一年级英语

英语复习

汉译英：

1.

原文：中国城市研究网络（UCRN）年会将于2018年6月23-25日在武汉举行。会议由武汉大学城市设计学院、中国城市研究网络、纽约州立大学奥尔巴尼分校（State University of New York at Albany）共同举办。此次会议的主题是“新时代中国城市研究”。中国当前进入了一个以实现中华民族复兴之梦、实现均衡发展、减少不平等为特征的新时代。新时代给中国的城市化道路带来了新的机遇，同时也带来了巨大的挑战。

译文： Urban China Research Network (UCRN) Conference will be held in Wuhan, June 23-25, 2018. It is co-sponsored by School of Urban Design at Wuhan University, UCRN, and the State University of New York at Albany. The theme of the conference is “Urban China Studies in a New Era”. China has entered a new era that is characterized by efforts to realize the Chinese Dream of national rejuvenation and to achieve balanced development and reduced inequality. This new era presets new opportunities for China’s path toward urbanization, along with formidable challenges.

2.

原文：我是北京大学外国语学院副教授。近日从网上得知，“第五届国际跨文化交流研讨会” 将于 2019 年 3 月在牛津大学举办。我对参加这次会议非常感兴趣，因为我已从事这方面研究多年。我已在网上提交了我的论文文摘，希望我的论文能被论文委员会录用，我在宣读方式上没有特别的要求。

译文: I’m an associate professor in the School of Foreign Languages of Beijing University. Recently, I’ve learned online that the 5th International Inter-cultural Communication Seminar will be held in March 2019 at Oxford University. I’m very much interested in attending this event because I have been studying in this field for many years. I have submitted my abstract online, hoping that my paper can be accepted by the paper committee, and I have no presentation preference.

3.

原文：根据“获得博士学位不满两年，且正在从事博士后研究者可以申请参加会议的旅费资助”的规定，本信旨在申请我往返纽约的旅费资助。如想申请减免注册费，是否还有其他表格需要填写？ 感谢您对此事的关照。 如能早日得到您的答复，我们将不胜感激。随信寄上两份论文摘要和一份个人简历，请查收。

译文: According to the regulation of that “the one who has had a doctor degree for less than two years and is doing post-doctoral research can apply for travel support to attend the meeting”, the aim of this letter is to apply for the travel support to and from New York. Are there any other forms to fill if I want to apply for reducing the registration fee? We should be very much obliged if you reply to us at your earliest convenience. Two copies of the abstract of our paper and a resume are enclosed in the letter, please see to them.

4.

原文：如果作者把一连串的名词和形容词组合在一起作为论文标题，这样的标题 言简意赅，但有时可能会引起歧义：即一个以上的含义。这种情况多出现在名词用作形容词时，即当名词被置于名词短语的中心词之前时。一般的指导原则是限制名词短语的单词数：即在不引起误解的情况下最多连用三个名词。如果名词短语较长，可插入介词表明其含义。

译文：If writers place a string of nouns and adjectives together, to form a title which packs a lot of meaning into a few words, they can sometimes cause problems of ambiguity: more than one possible meaning. This is particularly the case when nouns are used as adjectives, i.e. placed in front of the head word of the noun phrase. A general guideline is to restrict these noun phrases to a maximum of three words, and this many only if there is no risk of misunderstanding. If they grow longer, rewrite them by inserting the prepositions that clarify the meaning.

5.

原文：抄袭，广义地讲，是指将其他人的成果据为己有的行为。在学术圈，抄袭被认为是严重违反学术道德的行为，即使是无意抄袭。当作者有意欺骗或者完全无视学术规范，将其他人的信息、思想或措辞当成是自己的使用，或者没有对原始资料来源进行恰当的注释，都会被认为是抄袭行为。正确的学术规范要求所有被引用的内容应该用引号标记，或者在文中缩排；基于别人成果得来的信息与思想，要注明来源。

译文：Plagiarism, broadly speaking, is the act of taking others ’ work as his or her own. In academic circles, plagiarism is considered to be a serious violation of academic ethics, even if it is not intended. It occurs when a student, with intent to deceive or with reckless disregard for proper scholarly procedures, presents any information, ideas or phrasing of another as if they were his/her own and/or does not give appropriate credit to the original source. Proper scholarly procedures require that all quoted material s be identified by quotation marks or indentation on the page, and the source of information and ideas, if from another, must be identified and be attributed to that source.

6.

原文: 如果方法部分的目的是帮助读者评价结果部分的研究发现，那么作者需要清晰地说 明方法和结果之间的联系，通常方法在结果之前。有两个策略可以帮助我们说明方法和结果之间的联系。
策略 1，在方法和结果部分用相同或相似的副标题。
策略 2，在方法部分使用表明意图的导语或句子。
澄清方法部分逻辑关系的另一个策略，是在新的段落的首句介绍你将要讲什么，并说明它与前面的信息的关联。

译文：
If a goal of the Methods section is to help readers evaluate the findings presented in the Results section, then the author needs to make it clear how the two sections relate to each other, and the Methods usually comes before the Results. Two strategies can help with showing the connections.
• Strategy 1 Use identical or similar subheadings in the Methods and the Results sections.
• Strategy 2 Use introductory phrases or sentences in the Methods that relate to the aims.
An additional strategy to clarify the logic of the Methods section is to use the first sentence of a new paragraph to introduce what you will be talking about and relate it to what has gone before.

英译汉：

1. p82

原文：
Since a literature review is information dense, it is crucial that the work is intelligently structured to enable a reader to grasp the key argument with ease.

• Cite: keep the primary focus on the literature.
• Compare the various arguments, theories, methodologies, approaches and findings expressed in the literature: what do the authors agree on?
• Contrast the various arguments, themes, methodologies, approaches and controversies expressed in the literature: what are the major areas of disagreement, controversy and debate?
• Critique the literature: which arguments are more persuasive, and why? Which approach, findings, methodologies seem most reliable, valid, or appropriate, and why?
• Connect the literature to your own area of research and investigation: how does your own work draw on what has been said in the literature?

译文：
文献综述信息量大，为方便读者迅速掌握关键论点，合理构建科研论文尤为重要。

• 引用：主要在文献上。
• 比较文献中表达的各种论点、理论、方法、观点与发现：作者们一致的是什么？
• 比较文献中表达的各种论点、理论、方法、观点与争议：作者们主要的分歧、争议与争论是什么？
• 评论文献：哪种观点更有说服力？为什么？哪种观点、发现、方法更可靠、更有效、更合适？为什么？
• 把研究领域和调查方向与文献联系起来：你的研究工作是如何借鉴文献中的内容的？

2. p137 （1）

原文：When the paper is ready to submit, says Wojtal, the author should devise a cover letter that includes a brief synopsis of the article’s argument, and suggestions for a few potential reviewers, as well as those who should be excluded. Such information, he says, can be very helpful to busy editors, who want to know who is familiar with the work and will be easy to reach. Authors should not suggest reviewers who are personal friends or institutional colleagues; including those people could immediately erode the editor’s trust. Authors need to find a balance — it is fine to exclude a couple of reviewers who are direct competitors or known naysayers, but restricting too many qualified reviewers can backfire. “As an author, your job is to make the editor’s job as easy as possible,” says Blumberg.

译文：沃伊陶说，作者准备投稿时应该写一封投稿信，简要扼要地陈述稿件的论点，推荐几个可能的审稿人，并指出应该回避哪些审稿人。他说，这些信息有助于忙碌的编辑了解熟悉该 项工作并方便联系的审稿人。作者推荐的审稿人应该排除私人朋友以及同机构的同事，否则会立即破坏编辑的信任。 作者需要保持平衡，排除几个直接竞争或已知唱反调的审稿人也是可取的。但是限制有资格的审稿人过多也会适得其反。布隆伯格说，作者的任务是使编辑的工作尽可能的轻松。

3. p137 （2）

原文：Finally, it is worth noting that you should always send a cover letter with the manuscript. Manuscripts without cover letters pose immediate problems: To which journal is the manuscript being submitted? Is it a new manuscript, a revision requested by an editor (and, if so, which editor?), or a manuscript perhaps misdirected by a reviewer or an editor? If there are several authors, which one should be considered the submitting author, at which address? The address is of special importance, because the address shown on the manuscript may not be the current address of the contribution author. The contributing author should also include his or her telephone number, e-mail address, and fax number in the cover letter or on the title page of the manuscript. It is often helpful to suggest the appropriate editor (in multi-editor journals) and possible reviewers.

译文：最后，值得注意的是投稿时应该附上一封投稿信。没有投稿信的稿件会即刻产生问题：稿件投递的是哪个杂志？是新稿件还是编辑要求的修改稿（倘若如此，哪位编辑呢？或是被某位审稿人或者编辑误导的稿件？如果有几位作者，哪位应该被视为投稿人，地址如何呢？地址是至关重要的，因为稿件上的地址不一定是投稿人的当前地址。投稿人应该在稿件扉页或者投稿信里提供电话号码，邮箱地址以及传真号码。（向有多位编辑的杂志）推荐合适的编辑和可能的审稿人是有益的。

5. （补充）

原文：Data presentation styles vary with discipline and personal preference and change over time, and there is a large amount of contradictory published advice about what to do, and what looks good. Our aim in this section is not to provide a concrete set of rules for data presentation but rather to help you optimize the presentation of your data to support the story of your article. One over-arching guideline is that tables and figures should ‘‘stand alone’’: that is, the reader should not need to consult the text of the article to understand the data presented in the table or figure; all necessary information should appear in the table/figure, in the title/legend, or in keys or footnotes.

译文：数据呈现方式会因为学科和个人偏好发生变化，也会随着时间发生变化。在究竟该做些什么，哪种方式看起来更好的问题上，大量的出版物提供的建议也会出现一些矛盾。我们本章的目的不在于提供一套数据呈现的固定规则，而是帮助大家优化数据呈现方式，以支撑论文的主旨。一条首要的规则是，图表应该“独立呈现”：也就是说，读者应该无需通过查阅文字部份即可理解图表中的数据，所有必要的信息都应该包含在图表、标题、图例或脚注中。

6. （补充）

原文：Each journal has its own set of instructions for referees and sometimes these are available on the journal’s website. You should check and see whether this is the case for the journal you are targeting, and obtain a copy if possible. For the purposes of this book, we have constructed a composite list of referee criteria that includes the sorts of questions referees are commonly asked to respond to. In addition to ‘‘ticking the boxes’’ to provide yes/no answers to the questions, referees are asked to write their comments about any problems with the manuscript or any suggestions for improvement that need to be followed before the manuscript can be considered suitable for publication in the journal. Increasingly, as the number of manuscripts submitted to journals has grown, referees are asked to give some numerical rating of the paper’s novelty or quality as well.

译文： 每一种学术期刊都有自己的一套评审规则，有时能在期刊网站上找到。你应该查看你的目标期刊是否也如此，并尽可能得到一份。为了实现本书的目的，我们总结了一个评审标准表，此表包括了评委们通常要回答的各种问题。评委们除了要在方框中打钩来对这些问题进行“是”或“否”的回答，还要对稿件的问题写出评论以及进一步改进的建议，以使稿件适合在期刊发表。由于学术期刊的收到的投稿数量不断增加，评审们还要对论文的新颖性和质量进行评分。