red hat linux c编译器,关于Red Hat Linux下安装软件命令方法

1.通常Linux应用软件的安装包有三种:

1) tar包,如software-1.2.3-1.tar.gz。它是使用UNIX系统的打包工具tar打包的。

2) rpm包,如software-1.2.3-1.i386.rpm。它是Redhat Linux提供的一种包封装格式。安装rpm包的命令是"rpm -参数,包管理工具 yum 。"

3) deb包,如software-1.2.3-1.deb。它是Debain Linux提供的一种包封装格式。安装deb包的命令是"dpkg -参数",包管理工具 apt-get。

2.包命名规则:

大多数Linux应用软件包的命名也有一定的规律,它遵循:名称-版本-修正版-类型

例如:

1) software-1.2.3-1.tar.gz 意味着:

软件名称:software

版本号:1.2.3

修正版本:1

类型:tar.gz,说明是一个tar包。

2)  sfotware-1.2.3-1.i386.rpm

软件名称:software

版本号:1.2.3

修正版本:1

可用平台:i386,适用于Intel 80x86平台。

类型:rpm,说明是一个rpm包。

注:由于rpm格式的通常是已编译的程序,所以需指明平台。

3.包里的内容:

一个Linux应用程序的软件包中可以包含两种不同的内容:

1) 一种就是可执行文件,也就是解开包后就可以直接运行的。在Windows中所 有的软件包都是这种类型。安装完这个程序后,你就可以使用,但你看不到源程序。而且下载时要注意这个软件是否是你所使用的平台,否则将无法正常安装。

2)  另一种则是源程序,也就解开包后,你还需要使用编译器将其编译成为可执行文件。这在Windows系统中是几乎没有的,因为Windows的思想是不开放源程序的。

通常,用tar打包的,都是源程序;而用rpm、dpkg打包的则常是可执行程序。一般一个软件总会提供多种打包格式的安装程序的。你可以根据自己的情况来选择。

4.tar包:

整个安装过程可以分为以下几步:

1) 取得应用软件:通过下载、购买光盘的方法获得;

2) 解压缩文件:一般tar包,都会再做一次压缩,如gzip、bz2等,所以你需要先解压。如果是最常见的gz格式,则可以执行:“tar –xvzf软件包名”,就可以一步完成解压与解包工作。如果不是,则先用解压软件,再执行“tar –xvf 解压后的tar包”进行解包;

阅读附带的INSTALL文件、README文件;

3) 执行“./configure”命令为编译做好准备;

4) 执行“make”命令进行软件编译;

5) 执行“makeinstall”完成安装;

6) 执行“makeclean”删除安装时产生的临时文件。

7) 运行应用程序:一般来说,Linux的应用软件的可执行文件会存放在/usr/local/bin目录下!不过这并不是“放四海皆准”的真理,最可靠的还是看这个软件的 INSTALL和README文件,一般都会有说明。

8) 卸载:通常软件的开发者很少考虑到如何卸载自己的软件,而tar又仅是完成打包的工作,所以并没有提供良好的卸载方法。有两个软件能够解决这个问题,那就是Kinstall和Kife,它们是tar包安装、卸载的黄金搭档

5.rpm包:

1)  操作系统:RedHat(Red Hat/Fedora)

2) 常见的安装包格式 rpm包,安装rpm包的命令是“rpm -参数”

3) 包管理工具 yum

4) 支持tar包

5.1rpm命令

安装: rpm –ivh 软件包名.rpm( -I 安装软件,-t测试安装,不是真的安装,-p显示安装进度,-f忽略任何错误,-U升级安装,-v检测套件是否正确安装)

卸载: rpm –e 软件名(注意使用的是软件名,而不是软件包名)

查询:查询当前系统安装的软件包: rpm –qa ‘*软件包名*’rpmdescription

rpm -Uvh packages(s).rpminstall/upgrade package file(s)

rpm -e packageemove package

rpm -qa '*spell*'show all packages whose names contain the word spell and already installed in system

rpm -q packageshow version of package installed

rpm -q -i packageshow all package metadata

rpm -q -i -p package.rpmshow all package file's metadata

rpm -q -f /path/filewhat package does file belong

rpm -q -l packagelist where files were installed

rpm -q -l -p package.rpmlist where files would be installed

rpm2cpio package.rpm | cpio -idextract package files to current directory

rpm -q --requires packagelist files/packages that package needs

rpm -q --whatrequires packagelist packages that need package (see also whatrequires)

5.2yum命令yumDescription

yum update [package list]upgrade specified packages (or all installed packages if none specified)

yum install install latest version of package(s), Yum refreshes each time it's used

yum remove remove specified packages from system

yum list [package list]list available packages from repositories

6.deb包:

1) 操作系统:Debian系列(Ubuntu)

2) 常见的安装包格式 deb包,安装deb包的命令是“dpkg -参数”

3) 包管理工具apt-get

4) 支持tar包

6.1dpkg命令

安装: dpkg –i  软件包名.deb

卸载: dpkg –e 软件名

查询:查询当前系统安装的软件包: dpkg –l ‘*软件包名*’

dpkgdescription

dpkg -Gi package(s).debinstall/upgrade package file(s)

dpkg -r packageemove package

dpkg -l '*spell*'show all packages whose names contain the word spell and already installed in system

dpkg -l packageshow version of package installed

dpkg -s packageshow all package metadata

dpkg -I package.debshow all package file's metadata

dpkg -S /path/filewhat package does file belong

dpkg -L packagelist where files were installed

dpkg -c package.deblist where files would be installed

dpkg -x package.debextract package files to current directory

dpkg -s package | grep ^Depends:list files/packages that package needs

dpkg --purge --dry-run packagelist packages that need package (see also whatrequires)

6.2apt-get命令

Apt-get命令只能用于在repositories中的包,不能用于处理自己下载的deb包,要想处理自己下载的deb包,只能用dpkg命令。apt-getDescription

apt-get dist-upgradeupgrade specified packages (or all installed packages if none specified)

apt-get install install latest version of package(s)

apt-get remove remove specified packages from system

apt-cache list [package list]list available packages from repositories

7.rpm包和deb包安装命令对比:TaskRed Hat/FedoraUbuntu

Adding Removing and Upgrading Packages

Refresh list of available packagesYum refreshes each time it's usedapt-get update

Install a package from a repositoryyum install package_nameapt-get install package_name

Install a package fileyum install package.rpm或者rpm -i package.rpmdpkg --install package.deb

Remove a packagerpm -e package_nameapt-get remove package_name

Check for package upgradesyum check-updateapt-get -s upgrade或者apt-get -s dist-upgrade

Upgrade packagesyum update或者rpm -Uvh [args]apt-get dist-upgrade

Upgrade the entire systemyum upgradeapt-get dist-upgrade

Package Information

Get information about an available packageyum search package_nameapt-cache search package_name

Show available packagesyum list availableapt-cache dumpavail

List all installed packagesyum list installed或者rpm -qadpkg --list

Get information about a packageyum info package_nameapt-cache show package_name

Get information about an installed packagerpm -qi package_namedpkg --status package_name

List files in an installed packagerpm -ql package_namedpkg --listfiles package_name

List documentation files in an installed packagerpm -qd package_name-

List configuration files in an installed packagerpm -qc package_name-

Show the packages a given package depends onrpm -qR package_nameapt-cache depends

Show other packages that depend on a given package (reverse dependency)rpm -q -whatrequires [args]apt-cache rdepends

Package File Information

Get information about a package filerpm -qpi package.rpmdpkg --info package.deb

List files in a package filerpm -qpl package.rpmdpkg --contents package.deb

List documentation files in a package filerpm -qpd package.rpm-

List configuration files in a package filerpm -qpc package.rpm-

Extract files in a packagerpm2cpio package.rpm | cpio -viddpkg-deb --extract package.deb dir-to-extract-to

Find package that installed a filerpm -qf filenamedpkg --search filename

Find package that provides a particular fileyum provides filenameapt-file search filename

Misc. Packaging System Tools

Show stats about the package cache-apt-cache stats

Verify all installed packagesrpm -Vadebsums

Remove packages from the local cache directoryyum clean packagesapt-get clean

Remove only obsolete packages from the local cache directory-apt-get autoclean

Remove header files from the local cache directory(forcing a new download of same on next use)yum clean headersapt-file purge

General Packaging System Information

Package file extension*.rpm*.deb

Repository location configuration/etc/yum.conf/etc/apt/sources.list

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