戏剧、歌剧
Dramatic具有戏剧性的 “抓马”

7--------------
goolmy upset不开心

0226_class3

P131的单词
P23的短文
作业：
P24翻译

days and months multiplying

1--------------
a proper amount of rest 适量的睡眠
energy resources 体力、精力
Purchase n. v.买
I made purchase a bag 小词： do\make\catch\get\become
Take a walk\bath
stand to reason = 显然的
rid -> ridden 使变红
Run down = tired
Though 虽然
lacking energy 缺乏精神

2--------------
go to school 去上学 go to the school去学校
go to bed 睡觉
go to sleep v. 延续性动词 sleep
Poem transport feelings
degree 度 Experience 经验 indicate v. 这就意味着
creat -> creation 抽象名词 creative 传造性
Cooperation合作 individual个人 Comfort 安慰 gloomy悲观 Anxiety焦虑
Restroom厕所 wc：water closet（close）厕所（旧
Take a break
Winter break寒假 、vocation短假、holly神圣holiday

3--------------
still don't feel energetic 无精打采
once be bound to do注定
in bed 在床上
at a loss 茫然 on the ropes （绳子） 岌岌可危 固定搭配先记
logic 逻辑
adequate amount of sleep 充足的睡眠时间
Anxiety焦虑 information信息 Recharge 重获体能 ·
，for = because
Battery = energy resourse 高级同义替换
The basktball 替换：the ball\sport

4--------------
retreat 撤退
fade 撤退
Oil shock 石油危机 Culture shock文化冲击
headline指坏消息，大新闻
The earthquake has made the headline in the news.
suspension停滞不前（stop） sus\sub=下subway;pend悬挂pendant、pending悬挂
as the same time 与此同时
sphere球 semi hemi半
Grip = hold tightly
winter grip 冬天来袭、席卷

5--------------
spec看
respect再次看->尊敬 inspect 向里看->巡查
expect 向外看，出口 suspect向下看，怀疑
Sequ = order
Sequel下一部
sub next
Severe 严重
Less severe = so where are the headlines
汽油：Pump美式 petrol 英式 Pump station Pump my car
addicted上瘾

6--------------
Taxi cab driver 出租
police cop killer警察杀手
Conservatuion serve = keep 维持
Reserve 储备 reserve 2 seats. reservation of 2.Natural reserve保护区
I'm a reserved person
Preserve：preserve the environment. 保护
protect tect保护
strawberry preserve 草莓酱
conservative 保守的 Traditional 传统的
oil consumption 油耗

7--------------
Consultant 咨询师
chip油炸

0305_class4

P139\140\17

Apparently 显然地 apparent 表观
the implicatiom of the picture can be explained from an action
vital 珍贵的 vital v live
significant 至关重要的
Essential
deny否认
achieve 达到
ambition 野心
illustrate 说明
fa = 说话
点餐：want (rude)-> would i have\ Would like to\ May i have
cram 压缩填满
cram learing 抱佛脚
shifted 转型
Squeezed 精简
Inflation通货膨胀 flat in
emerge出现 emerging
merge merger
The ship is sinking sink(Merge)
Emerge
Emergency room ICU
Emerging company 新兴
merge 合并
merge with the other company
Immersive reading 身临其境
index指标 indicate
Monopoly 垄断、大富翁
mono = alone
monologue独白 dialogue对话
place an order 下单
shippment运输 shipper
Delivery man 交货 商人
Dignity 尊严 （Big nity）
prehend
comprehension 理解

Argue 认为
Trust 托拉斯 (trust) ，是资本主义垄断组织的一种形式
competitor 竞争
typical普通的 典型的
capture catch抓住
The food appeals to appealing
appeal 呼吁、上诉、不服
case 文件袋、例子
phone case
subscribe 订阅

同位语的处理

Apple, a kind of fruid, is delicious.

the fact that I was still alive was ignored.

fact等可解释性词语：基本都是同位语

If …… ，we will 主将从现（状语从句）

the more action we take, the more likely we are to accumulate Experience

倒装：

Here comes the bus.

At the pg run a boy

in the river swim a group of boys.

their