MySQL(四)——约束
概述:项目开发中,在进行数据库表结构设计时,会根据业务需求及业务模块之间的关系,分析并设计表结构,由于业务之间相互关联,所以各个表结构之间也存在着各种联系,基本分为三种:
一个部门对应多个员工,一个员工对应一个部门
实现:在多的一方建立外键,指向一的一方的主键
一个学生可以选修多门课程,一门课程也可以供多个学生选择
实现:建立第三张中间表,中间表至少包含两个外键,分别关联两方主键
create table student(
id int auto_increment primary key comment '主键ID', name varchar(10) comment '姓名',
no varchar(10) comment '学号'
) comment '学生表';
insert into student values (null, '黛绮丝', '2000100101'),(null, '谢逊', '2000100102'),(null, '殷天正', '2000100103'),(null, '韦一笑', '2000100104');
create table course(
id int auto_increment primary key comment '主键ID', name varchar(10) comment '课程名称'
) comment '课程表';
insert into course values (null, 'Java'), (null, 'PHP'), (null , 'MySQL') , (null, 'Hadoop');
create table student_course(
id int auto_increment comment '主键' primary key,
studentid int not null comment '学生ID',
courseid int not null comment '课程ID',
constraint fk_courseid foreign key (courseid) references course (id), constraint fk_studentid foreign key (studentid) references student (id)
)comment '学生课程中间表';
insert into student_course values (null,1,1),(null,1,2),(null,1,3),(null,2,2),
(null,2,3),(null,3,4);
一对一关系,多用于单表拆分,将一张表的基础字段放在一张表中,其他详情字段放在另一张表中,以提升操作效率
实现:在任意一方加入外键,关联另外一方的主键,并且设置外键为唯一的(UNQUE)
create table tb_user(
id int auto_increment primary key comment '主键ID', name varchar(10) comment '姓名',
age int comment '年龄',
gender char(1) comment '1: 男 , 2: 女',
phone char(11) comment '手机号'
) comment '用户基本信息表';
create table tb_user_edu(
id int auto_increment primary key comment '主键ID', degree varchar(20) comment '学历',
major varchar(50) comment '专业',
primaryschool varchar(50) comment '小学',
middleschool varchar(50) comment '中学',
university varchar(50) comment '大学',
userid int unique comment '用户ID',
constraint fk_userid foreign key (userid) references tb_user(id)
) comment '用户教育信息表';
insert into tb_user(id, name, age, gender, phone) values (null,'黄渤',45,'1','18800001111'), (null,'冰冰',35,'2','18800002222'), (null,'码云',55,'1','18800008888'), (null,'李彦宏',50,'1','18800009999');
insert into tb_user_edu(id, degree, major, primaryschool, middleschool,
university, userid) values
(null,'本科','舞蹈','静安区第一小学','静安区第一中学','北京舞蹈学院',1), (null,'硕士','表演','朝阳区第一小学','朝阳区第一中学','北京电影学院',2), (null,'本科','英语','杭州市第一小学','杭州市第一中学','杭州师范大学',3), (null,'本科','应用数学','阳泉第一小学','阳泉区第一中学','清华大学',4);
create table dept(
id int auto_increment comment 'ID' primary key,
name varchar(50) not null comment '部门名称'
)comment '部门表';
INSERT INTO dept (id, name) VALUES (1, '研发部'), (2, '市场部'),(3, '财务部'), (4, '销售部'), (5, '总经办'), (6, '人事部');
create table emp(
id int auto_increment comment 'ID' primary key,
name varchar(50) not null comment '姓名',
age int comment '年龄',
job varchar(20) comment '职位',
salary int comment '薪资',
entrydate date comment '入职时间',
managerid int comment '直属领导ID',
dept_id int comment '部门ID'
)comment '员工表';
INSERT INTO emp (id, name, age, job,salary, entrydate, managerid, dept_id)
VALUES
(1, '金庸', 66, '总裁',20000, '2000-01-01', null,5),(2, '张无忌', 20, '项目经理',12500, '2005-12-05', 1,1),
(3, '杨逍', 33, '开发', 8400,'2000-11-03', 2,1),(4, '韦一笑', 48, '开发',11000, '2002-02-05', 2,1),
(5, '常遇春', 43, '开发',10500, '2004-09-07', 3,1),(6, '小昭', 19, '程序员鼓励师',6600, '2004-10-12', 2,1),
(7, '灭绝', 60, '财务总监',8500, '2002-09-12', 1,3), (8, '周芷若', 19, '会计',48000, '2006-06-02', 7,3),
(9, '丁敏君', 23, '出纳',5250, '2009-05-13', 7,3),
(10, '赵敏', 20, '市场部总监',12500, '2004-10-12', 1,2), (11, '鹿杖客', 56, '职员',3750, '2006-10-03', 10,2), (12, '鹤笔翁', 19, '职员',3750, '2007-05-09', 10,2), (13, '方东白', 19, '职员',5500, '2009-02-12', 10,2), (14, '张三丰', 88, '销售总监',14000, '2004-10-12', 1,4), (15, '俞莲舟', 38, '销售',4600, '2004-10-12', 14,4), (16, '宋远桥', 40, '销售',4600, '2004-10-12', 14,4), (17, '陈友谅', 42, null,2000, '2011-10-12', 1,null);
alter table emp add constraint fk_emp_dept_id foreign key (dept_id) references dept(id);
select * from emp,dept;
102条结果
笛卡尔积:在数学中,两个集合A集合和B集合的所有组合情况,在多表查询时,需要消除无效的笛卡尔积
select * from emp,dept where emp.dept_id = dept.id order by emp.id;
内连接:相当于查询A、B交集部分数据
外连接:
自连接:当前表与自身的连接查询,自连接必须使用表别名
SELECT 字段列表 FROM 表1,表2 WHERE 条件...;
select emp.name,dept.name from emp,dept where emp.dept_id = dept.id;
/*表起了别名之后只能使用别名*/
select e.name,d.name from emp e,dept d where e.dept_id = d.id;
SELECT 字段列表 FROM 表1 [INNER] JOIN 表2 ON 连接条件...;
select e.name,d.name from emp e inner join dept d on e.dept_id = d.id ;
SELECT 字段列表 FROM 表1 LEFT [OUTER] JOIN 表2 ON 条件...;
相当于查询表1(左表)的所有数据包含表1和表2交集部分的数据
select e.*,d.name from emp e left outer join dept d on d.id = e.dept_id;
SELECT 字段列表 FROM 表1 RIGHT [OUTER] JOIN 表2 ON 条件...;
相当于查询表2(右表)的所有数据包含表1和表2交集部分的数据
select d.*,e.* from emp e right join dept d on d.id = e.dept_id;
select d.*,e.* from dept d left join emp e on d.id = e.dept_id;
SELECT 字段列表 FROM 表A 别名A JOIN 表A 别名B ON 条件...;
自连接查询,可以是内连接查询,也可以是外连接查询
select e.name '员工',m.name '领导' from emp e join emp m on e.managerid = m.id;
select e.name '员工',m.name '领导' from emp e,emp m where e.managerid = m.id;
select m.name '员工',e.name '领导' from emp m left join emp e on m.managerid = e.id;
多次查询的结果合并起来,形成一个新的查询结果集
SELECT 字段列表 FROM 表A...
UNION [ALL]
SELECT 字段列表 FROM 表B...;
/*union all直接合并结果,所以有重复数据*/
select * from emp where salary < 5000
union all
select * from emp where age > 50;
/*union会把重复数据删掉*/
select * from emp where salary < 5000
union
select * from emp where age > 50;
对于联合查询的多张表的列数必须保持一致,字段类型也需要保持一致
union all会将全部的数据直接合并在一起,union会对合并之后的数据去重
SQL语句中嵌套SELECT语句,称为嵌套查询,又称为子查询
SELECT * FROM t1 WHERE column1 = (SELECT column1 FROM t2);
子查询外部的语句可以是INSERT/UPDATE/DELETE/SELECT中的任何一个
根据子查询结果不同,分为:
根据子查询位置,分为WHERE之后、FROM之后、SELECT之后
子查询返回的结果是单个值(数字、字符串、日期等),最简单的形式
常用的操作符:= <> > >= < <=
select * from emp where dept_id = (
select id from dept where name = '销售部'
);
select * from emp where entrydate > (
select entrydate from emp where name = '方东白'
);
子查询返回的结果是一列(可以是多行)
常用的操作符:IN、NOT IN、ANY、SOME、ALL
操作符 | 描述 |
---|---|
IN | 在指定的集合范围之内,多选一 |
NOT IN | 不在指定的集合范围之内 |
ANY | 子查询返回列表中,有任意一个满足即可 |
SOME | 与ANY等同,使用SOME的地方都可以使用ANY |
ALL | 子查询返回列表的所有值都必须满足 |
select * from emp where dept_id in (
select id from dept where name = '销售部' or name = '市场部'
);
select * from emp where salary > (
select max(salary) from emp where dept_id = (
select id from dept where name = '财务部'
)
);
select * from emp where salary > all(
select salary from emp where dept_id = (
select id from dept where name = '财务部'
)
);
select * from emp where salary > any(
select salary from emp where dept_id = (
select id from dept where name = '研发部'
)
);
子查询返回的结果是一行(可以是多列)
常用的操作符:=、<>、IN、NOT IN
select * from emp where salary = (
select salary
from emp
where name = '张无忌')
and managerid = (
select managerid
from emp
where name = '张无忌');
select * from emp where (salary, managerid) = (
select salary, managerid from emp where name = '张无忌'
);
子查询返回的结果是多行多列
常用的操作符:IN
/*查询与鹿杖客,宋远桥的职位和薪资相同的员工信息*/
select * from emp where (job, salary) in (select job, salary from emp where name in ('鹿杖客', '宋远桥'));
/*查询入职日期是2006-01-01之后的员工信息,及其部门信息*/
select e.*,dept.* from (select * from emp where entrydate > '2006-01-01') e left join dept on e.dept_id = dept.id;
create table salgrade(
grade int,
losal int,
hisal int
) comment '薪资等级表';
insert into salgrade values (1,0,3000);
insert into salgrade values (2,3001,5000);
insert into salgrade values (3,5001,8000);
insert into salgrade values (4,8001,10000);
insert into salgrade values (5,10001,15000);
insert into salgrade values (6,15001,20000);
insert into salgrade values (7,20001,25000);
insert into salgrade values (8,25001,30000);
/*查询员工的姓名、年龄、职位、部门信息*/
select e.name,e.age,e.job,d.name from emp e left join dept d on d.id = e.dept_id;
/*查询年龄小于30岁的员工姓名、年龄、职位、部门信息*/
select e.name,e.age,e.job,d.name from emp e left join dept d on d.id = e.dept_id where e.age < 30;
/*查询拥有员工的部门ID、部门名称*/
select distinct d.id,d.name from emp e,dept d where d.id = e.dept_id;
/*查询所有年龄大于40岁的员工,及其归属的部门名称;如果员工没有分配部门,也需要展示出来*/
select e.*,d.name from emp e left join dept d on d.id = e.dept_id where e.age > 40;
/*查询所有员工的工资等级*/
select e.*,s.grade from emp e left join salgrade s on e.salary >= s.losal and e.salary <= s.hisal;
/*查询研发部所有员工的信息及工资等级*/
select y.*, s.grade from (select e.* from emp e,dept d where e.dept_id = d.id and d.name = '研发部') y left join salgrade s on y.salary between s.losal and s.hisal;
select * from emp e,dept d,salgrade s where e.dept_id = d.id and d.name = '研发部' and (e.salary between s.losal and s.hisal);
/*查询研发部员工的平均薪资*/
select avg(e.salary) from emp e left join dept d on d.id = e.dept_id where d.name = '研发部';
/*查询工资比灭绝高的员工信息*/
select * from emp e where e.salary > (
select salary from emp e where e.name = '灭绝'
);
/*查询比平均薪资高的员工信息*/
select * from emp e where e.salary > (
select avg(e.salary) from emp e
);
/*查询低于本部门平均工资的员工信息*/
select e1.* from emp e1 where e1.salary < (
select avg(e2.salary) from emp e2 where e1.dept_id = e2.dept_id
);
select *,(select avg(e2.salary) from emp e2 where e2.dept_id = e1.dept_id) from emp e1 where e1.salary < (
select avg(e2.salary) from emp e2 where e1.dept_id = e2.dept_id
);
/*查询所有的部门信息,并统计部门的员工人数*/
select n.name,count(n.id) from (select e.id,d.name from emp e right join dept d on e.dept_id = d.id) n group by n.name ;
select d.id,d.name,(select count(*) from emp e where e.dept_id = d.id) '人数' from dept d;
/*查询所有学生的选课情况,展示出学生名称、学号、课程名称*/
select c.name, c.no, course.name from (select student.name,student.no,student_course.courseid from student left join student_course on student.id = student_course.studentid) c left join course on c.courseid = course.id;
一对多:在多的一方设置外键,关联一的一方的主键
多对多:建立中间表,中间表包含两个外键,关联两张表的主键
一对一:用于表结构拆分,在其中任何一方设置外键(UNIQUE),关联另一方的主键