Unit 1：How to Write an Introduction
目录
1.1 structure （论文整个的结构）
1.2 Grammar and Writing Skills （基础语法）
1.3 Signaling language（怎么连接上下句）
（1）方法 1: overlap：repeat something from the previous sentence
（2）方法 2: 用代词：use a pronoun (it, they) or pro-form (this method, these systems)
（3）方法3: a semicolon or a relative clause (a ‘which’ clause).
（4）方法4: 用连词（therefore however 这些）
1.4 Passive/Active
1.5 快速浏览文章（快速读的时候读哪块）
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1.1 structure
写作时间：the best time to write it will be after you have written, or at least drafted
文章结构图
1.2 Grammar and Writing Skills
1.2.1 Present Simple/Present Continuous
1.2.2 Past Simple/Present Perfect
1.3 Signaling language
连接句子：怎么把句子前后连接起来，显得上下句是有逻辑的，且不跳跃，减少上句东下句西的问题
（1）方法 1: overlap：repeat something from the previous sentence
例子 1. The pattern of inflammation during an asthma attack is different from that seen in stable asthma. In stable asthma, the total number of inflammatory cells does not increase.
例子 2. One way to toughen polymers is to incorporate a layer of rubber particles. As a result, there has been extensive research regarding the rubber modification of PLA.
（2）方法 2: 用代词：use a pronoun (it, they) or pro-form (this method, these systems)
例子1: Many researchers have suggested ways of reducing cost without affecting the quality of the image. These methods rely on data structures built during a preprocessing step.
例子2: On the basis of these criteria it then describes the preparation of a set of polymer blends using PLA and a hydrocarbon rubber (PI). This combination of two mechanistically distinct polymerizations formed a novel copolymer in which the incorporation of PI significantly increased flexibility.
（3）方法3: a semicolon or a relative clause (a ‘which’ clause).
例子1 The procedure for testing whether components are operationally safe usually takes many hours; this means that tests are rarely repeated.
例子2 It has received much attention over the past few decades due to its biodegradable properties, which offer important economic benefits.
（4）方法4:用连词（therefore however 这些）
CAUSE（原因连词）
The experiment was unsuccessful ________ the measuring instruments were inaccurate.
以上所有词都可以放在 句子开头注：since（有from that time 的意思，所以如果容易产生歧义的句子里 最好不用）
RESULT
The measuring instruments were calibrated accurately, ________ the experiment was successful.
注：句子开头不用so（不正式）
You can sometimes use then, for example in sentences like ‘If x then y’, but it won't work in every sentence, which is why it has not been included in this list.
CONTRAST/DIFFERENCE
Britishstudents are all vegetarians, __________ Norwegian students eat meat every day.
注：on the contrary / conversely 不属于这类是因为他们不侧重说对比和不同，而是侧重说‘exactly the opposite is true’
不适用于例句填空
while也有at that /the same time的意思所以如果用的时候句子会产生歧义请换连词
UNEXPECTEDNESS
(a)_______ it was difficult, a solution was eventually found.
(b)_______ the difficulty, a solution was eventually found.
(c)It was difficult; ________ a solution was eventually found.
注：still andanyway（不正式）
ADDITION
Weused a batch processing system because it was more effective; ___________ itwas faster.
注：besides要powerful一些，可用在morepersuasive contexts中
1.4 Passive/Active
（1）We 用法：You can use we to refer to your research group or team
但是如果想要说比如我们都知道赵丽颖离婚了，就是已经超出你们研究小组，
泛指很多人甚至全人类的时候，不要用we 要用(It is known/ thought that...赵离婚了）
（2）I用法：自己写的论文也不要在文章中出现 I
可将I 换成 This article/Thepresent paper 就是中文论文中的本文
例子：
This article describes an algorithm for clustering sequences into index classes.
The present paper presents a set of criteria for selecting such a component.
注：反正就是在引言中你就用（This article/The present paper） 本文就行了，和中文一样
1.5 快速浏览文章
注：When you are planning your paper, write down each idea/concept that you want to talk about, checking that they are in a logical order, and then listing what you want to say about each, using bullet points. This will help you create paragraphs that have a logical and coherent structure.
参考文献：
Science Research Writing for Non-Native Speakers of English
这本书真牛比，，！！！都去看！！长这样式