法务英语|如何翻译"creditors generally"?

"creditors generally"的表述常常出现在借贷、破产、重组的语境中。

实务中对"generally"一词的理解不同,译法繁多,莫衷一是。大约有以下几种译法:


一般

This may affect the success of the provisional supervision or voluntary arrangement or the dividend available to the creditors generally in the event of the company being wound up.

此举或会影响临时监管或自愿偿债安排的成功机会, 亦会影响债权人在公司清盘时一般可获摊还的债款。

(来源:legco.gov.hk)


概括

...if he becomes bankrupt or has a receiving order made against him or suspends payment or compounds with his creditors generally...

……如董事破产或获法令遭全面接管财产或遭全面停止支付款项或与其债权人概括地达成债务还款安排……

(来源:cre8ir.com)


全面

...he becomes bankrupt or makes any arrangement or composition with his creditors generally or shall apply to the court for an interim order under section 253 of the Insolvency Act 1986 in connection with a voluntary arrangement under that Act...

……破产或与其债权人全面达成债务偿还安排或债务重整协议或根据一九八六年破产法第253条就该法项下的自愿安排向法院申请临时命令……

(来源:prudential.co.uk)


全体

...become insolvent or has made any arrangements or composition with his creditors generally, or has been convicted of any criminal offence (other than an offence which in the opinion of the Directors does not bring the grantee or the Group or the Invested Entity into disrepute)...

……无力偿债、与全体债权人订立任何偿债安排或协议,或触犯刑事罪行(董事认为不会使承授人、本集团或所投资公司名誉受损者除外)……

(来源:embryform.com)


整体

...if he becomes bankrupt or has a receiving order made against him or suspends payment or compounds with his creditors generally...

……倘其破产或接获向其发出的破产接管令或暂停还债或与其债权人整体达成债务偿还协议……

(来源:asiasat.com)


"generally"是修饰"creditors"

观察以上各例,翻译成"一般"、"概括"以及"全面"的,"generally"修饰的对象是"creditors"形容词或动词,而翻译成"全体"、"整体"的,修饰对象变成"creditors"。

由于语境信息不足,分析时需要找出缺失的语境信息

通过查看大量的实务文件,找到以下示例:

例一

..."creditors generally" include all creditors who may assent to, or take the benefit of, a deed of arrangement...

(来源:gov.gi)

例二

A trustee or assignee acting under the trusts of a deed or assignment for the benefit of ceditors generally, or of a particular class or classes of creditors...

(来源:bc.ca)

可以看出,"generally"修饰的对象是"creditors"翻译成"一般"、"概括"以及"全面"均不妥当

另请看联合国的权威翻译例:

Coordination of recovery of assets for the benefit of creditors generally, in case claims for assets of a group member subject to bankruptcy proceedings in a different State are raised...

在有人对进入破产程序的集团成员位于另一国的资产提出主张时,为债权人的整体利益追回资产方面的协调……

(来源:daccess-ods.un.org)


全体”v.s.整体

从以上两例的表述来看,“creditors generally” 可以是某一类型的债权人也可以是全部债权人,而不区分类别。因此,“全体”和“整体”的译法皆可取,具体视语境灵活确定。


例外情形

不过,以上分析不可一概而论。

理论上,在特殊语境中,"generally" 也可以修饰动词或形容词,下文即是一个特例:

This would be more advantageous to the employee than in the case of winding up, since apart from PWIF ex-gratia payments, employee creditors generally only receive a very low return on the amount owed.

对雇员来说,这做法较清盘有利,因为若公司清盘,除了破欠基金所发放的特惠款项外,身为债权人的雇员获偿还的欠款额通常都很小。

(来源:legco.gov.hk)


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