Linux学习之CentOS(三十二)--Linux系统服务基础
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本篇随笔将主要讲解Linux系统的服务基础，从本篇随笔开始，后续的Linux系列随笔将主要记录常用的各种服务的配置，包括DNS、WWW、Mail等等各种服务的配置。。。
一、系统服务的基本概念
服务，其实就是运行在操作系统后台的一个或者多个应用程序，为计算机系统或用户提供某项特定的服务。
在我们的windows操作系统中，其在后台也运行了许许多多的服务。例如我们装的杀毒软件，其在后台运行了许多我们看不见的服务程序，通过这些服务来为用户或者计算机系统来提高特定的功能。
服务通常是不中断运行的，随时准备接受请求，从而提供某项服务。例如我们日常使用的网页服务，其就是由一个运行在所访问网站的服务器上的httpd服务提供的服务，我们通过在浏览器输入需要访问网站的域名，服务器端的httpd服务就会随时的接收我们发送过来的请求，并响应回给我们的用户。
我们Linux系统绝大多数服务都是网络服务，例如邮件服务、FTP服务、httpd服务等等，网络服务可以使为其他用户、其他计算机提供特定的服务。
二、System V
上面粗略的讲解了一些系统服务的概念，自己感觉写的一般，总的来说，Linux系统通常作为服务器端的操作系统来用的，所以Linux系统提供了许许多的的服务，有些服务需要我们自己来进行配置，这些服务的目的就是为了给我们的计算机、用户提供某项特定的功能。那么对于各种不同的服务，Linux系统是怎么样来统一进行管理的呢？
在Linux操作系统中，Linux对于服务的管理体系是沿用了System V的服务管理体系，System V原来是早期AT&T的一个操作系统。
对于Linux系统，System V提供了运行级别的概念，还记得之前一直提到过的Linux的启动运行级别吗？没错，System V一共提供了7种运行级别
0 关机
1 单用户模式
2 不带网络的多用户模式
3 带网络的多用户模式，纯文本界面
4 未使用
5 带网络的多用户模式，图形界面
6 重启
对于我们来说，通常使用的是级别3和级别5，每个级别下都有对应的启动、不启动的服务，比如单用户模式下，所有的服务都是不启动，这些都是通过System V这个服务管理体系来决定的
System V定义了init为系统启动的第一个进程，进程PID=1，这个进程的目的就是去查看 /etc/inittab 中的系统启动级别从而来启动对应的服务
对于不同的服务，因为其提供该服务的厂家不同，所以这些的服务的启动、关闭机制通常不同，在Linux系统中，为了方便的管理这些服务，每个服务的启动、结束、重启等操作都由一个System V脚本来进行控制，拥有固定的格式。
对于Linux系统上的服务，这些服务的System V脚本文件都是存放在 /etc/rc.d/init.d 这个目录下
[root@xiaoluo ~]# cd /etc/rc.d/init.d/ [root@xiaoluo init.d]# ls abrt-ccpp firstboot messagebus quota_nld snmptrapd abrtd functions mysqld rdisc spice-vdagentd abrt-oops haldaemon netconsole restorecond sshd acpid halt netfs rngd sssd atd htcacheclean network rpcbind sysstat auditd httpd NetworkManager rpcgssd udev-post autofs ip6tables nfs rpcidmapd vboxadd blk-availability iptables nfslock rpcsvcgssd vboxadd-service bluetooth irqbalance ntpd rsyslog vboxadd-x11 certmonger kdump ntpdate sandbox vncserver cpuspeed killall oddjobd saslauthd wdaemon crond lvm2-lvmetad portreserve single winbind cups lvm2-monitor postfix smartd wpa_supplicant dnsmasq mdmonitor psacct snmpd ypbind
我们看到在这个目录下，存在了许多纯文本文件，这些文件都是系统每一个服务的System V的脚本文件，对于该脚本文件，我们要启动什么服务，都是通过这些脚本文件来启动的，我们也可以通过编写System V脚本文件来手工创建一个我们自己的由System V来控制的服务。
对于Linux的所有的这些服务，我们通过 service 这个命令来进行统一的管理
命令 service 可以调用指定服务的System V脚本，并执行指定的动作
service 服务名 [start | stop | restart | status]
例如我们这里需要启动 httpd 这个服务，可以使用 service httpd start 这个命令
[root@xiaoluo init.d]# service httpd start Starting httpd: httpd: apr_sockaddr_info_get() failed for xiaoluo httpd: Could not reliably determine the server's fully qualified domain name, using 127.0.0.1 for ServerName [ OK ]
我们也可以通过 service httpd status 来查看当前服务的启动情况
[root@xiaoluo init.d]# service httpd status httpd (pid 6589) is running.
如果我们要重启该服务，或者关闭服务可以分别使用 service httpd restart 、service httpd stop命令
[root@xiaoluo init.d]# service httpd restart Stopping httpd: [ OK ] Starting httpd: httpd: apr_sockaddr_info_get() failed for xiaoluo httpd: Could not reliably determine the server's fully qualified domain name, using 127.0.0.1 for ServerName [ OK ] [root@xiaoluo init.d]# service httpd stop Stopping httpd: [ OK ]
对于Linux系统的这些服务，我们都是通过 service 这个命令去调用该服务对应的System V脚本，并执行其指定的动作
刚才我们也说到了，System V定义了运行级别的概念，每个运行级别对应有启动、不启动的服务，在 /etc/rc.d 这个目录下，除了我们刚才的 init.d 这个目录，我们还发现还有其它的一些目录，诸如 rc0.d、rc1.d等
[root@xiaoluo rc.d]# ll total 60 drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 4096 May 27 22:57 init.d -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 2617 Feb 22 19:18 rc drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 4096 Jun 1 14:32 rc0.d drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 4096 Jun 1 14:32 rc1.d drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 4096 Jun 1 14:32 rc2.d drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 4096 Jun 1 14:32 rc3.d drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 4096 Jun 1 14:32 rc4.d drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 4096 Jun 1 14:32 rc5.d drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 4096 Jun 1 14:32 rc6.d -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 220 Feb 22 19:18 rc.local -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 19472 Feb 22 19:18 rc.sysinit
这些 rc0.d ，rc3.d这些目录就分别对应了系统的7中启动级别，每个目录里面都存放了许多的文件，每个文件对应着一个特定的服务，并标志有是否开机启动以及启动顺序，例如我们进入到 rc5.d 这个目录
[root@xiaoluo rc.d]# cd rc5.d/ [root@xiaoluo rc5.d]# ls -l total 0 lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 16 May 14 01:26 K01smartd -> ../init.d/smartd lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 17 May 14 01:21 K02oddjobd -> ../init.d/oddjobd lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 17 May 14 01:28 K05wdaemon -> ../init.d/wdaemon lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 16 May 14 01:26 K10psacct -> ../init.d/psacct lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 19 May 14 01:21 K10saslauthd -> ../init.d/saslauthd lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 22 May 14 01:21 K15htcacheclean -> ../init.d/htcacheclean lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 15 Jun 1 14:32 K15httpd -> ../init.d/httpd lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 19 May 27 22:57 K35vncserver -> ../init.d/vncserver lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 17 May 14 01:21 K50dnsmasq -> ../init.d/dnsmasq lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 20 May 14 01:19 K50netconsole -> ../init.d/netconsole lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 15 May 14 01:21 K50snmpd -> ../init.d/snmpd lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 19 May 14 01:21 K50snmptrapd -> ../init.d/snmptrapd lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 13 May 14 01:19 K60nfs -> ../init.d/nfs lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 20 May 14 01:19 K69rpcsvcgssd -> ../init.d/rpcsvcgssd lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 17 May 14 01:30 K73winbind -> ../init.d/winbind lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 14 May 14 01:35 K74ntpd -> ../init.d/ntpd lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 17 May 14 01:21 K75ntpdate -> ../init.d/ntpdate lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 19 May 14 01:26 K75quota_nld -> ../init.d/quota_nld lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 16 May 14 01:30 K76ypbind -> ../init.d/ypbind lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 15 May 14 01:35 K80kdump -> ../init.d/kdump lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 24 Jun 1 14:32 K84wpa_supplicant -> ../init.d/wpa_supplicant lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 21 May 14 01:19 K87restorecond -> ../init.d/restorecond lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 14 Jun 1 14:32 K88sssd -> ../init.d/sssd lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 15 May 14 01:19 K89rdisc -> ../init.d/rdisc lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 19 May 14 01:35 K95firstboot -> ../init.d/firstboot lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 14 May 14 01:26 K99rngd -> ../init.d/rngd lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 17 May 14 01:24 S01sysstat -> ../init.d/sysstat lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 22 May 14 01:25 S02lvm2-monitor -> ../init.d/lvm2-monitor lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 19 May 14 01:22 S08ip6tables -> ../init.d/ip6tables lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 18 May 14 01:19 S08iptables -> ../init.d/iptables lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 17 May 14 01:19 S10network -> ../init.d/network lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 16 May 31 11:27 S11auditd -> ../init.d/auditd lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 21 May 14 01:13 S11portreserve -> ../init.d/portreserve lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 17 May 14 01:21 S12rsyslog -> ../init.d/rsyslog lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 18 May 14 01:26 S13cpuspeed -> ../init.d/cpuspeed lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 20 May 14 01:26 S13irqbalance -> ../init.d/irqbalance lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 17 May 14 01:14 S13rpcbind -> ../init.d/rpcbind lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 19 May 14 01:19 S15mdmonitor -> ../init.d/mdmonitor lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 20 May 14 01:12 S22messagebus -> ../init.d/messagebus lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 24 May 26 14:01 S23NetworkManager -> ../init.d/NetworkManager lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 17 Jun 1 14:32 S24nfslock -> ../init.d/nfslock lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 17 Jun 1 14:32 S24rpcgssd -> ../init.d/rpcgssd lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 19 Jun 1 14:32 S24rpcidmapd -> ../init.d/rpcidmapd lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 26 May 14 01:25 S25blk-availability -> ../init.d/blk-availability lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 14 May 14 01:19 S25cups -> ../init.d/cups lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 15 May 14 01:19 S25netfs -> ../init.d/netfs lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 15 May 14 01:26 S26acpid -> ../init.d/acpid lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 19 May 14 01:20 S26haldaemon -> ../init.d/haldaemon lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 19 May 14 01:19 S26udev-post -> ../init.d/udev-post lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 16 May 14 01:22 S28autofs -> ../init.d/autofs lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 17 May 14 02:15 S30vboxadd -> ../init.d/vboxadd lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 21 May 14 02:16 S30vboxadd-x11 -> ../init.d/vboxadd-x11 lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 25 May 14 02:16 S35vboxadd-service -> ../init.d/vboxadd-service lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 19 May 14 01:22 S50bluetooth -> ../init.d/bluetooth lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 14 May 14 01:26 S55sshd -> ../init.d/sshd lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 16 May 14 14:29 S64mysqld -> ../init.d/mysqld lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 24 May 14 01:26 S70spice-vdagentd -> ../init.d/spice-vdagentd lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 17 May 14 01:21 S80postfix -> ../init.d/postfix lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 19 May 14 01:16 S82abrt-ccpp -> ../init.d/abrt-ccpp lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 15 May 14 01:16 S82abrtd -> ../init.d/abrtd lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 15 May 14 01:22 S90crond -> ../init.d/crond lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 13 May 14 01:14 S95atd -> ../init.d/atd lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 20 May 14 01:21 S99certmonger -> ../init.d/certmonger lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 11 May 14 01:19 S99local -> ../rc.local
我们发现，在这些目录里面，存放的都是链接文件，不过这每一个链接文件的名字都有着严格的规定。每一个链接文件都由3部分组成
K15httpd -> ../init.d/httpd S55sshd -> ../init.d/sshd
①第一个部分是第一个字母K或者S，表示该服务是不是是不是开机自动启动，K表示开机不启动，S表示开机就启动
②第二个部分是一个数字，这个数字代表的是该服务的启动顺序，服务启动的顺序非常的重要，例如我们的网络服务需要在邮件服务之前启动
③第三个部分就是对应服务的名字，该链接文件其实都是指向的是 init.d 这个目录下的System V脚本文件
我们如果希望某服务开机就启动，可以通过修改 rc5.d 目录下的链接文件，不过这样做很麻烦，Linux系统提供了一个 chkconfig 命令可以来设置服务是否开机启动
例如我们通过 chkconfig --list 命令来查看所有服务的开机启动情况
[root@xiaoluo rc5.d]# chkconfig --list NetworkManager 0:off 1:off 2:on 3:on 4:on 5:on 6:off abrt-ccpp 0:off 1:off 2:off 3:on 4:off 5:on 6:off abrtd 0:off 1:off 2:off 3:on 4:off 5:on 6:off acpid 0:off 1:off 2:on 3:on 4:on 5:on 6:off atd 0:off 1:off 2:off 3:on 4:on 5:on 6:off auditd 0:off 1:off 2:on 3:on 4:on 5:on 6:off autofs 0:off 1:off 2:off 3:on 4:on 5:on 6:off blk-availability 0:off 1:on 2:on 3:on 4:on 5:on 6:off bluetooth 0:off 1:off 2:off 3:on 4:on 5:on 6:off certmonger 0:off 1:off 2:off 3:on 4:on 5:on 6:off cpuspeed 0:off 1:on 2:on 3:on 4:on 5:on 6:off crond 0:off 1:off 2:on 3:on 4:on 5:on 6:off cups 0:off 1:off 2:on 3:on 4:on 5:on 6:off dnsmasq 0:off 1:off 2:off 3:off 4:off 5:off 6:off firstboot 0:off 1:off 2:off 3:off 4:off 5:off 6:off haldaemon 0:off 1:off 2:off 3:on 4:on 5:on 6:off htcacheclean 0:off 1:off 2:off 3:off 4:off 5:off 6:off httpd 0:off 1:off 2:off 3:off 4:off 5:off 6:off ip6tables 0:off 1:off 2:on 3:on 4:on 5:on 6:off iptables 0:off 1:off 2:on 3:on 4:on 5:on 6:off irqbalance 0:off 1:off 2:off 3:on 4:on 5:on 6:off kdump 0:off 1:off 2:off 3:off 4:off 5:off 6:off lvm2-monitor 0:off 1:on 2:on 3:on 4:on 5:on 6:off mdmonitor 0:off 1:off 2:on 3:on 4:on 5:on 6:off messagebus 0:off 1:off 2:on 3:on 4:on 5:on 6:off mysqld 0:off 1:off 2:on 3:on 4:on 5:on 6:off netconsole 0:off 1:off 2:off 3:off 4:off 5:off 6:off netfs 0:off 1:off 2:off 3:on 4:on 5:on 6:off network 0:off 1:off 2:on 3:on 4:on 5:on 6:off nfs 0:off 1:off 2:off 3:off 4:off 5:off 6:off nfslock 0:off 1:off 2:off 3:on 4:on 5:on 6:off ntpd 0:off 1:off 2:off 3:off 4:off 5:off 6:off ntpdate 0:off 1:off 2:off 3:off 4:off 5:off 6:off oddjobd 0:off 1:off 2:off 3:off 4:off 5:off 6:off portreserve 0:off 1:off 2:on 3:on 4:on 5:on 6:off postfix 0:off 1:off 2:on 3:on 4:on 5:on 6:off psacct 0:off 1:off 2:off 3:off 4:off 5:off 6:off quota_nld 0:off 1:off 2:off 3:off 4:off 5:off 6:off rdisc 0:off 1:off 2:off 3:off 4:off 5:off 6:off restorecond 0:off 1:off 2:off 3:off 4:off 5:off 6:off rngd 0:off 1:off 2:off 3:off 4:off 5:off 6:off rpcbind 0:off 1:off 2:on 3:on 4:on 5:on 6:off rpcgssd 0:off 1:off 2:off 3:on 4:on 5:on 6:off rpcidmapd 0:off 1:off 2:off 3:on 4:on 5:on 6:off rpcsvcgssd 0:off 1:off 2:off 3:off 4:off 5:off 6:off rsyslog 0:off 1:off 2:on 3:on 4:on 5:on 6:off saslauthd 0:off 1:off 2:off 3:off 4:off 5:off 6:off smartd 0:off 1:off 2:off 3:off 4:off 5:off 6:off snmpd 0:off 1:off 2:off 3:off 4:off 5:off 6:off snmptrapd 0:off 1:off 2:off 3:off 4:off 5:off 6:off spice-vdagentd 0:off 1:off 2:off 3:off 4:off 5:on 6:off sshd 0:off 1:off 2:on 3:on 4:on 5:on 6:off sssd 0:off 1:off 2:off 3:off 4:off 5:off 6:off sysstat 0:off 1:on 2:on 3:on 4:on 5:on 6:off udev-post 0:off 1:on 2:on 3:on 4:on 5:on 6:off vboxadd 0:off 1:off 2:on 3:on 4:on 5:on 6:off vboxadd-service 0:off 1:off 2:on 3:on 4:on 5:on 6:off vboxadd-x11 0:off 1:off 2:off 3:on 4:off 5:on 6:off vncserver 0:off 1:off 2:off 3:off 4:off 5:off 6:off wdaemon 0:off 1:off 2:off 3:off 4:off 5:off 6:off winbind 0:off 1:off 2:off 3:off 4:off 5:off 6:off wpa_supplicant 0:off 1:off 2:off 3:off 4:off 5:off 6:off ypbind 0:off 1:off 2:off 3:off 4:off 5:off 6:off
比如我们需要设置 httpd 服务开启自动启动，可以使用 chkconfig httpd on 命令即可
[root@xiaoluo rc5.d]# chkconfig httpd on [root@xiaoluo rc5.d]# chkconfig --list | grep httpd httpd 0:off 1:off 2:on 3:on 4:on 5:on 6:off
如果需要设置成开机不启动，则使用 chkconfig httpd off 命令即可
[root@xiaoluo rc5.d]# chkconfig httpd off [root@xiaoluo rc5.d]# chkconfig --list | grep httpd httpd 0:off 1:off 2:off 3:off 4:off 5:off 6:off
三、xinetd
其实对于上面通过 System V来管理的一些服务都属于Linux系统的常驻运行的服务，其实在Linux系统中还有许多不常驻的一些服务，例如 telnet、rsync服务，这些服务则是通过 xinetd 这个服务来进行管理的。
xinetd 控制的就是那些不常驻的服务，功能较为简单的服务
xinetd其实自己本身就是作为一个系统的常驻的服务运行在后台，而xinetd所控制的服务在没有连接请求的时候是不运行的，所有xinetd控制的服务的连接请求都会提交给xinetd来进行代理
xinetd在收到一个请求后，会根据请求的协议及服务启动相应的服务进程，进程处理完后请求就会结束
xinetd本身就是一个系统服务，通过 System V来对其进行管理，在CentOS6/RHEL6中，xinetd服务默认是没有安装的，我们若要使用该服务，首先需要安装它
[root@xiaoluo ~]# yum install xinetd Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, refresh-packagekit, security Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile * base: mirror01.idc.hinet.net * extras: mirror01.idc.hinet.net * updates: mirror01.idc.hinet.net base | 3.7 kB 00:00 extras | 3.5 kB 00:00 updates | 3.4 kB 00:00 Setting up Install Process Resolving Dependencies --> Running transaction check ---> Package xinetd.x86_64 2:2.3.14-38.el6 will be installed --> Finished Dependency Resolution Dependencies Resolved ================================================================================ Package Arch Version Repository Size ================================================================================ Installing: xinetd x86_64 2:2.3.14-38.el6 base 121 k Transaction Summary ================================================================================ Install 1 Package(s) Total download size: 121 k Installed size: 259 k Is this ok [y/N]: y Downloading Packages: xinetd-2.3.14-38.el6.x86_64.rpm | 121 kB 00:01 Running rpm_check_debug Running Transaction Test Transaction Test Succeeded Running Transaction Installing : 2:xinetd-2.3.14-38.el6.x86_64 1/1 Verifying : 2:xinetd-2.3.14-38.el6.x86_64 1/1 Installed: xinetd.x86_64 2:2.3.14-38.el6 Complete!
在我们安装好我们的xinetd服务以后，我们这时再通过 chkconfig --list 命令来查看所有的服务启动设置
[root@xiaoluo ~]# chkconfig --list NetworkManager 0:off 1:off 2:on 3:on 4:on 5:on 6:off abrt-ccpp 0:off 1:off 2:off 3:on 4:off 5:on 6:off abrtd 0:off 1:off 2:off 3:on 4:off 5:on 6:off acpid 0:off 1:off 2:on 3:on 4:on 5:on 6:off atd 0:off 1:off 2:off 3:on 4:on 5:on 6:off auditd 0:off 1:off 2:on 3:on 4:on 5:on 6:off autofs 0:off 1:off 2:off 3:on 4:on 5:on 6:off blk-availability 0:off 1:on 2:on 3:on 4:on 5:on 6:off bluetooth 0:off 1:off 2:off 3:on 4:on 5:on 6:off certmonger 0:off 1:off 2:off 3:on 4:on 5:on 6:off cpuspeed 0:off 1:on 2:on 3:on 4:on 5:on 6:off crond 0:off 1:off 2:on 3:on 4:on 5:on 6:off cups 0:off 1:off 2:on 3:on 4:on 5:on 6:off dnsmasq 0:off 1:off 2:off 3:off 4:off 5:off 6:off firstboot 0:off 1:off 2:off 3:off 4:off 5:off 6:off haldaemon 0:off 1:off 2:off 3:on 4:on 5:on 6:off htcacheclean 0:off 1:off 2:off 3:off 4:off 5:off 6:off httpd 0:off 1:off 2:off 3:off 4:off 5:off 6:off ip6tables 0:off 1:off 2:on 3:on 4:on 5:on 6:off iptables 0:off 1:off 2:on 3:on 4:on 5:on 6:off irqbalance 0:off 1:off 2:off 3:on 4:on 5:on 6:off kdump 0:off 1:off 2:off 3:off 4:off 5:off 6:off lvm2-monitor 0:off 1:on 2:on 3:on 4:on 5:on 6:off mdmonitor 0:off 1:off 2:on 3:on 4:on 5:on 6:off messagebus 0:off 1:off 2:on 3:on 4:on 5:on 6:off mysqld 0:off 1:off 2:on 3:on 4:on 5:on 6:off netconsole 0:off 1:off 2:off 3:off 4:off 5:off 6:off netfs 0:off 1:off 2:off 3:on 4:on 5:on 6:off network 0:off 1:off 2:on 3:on 4:on 5:on 6:off nfs 0:off 1:off 2:off 3:off 4:off 5:off 6:off nfslock 0:off 1:off 2:off 3:on 4:on 5:on 6:off ntpd 0:off 1:off 2:off 3:off 4:off 5:off 6:off ntpdate 0:off 1:off 2:off 3:off 4:off 5:off 6:off oddjobd 0:off 1:off 2:off 3:off 4:off 5:off 6:off portreserve 0:off 1:off 2:on 3:on 4:on 5:on 6:off postfix 0:off 1:off 2:on 3:on 4:on 5:on 6:off psacct 0:off 1:off 2:off 3:off 4:off 5:off 6:off quota_nld 0:off 1:off 2:off 3:off 4:off 5:off 6:off rdisc 0:off 1:off 2:off 3:off 4:off 5:off 6:off restorecond 0:off 1:off 2:off 3:off 4:off 5:off 6:off rngd 0:off 1:off 2:off 3:off 4:off 5:off 6:off rpcbind 0:off 1:off 2:on 3:on 4:on 5:on 6:off rpcgssd 0:off 1:off 2:off 3:on 4:on 5:on 6:off rpcidmapd 0:off 1:off 2:off 3:on 4:on 5:on 6:off rpcsvcgssd 0:off 1:off 2:off 3:off 4:off 5:off 6:off rsyslog 0:off 1:off 2:on 3:on 4:on 5:on 6:off saslauthd 0:off 1:off 2:off 3:off 4:off 5:off 6:off smartd 0:off 1:off 2:off 3:off 4:off 5:off 6:off snmpd 0:off 1:off 2:off 3:off 4:off 5:off 6:off snmptrapd 0:off 1:off 2:off 3:off 4:off 5:off 6:off spice-vdagentd 0:off 1:off 2:off 3:off 4:off 5:on 6:off sshd 0:off 1:off 2:on 3:on 4:on 5:on 6:off sssd 0:off 1:off 2:off 3:off 4:off 5:off 6:off sysstat 0:off 1:on 2:on 3:on 4:on 5:on 6:off udev-post 0:off 1:on 2:on 3:on 4:on 5:on 6:off vboxadd 0:off 1:off 2:on 3:on 4:on 5:on 6:off vboxadd-service 0:off 1:off 2:on 3:on 4:on 5:on 6:off vboxadd-x11 0:off 1:off 2:off 3:on 4:off 5:on 6:off vncserver 0:off 1:off 2:off 3:off 4:off 5:off 6:off wdaemon 0:off 1:off 2:off 3:off 4:off 5:off 6:off winbind 0:off 1:off 2:off 3:off 4:off 5:off 6:off wpa_supplicant 0:off 1:off 2:off 3:off 4:off 5:off 6:off xinetd 0:off 1:off 2:off 3:on 4:on 5:on 6:off ypbind 0:off 1:off 2:off 3:off 4:off 5:off 6:off xinetd based services: chargen-dgram: off chargen-stream: off daytime-dgram: off daytime-stream: off discard-dgram: off discard-stream: off echo-dgram: off echo-stream: off rsync: off tcpmux-server: off time-dgram: off time-stream: off
我们看到，在安装了xinetd服务以后，其下面出现了一些其他的服务选项，例如rsync，chargen-dgram等这些服务，这些服务都是系统的一些不常驻服务，都是通过xinetd这个服务来对其进行管理的
xinetd服务的配置文件是 /etc/xinetd.conf
[root@xiaoluo ~]# cat /etc/xinetd.conf # # This is the master xinetd configuration file. Settings in the # default section will be inherited by all service configurations # unless explicitly overridden in the service configuration. See # xinetd.conf in the man pages for a more detailed explanation of # these attributes. defaults { # The next two items are intended to be a quick access place to # temporarily enable or disable services. # # enabled = # disabled = # Define general logging characteristics. log_type = SYSLOG daemon info log_on_failure = HOST log_on_success = PID HOST DURATION EXIT # Define access restriction defaults # # no_access = # only_from = # max_load = 0 cps = 50 10 instances = 50 per_source = 10 # Address and networking defaults # # bind = # mdns = yes v6only = no # setup environmental attributes # # passenv = groups = yes umask = 002 # Generally, banners are not used. This sets up their global defaults # # banner = # banner_fail = # banner_success = } includedir /etc/xinetd.d
对于由xinetd控制的那些不常驻服务，它们的配置文件是存放在 /etc/xinetd.d/ 这个目录下与该服务名字相同的文件
[root@xiaoluo ~]# cd /etc/xinetd.d/ [root@xiaoluo xinetd.d]# ll total 48 -rw-------. 1 root root 1157 Feb 22 11:03 chargen-dgram -rw-------. 1 root root 1159 Feb 22 11:03 chargen-stream -rw-------. 1 root root 1157 Feb 22 11:03 daytime-dgram -rw-------. 1 root root 1159 Feb 22 11:03 daytime-stream -rw-------. 1 root root 1157 Feb 22 11:03 discard-dgram -rw-------. 1 root root 1159 Feb 22 11:03 discard-stream -rw-------. 1 root root 1148 Feb 22 11:03 echo-dgram -rw-------. 1 root root 1150 Feb 22 11:03 echo-stream -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 332 Apr 3 2012 rsync -rw-------. 1 root root 1212 Feb 22 11:03 tcpmux-server -rw-------. 1 root root 1149 Feb 22 11:03 time-dgram -rw-------. 1 root root 1150 Feb 22 11:03 time-stream
同样这些配置文件的配置也有固定的格式，例如rsync这个服务的配置文件信息为：
[root@xiaoluo xinetd.d]# cat rsync # default: off # description: The rsync server is a good addition to an ftp server, as it \ # allows crc checksumming etc. service rsync { disable = yes flags = IPv6 socket_type = stream wait = no user = root server = /usr/bin/rsync server_args = --daemon log_on_failure += USERID }
本篇随笔主要讲解了Linux系统服务的基础知识、System V与Xinetd的概念，以及通过 servcie 命令来启动某一服务，通过 chkconfig 命令来设置服务是否开机启动