Javascript学习4 - 对象和数组

在Javascript中,对象和数组是两种基本的数据类型,而且它们也是最重要的两种数据类型。
对象是已命名的值的一个集合,而数组是一种特殊对象,它就像数值的一组有序集合。

4.1 关联数组的对象 Objects as Associative Arrays
    对于对象,其属性相当于已命名的字符串值的一个集合。可以使用数组存取运算符[]来提取属性。
    对象可以使用"."来存取一个对象属性,而数组更常用的存取属性运算符是[].下面两个表达式等效:

1 object.property
2 object[ " property " ]


    以上两种方式的重要区别是:前者的属性名是标识符,后者的属性名却是一个字符串。★
    以下原文说明了它的重要性:
        In C, C++, Java, and similar strongly typed languages, an object can have only a fixed number of properties, and the names of these properties must be defined in advance. Since JavaScript is a loosely typed language, this rule does not apply: a program can create any number of properties in any object. When you use the . operator to access a property of an object, however, the name of the property is expressed as an identifier. Identifiers must be typed literally into your JavaScript program; they are not a datatype, so they cannot be manipulated by the program
    On the other hand, when you access a property of an object with the [] array notation, the name of the property is expressed as a string. Strings are JavaScript datatypes, so they can be manipulated and created while a program is running. So, for example, you can write the following code in JavaScript:

1 var  addr  =   "" ;
2 for (i  =   0 ; i  <   4 ; i ++ {
3    addr += customer["address" + i] + '\n';
4}


4.2 通用的object属性和方法
    ① constructor属性
        引用该属性初始化对象的构造。
    ② toString()方法
        把对象转换成字符串时,就会调用这个方法
    ③ toLocalString()方法
        返回一个本地化字符串表示
    ④ valueOf()方法
        与toString()方法很像,它是当Javascript把一个对象转换为某种基本数据类型,即数字而非字符串时,调用的方法
        默认的valueOf并不做什么有意义的事情。
    ⑤ hasOwnProperty()方法
        The hasOwnProperty() method returns true if the object locally defines a noninherited property with the name specified by the single string argument. Otherwise, it returns false. For example:

1 var  o  =   {} ;
2 o.hasOwnProperty( " undef " );      //  false: the property is not defined
3 o.hasOwnProperty( " toString " );   //  false: toString is an inherited property
4 Math.hasOwnProperty( " cos " );     //  true: the Math object has a cos property


        也即是说,如果参数中指定的字符串,相当于对象的一个属性,该属性在本类中实现,返回true,在继承类中实现,返回false.
    ⑥ propertyIsEnumerable() 方法
        如果字符串参数所指定的名字,相当于对象的一个非继承的属性;且属性可以在一个for/in循环中枚举。返回true.

1 var  o  =   { x:1 } ;
2 o.propertyIsEnumerable( " x " );         //  true: property exists and is enumerable
3 o.propertyIsEnumerable( " y " );         //  false: property doesn't exist


        Note that all user-defined properties of an object are enumerable.(一个对象的所有用户定义的属性都是可以枚举的。) Nonenumerable properties are typically inherited properties (see Chapter 9 for a discussion of property inheritance), so this method almost always returns the same result as hasOwnProperty().
    ⑦ isPrototypeOf()方法
        The isPrototypeOf() method returns true if the object to which the method is attached is the prototype object of the argument. Otherwise, it returns false. For example:

1 var  o  =   {}
2 Object.prototype.isPrototypeOf(o);         //  true: o.constructor == Object
3 Object.isPrototypeOf(o);                   //  false
4 o.isPrototypeOf(Object.prototype);         //  false
5 Function.prototype.isPrototypeOf(Object);  //  true: Object.constructor==Function


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