索引使用策略及优化

基于我的上一篇文章 B-/B+树看 MySQL索引结构,实际上一旦理解了索引背后的机制,那么选择高性能的策略就变成了纯粹的推理,并且可以理解这些策略背后的逻辑。

最左前缀原理与相关优化

高效使用索引的首要条件是知道什么样的查询会使用到索引,这个问题和B+Tree中的“最左前缀原理”有关,下面通过例子说明最左前缀原理。

这里先说一下联合索引的概念。在上文中,我们都是假设索引只引用了单个的列,实际上,MySQL中的索引可以以一定顺序引用多个列,这种索引叫做 联合索引

一般的,一个联合索引是一个有序元组,其中各个元素均为数据表的一列,实际上要严格定义索引需要用到关系代数,但是这里我不想讨论太多关系代数的话题,因为那样会显得很枯燥,所以这里就不再做严格定义。另外,单列索引可以看成联合索引元素数为1的特例。

以employees.titles表为例,下面先查看其上都有哪些索引:

SHOW INDEX FROM employees.titles;
+--------+------------+----------+--------------+-------------+-----------+-------------+------+------------+
| Table  | Non_unique | Key_name | Seq_in_index | Column_name | Collation | Cardinality | Null | Index_type |
+--------+------------+----------+--------------+-------------+-----------+-------------+------+------------+
| titles |          0 | PRIMARY  |            1 | emp_no      | A         |        NULL |      | BTREE      |
| titles |          0 | PRIMARY  |            2 | title       | A         |        NULL |      | BTREE      |
| titles |          0 | PRIMARY  |            3 | from_date   | A         |      443308 |      | BTREE      |
| titles |          1 | emp_no   |            1 | emp_no      | A         |      443308 |      | BTREE      |
+--------+------------+----------+--------------+-------------+-----------+-------------+------+------------+

从结果中可以到titles表的主索引为PRIMARY,还有一个辅助索引emp_no。为了避免多个索引使事情变复杂(MySQL的SQL优化器在多索引时行为比较复杂),这里我们将辅助索引drop掉:

ALTER TABLE employees.titles DROP INDEX emp_no;

这样就可以专心分析索引PRIMARY的行为了。

情况一:全列匹配
EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM employees.titles WHERE emp_no='10001' AND title='Senior Engineer' AND from_date='1986-06-26';
+----+-------------+--------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+-------------------+------+-------+
| id | select_type | table  | type  | possible_keys | key     | key_len | ref               | rows | Extra |
+----+-------------+--------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+-------------------+------+-------+
|  1 | SIMPLE      | titles | const | PRIMARY       | PRIMARY | 59      | const,const,const |    1 |       |
+----+-------------+--------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+-------------------+------+-------+

很明显,当按照索引中所有列进行精确匹配(这里精确匹配指“=”或“IN”匹配)时,索引可以被用到。这里有一点需要注意,理论上索引对顺序是敏感的,但是由于MySQL的查询优化器会自动调整where子句的条件顺序以使用适合的索引,例如我们将where中的条件顺序颠倒:

EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM employees.titles WHERE from_date='1986-06-26' AND emp_no='10001' AND title='Senior Engineer';
+----+-------------+--------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+-------------------+------+-------+
| id | select_type | table  | type  | possible_keys | key     | key_len | ref               | rows | Extra |
+----+-------------+--------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+-------------------+------+-------+
|  1 | SIMPLE      | titles | const | PRIMARY       | PRIMARY | 59      | const,const,const |    1 |       |
+----+-------------+--------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+-------------------+------+-------+

效果是一样的。

情况二:最左前缀匹配
EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM employees.titles WHERE emp_no='10001';
+----+-------------+--------+------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+------+-------+
| id | select_type | table  | type | possible_keys | key     | key_len | ref   | rows | Extra |
+----+-------------+--------+------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+------+-------+
|  1 | SIMPLE      | titles | ref  | PRIMARY       | PRIMARY | 4       | const |    1 |       |
+----+-------------+--------+------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+------+-------+

当查询条件精确匹配索引的左边连续一个或几个列时,如或,所以可以被用到,但是只能用到一部分,即条件所组成的最左前缀。上面的查询从分析结果看用到了PRIMARY 索引,但是 key_len4,说明只用到了索引的第一列前缀。

情况三:查询条件用到了索引中列的精确匹配,但是中间某个条件未提供。
EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM employees.titles WHERE emp_no='10001' AND from_date='1986-06-26';
+----+-------------+--------+------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+------+-------------+
| id | select_type | table  | type | possible_keys | key     | key_len | ref   | rows | Extra       |
+----+-------------+--------+------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+------+-------------+
|  1 | SIMPLE      | titles | ref  | PRIMARY       | PRIMARY | 4       | const |    1 | Using where |
+----+-------------+--------+------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+------+-------------+

此时索引使用情况和情况二相同,因为title未提供,所以查询只用到了索引的第一列,而后面的from_date虽然也在索引中,但是由于title不存在而无法和左前缀连接,因此需要对结果进行扫描过滤from_date(这里由于emp_no唯一,所以不存在扫描)。如果想让from_date也使用索引而不是where过滤,可以增加一个 辅助索引,此时上面的查询会使用这个索引。除此之外,还可以使用一种称之为 隔离列 的优化方法,将 emp_nofrom_date 之间的 “坑” 填上。

首先我们看下 title 一共有几种不同的值:

SELECT DISTINCT(title) FROM employees.titles;
+--------------------+
| title              |
+--------------------+
| Senior Engineer    |
| Staff              |
| Engineer           |
| Senior Staff       |
| Assistant Engineer |
| Technique Leader   |
| Manager            |
+--------------------+

只有7种。在这种成为“坑”的列值比较少的情况下,可以考虑用“IN”来填补这个“坑”从而形成最左前缀:

EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM employees.titles
WHERE emp_no='10001'
AND title IN ('Senior Engineer', 'Staff', 'Engineer', 'Senior Staff', 'Assistant Engineer', 'Technique Leader', 'Manager')
AND from_date='1986-06-26';
+----+-------------+--------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+------+------+-------------+
| id | select_type | table  | type  | possible_keys | key     | key_len | ref  | rows | Extra       |
+----+-------------+--------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+------+------+-------------+
|  1 | SIMPLE      | titles | range | PRIMARY       | PRIMARY | 59      | NULL |    7 | Using where |
+----+-------------+--------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+------+------+-------------+

这次key_len59,说明索引被用全了,但是从typerows看出IN实际上执行了一个range查询,这里检查了7个key。看下两种查询的性能比较:

SHOW PROFILES;
+----------+------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Query_ID | Duration   | Query                                                                         |
+----------+------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
|       10 | 0.00058000 | SELECT * FROM employees.titles WHERE emp_no='10001' AND from_date='1986-06-26'|
|       11 | 0.00052500 | SELECT * FROM employees.titles WHERE emp_no='10001' AND title IN ...          |
+----------+------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------+

“填坑”后性能提升了一点。如果经过emp_no筛选后余下很多数据,则后者性能优势会更加明显。当然,如果title的值很多,用填坑就不合适了,必须建立辅助索引

情况四:查询条件没有指定索引第一列。

EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM employees.titles WHERE from_date='1986-06-26';
+----+-------------+--------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+--------+-------------+
| id | select_type | table  | type | possible_keys | key  | key_len | ref  | rows   | Extra       |
+----+-------------+--------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+--------+-------------+
|  1 | SIMPLE      | titles | ALL  | NULL          | NULL | NULL    | NULL | 443308 | Using where |
+----+-------------+--------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+--------+-------------+

由于不是最左前缀,索引这样的查询显然用不到索引。

情况五:匹配某列的前缀字符串。

EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM employees.titles WHERE emp_no='10001' AND title LIKE 'Senior%';
+----+-------------+--------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+------+------+-------------+
| id | select_type | table  | type  | possible_keys | key     | key_len | ref  | rows | Extra       |
+----+-------------+--------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+------+------+-------------+
|  1 | SIMPLE      | titles | range | PRIMARY       | PRIMARY | 56      | NULL |    1 | Using where |
+----+-------------+--------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+------+------+-------------+

此时可以用到索引,通配符%出现在开头,则可以用到索引,但根据具体情况不同可能只会用其中一个前缀

情况六:范围查询。

EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM employees.titles WHERE emp_no < '10010' and title='Senior Engineer';
+----+-------------+--------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+------+------+-------------+
| id | select_type | table  | type  | possible_keys | key     | key_len | ref  | rows | Extra       |
+----+-------------+--------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+------+------+-------------+
|  1 | SIMPLE      | titles | range | PRIMARY       | PRIMARY | 4       | NULL |   16 | Using where |
+----+-------------+--------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+------+------+-------------+

范围列可以用到索引(必须是最左前缀),但是范围列后面的列无法用到索引。同时,索引最多用于一个范围列,因此如果查询条件中有两个范围列则无法全用到索引。

EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM employees.titles
WHERE emp_no < '10010'
AND title='Senior Engineer'
AND from_date BETWEEN '1986-01-01' AND '1986-12-31';
+----+-------------+--------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+------+------+-------------+
| id | select_type | table  | type  | possible_keys | key     | key_len | ref  | rows | Extra       |
+----+-------------+--------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+------+------+-------------+
|  1 | SIMPLE      | titles | range | PRIMARY       | PRIMARY | 4       | NULL |   16 | Using where |
+----+-------------+--------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+------+------+-------------+

可以看到索引对第二个范围索引无能为力。这里特别要说明MySQL一个有意思的地方,那就是仅用explain可能无法区分范围索引和多值匹配,因为在type中这两者都显示为range。同时,用了“between”并不意味着就是范围查询,例如下面的查询:

EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM employees.titles
WHERE emp_no BETWEEN '10001' AND '10010'
AND title='Senior Engineer'
AND from_date BETWEEN '1986-01-01' AND '1986-12-31';
+----+-------------+--------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+------+------+-------------+
| id | select_type | table  | type  | possible_keys | key     | key_len | ref  | rows | Extra       |
+----+-------------+--------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+------+------+-------------+
|  1 | SIMPLE      | titles | range | PRIMARY       | PRIMARY | 59      | NULL |   16 | Using where |
+----+-------------+--------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+------+------+-------------+

看起来是用了两个范围查询,但作用于emp_no上的 “BETWEEN” 实际上相当于 “IN”,也就是说emp_no实际是多值精确匹配。可以看到这个查询用到了索引全部三个列。因此在MySQL中要谨慎地区分多值匹配和范围匹配,否则会对MySQL的行为产生困惑。

情况七:查询条件中含有函数或表达式。

很不幸,如果查询条件中含有函数或表达式,则MySQL不会为这列使用索引(虽然某些在数学意义上可以使用)。例如:

EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM employees.titles WHERE emp_no='10001' AND left(title, 6)='Senior';
+----+-------------+--------+------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+------+-------------+
| id | select_type | table  | type | possible_keys | key     | key_len | ref   | rows | Extra       |
+----+-------------+--------+------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+------+-------------+
|  1 | SIMPLE      | titles | ref  | PRIMARY       | PRIMARY | 4       | const |    1 | Using where |
+----+-------------+--------+------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+------+-------------+

虽然这个查询和情况五中功能相同,但是由于使用了函数left,则无法为title列应用索引,而情况五中用LIKE则可以。再如:

EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM employees.titles WHERE emp_no - 1='10000';
+----+-------------+--------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+--------+-------------+
| id | select_type | table  | type | possible_keys | key  | key_len | ref  | rows   | Extra       |
+----+-------------+--------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+--------+-------------+
|  1 | SIMPLE      | titles | ALL  | NULL          | NULL | NULL    | NULL | 443308 | Using where |
+----+-------------+--------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+--------+-------------+

显然这个查询等价于查询emp_no为10001的函数,但是由于查询条件是一个表达式,MySQL无法为其使用索引。看来MySQL还没有智能到自动优化常量表达式的程度,因此在写查询语句时尽量避免表达式出现在查询中,而是先手工私下代数运算,转换为无表达式的查询语句。

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