Gender类,是一个枚举类型,表示性别
public enum Gender { MALE, FEMALE }
如果熟悉Java枚举类型的话,应该知道每个枚举类型都会默认继承类java.lang.Enum,而该类实现了Serializable接口,所以枚举类型对象都是默认可以被序列化的。
Person类,实现了Serializable接口,它包含三个字段:name,String类型;age,Integer类型;gender,Gender类型。另外,还重写该类的toString()方法,以方便打印Person实例中的内容。public class Person implements Serializable { private String name = null; private Integer age = null; private Gender gender = null; public Person() { System.out.println("none-arg constructor"); } public Person(String name, Integer age, Gender gender) { System.out.println("arg constructor"); this.name = name; this.age = age; this.gender = gender; } public String getName() { return name; } public void setName(String name) { this.name = name; } public Integer getAge() { return age; } public void setAge(Integer age) { this.age = age; } public Gender getGender() { return gender; } public void setGender(Gender gender) { this.gender = gender; } @Override public String toString() { return "[" + name + ", " + age + ", " + gender + "]"; } } SimpleSerial,是一个简单的序列化程序,它先将一个Person对象保存到文件person.out中,然后再从该文件中读出被存储的Person对象,并打印该对象。 public class SimpleSerial { public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception { File file = new File("person.out"); ObjectOutputStream oout = new ObjectOutputStream(new FileOutputStream(file)); Person person = new Person("John", 101, Gender.MALE); oout.writeObject(person); oout.close(); ObjectInputStream oin = new ObjectInputStream(new FileInputStream(file)); Object newPerson = oin.readObject(); // 没有强制转换到Person类型 oin.close(); System.out.println(newPerson); } }
上述程序的输出的结果为:
arg constructor [John, 31, MALE]
此时必须注意的是,当重新读取被保存的Person对象时,并没有调用Person的任何构造器,看起来就像是直接使用字节将Person对象还原出来的。
当Person对象被保存到person.out文件中之后,我们可以在其它地方去读取该文件以还原对象,但必须确保该读取程序的CLASSPATH中包含有Person.class(哪怕在读取Person对象时并没有显示地使用Person类,如上例所示),否则会抛出ClassNotFoundException。3. Serializable的作用
为什么一个类实现了Serializable接口,它就可以被序列化呢?在上节的示例中,使用ObjectOutputStream来持久化对象,在该类中有如下代码:
private void writeObject0(Object obj, boolean unshared) throws IOException { if (obj instanceof String) { writeString((String) obj, unshared); } else if (cl.isArray()) { writeArray(obj, desc, unshared); } else if (obj instanceof Enum) { writeEnum((Enum) obj, desc, unshared); } else if (obj instanceof Serializable) { writeOrdinaryObject(obj, desc, unshared); } else { if (extendedDebugInfo) { throw new NotSerializableException(cl.getName() + "\n" + debugInfoStack.toString()); } else { throw new NotSerializableException(cl.getName()); } } }
从上述代码可知,如果被写对象的类型是String,或数组,或Enum,或Serializable,那么就可以对该对象进行序列化,否则将抛出NotSerializableException。
4. 默认序列化机制
public class Person implements Serializable { transient private Integer age = null; }
再执行SimpleSerial应用程序,会有如下输出:
arg constructor [John, null, MALE]
可见,age字段未被序列化。
5.2 writeObject()方法与readObject()方法对于上述已被声明为transitive的字段age,除了将transitive关键字去掉之外,是否还有其它方法能使它再次可被序列化?方法之一就是在Person类中添加两个方法:writeObject()与readObject(),如下所示:
public class Person implements Serializable { transient private Integer age = null; private void writeObject(ObjectOutputStream out) throws IOException { out.defaultWriteObject(); out.writeInt(age); } private void readObject(ObjectInputStream in) throws IOException, ClassNotFoundException { in.defaultReadObject(); age = in.readInt(); } }
在writeObject()方法中会先调用ObjectOutputStream中的defaultWriteObject()方法,该方法会执行默认的序列化机制,如5.1节所述,此时会忽略掉age字段。然后再调用writeInt()方法显示地将age字段写入到ObjectOutputStream中。readObject()的作用则是针对对象的读取,其原理与writeObject()方法相同。
再次执行SimpleSerial应用程序,则又会有如下输出:
arg constructor [John, 31, MALE]
必须注意地是,writeObject()与readObject()都是private方法,那么它们是如何被调用的呢?毫无疑问,是使用反射。详情可见ObjectOutputStream中的writeSerialData方法,以及ObjectInputStream中的readSerialData方法。
5.3 Externalizable接口
public class Person implements Externalizable { private String name = null; transient private Integer age = null; private Gender gender = null; public Person() { System.out.println("none-arg constructor"); } public Person(String name, Integer age, Gender gender) { System.out.println("arg constructor"); this.name = name; this.age = age; this.gender = gender; } private void writeObject(ObjectOutputStream out) throws IOException { out.defaultWriteObject(); out.writeInt(age); } private void readObject(ObjectInputStream in) throws IOException, ClassNotFoundException { in.defaultReadObject(); age = in.readInt(); } @Override public void writeExternal(ObjectOutput out) throws IOException { } @Override public void readExternal(ObjectInput in) throws IOException, ClassNotFoundException { } }
此时再执行SimpleSerial程序之后会得到如下结果:
arg constructor none-arg constructor [null, null, null]
从该结果,一方面可以看出Person对象中任何一个字段都没有被序列化。另一方面,如果细心的话,还可以发现这此次序列化过程调用了Person类的无参构造器。
Externalizable继承于Serializable,当使用该接口时,序列化的细节需要由程序员去完成。如上所示的代码,由于writeExternal()与readExternal()方法未作任何处理,那么该序列化行为将不会保存/读取任何一个字段。这也就是为什么输出结果中所有字段的值均为空。
public class Person implements Externalizable { private String name = null; transient private Integer age = null; private Gender gender = null; public Person() { System.out.println("none-arg constructor"); } public Person(String name, Integer age, Gender gender) { System.out.println("arg constructor"); this.name = name; this.age = age; this.gender = gender; } private void writeObject(ObjectOutputStream out) throws IOException { out.defaultWriteObject(); out.writeInt(age); } private void readObject(ObjectInputStream in) throws IOException, ClassNotFoundException { in.defaultReadObject(); age = in.readInt(); } @Override public void writeExternal(ObjectOutput out) throws IOException { out.writeObject(name); out.writeInt(age); } @Override public void readExternal(ObjectInput in) throws IOException, ClassNotFoundException { name = (String) in.readObject(); age = in.readInt(); } }
执行SimpleSerial之后会有如下结果:
arg constructor none-arg constructor [John, 31, null]
5.4 readResolve()方法
当我们使用Singleton模式时,应该是期望某个类的实例应该是唯一的,但如果该类是可序列化的,那么情况可能会略有不同。此时对第2节使用的Person类进行修改,使其实现Singleton模式,如下所示:
public class Person implements Serializable { private static class InstanceHolder { private static final Person instatnce = new Person("John", 31, Gender.MALE); } public static Person getInstance() { return InstanceHolder.instatnce; } private String name = null; private Integer age = null; private Gender gender = null; private Person() { System.out.println("none-arg constructor"); } private Person(String name, Integer age, Gender gender) { System.out.println("arg constructor"); this.name = name; this.age = age; this.gender = gender; } }
同时要修改SimpleSerial应用,使得能够保存/获取上述单例对象,并进行对象相等性比较,如下代码所示:
public class SimpleSerial { public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception { File file = new File("person.out"); ObjectOutputStream oout = new ObjectOutputStream(new FileOutputStream(file)); oout.writeObject(Person.getInstance()); // 保存单例对象 oout.close(); ObjectInputStream oin = new ObjectInputStream(new FileInputStream(file)); Object newPerson = oin.readObject(); oin.close(); System.out.println(newPerson); System.out.println(Person.getInstance() == newPerson); // 将获取的对象与Person类中的单例对象进行相等性比较 } }
执行上述应用程序后会得到如下结果:
arg constructor [John, 31, MALE] false
值得注意的是,从文件person.out中获取的Person对象与Person类中的单例对象并不相等。为了能在序列化过程仍能保持单例的特性,可以在Person类中添加一个readResolve()方法,在该方法中直接返回Person的单例对象,如下所示:
public class Person implements Serializable { private static class InstanceHolder { private static final Person instatnce = new Person("John", 31, Gender.MALE); } public static Person getInstance() { return InstanceHolder.instatnce; } private String name = null; private Integer age = null; private Gender gender = null; private Person() { System.out.println("none-arg constructor"); } private Person(String name, Integer age, Gender gender) { System.out.println("arg constructor"); this.name = name; this.age = age; this.gender = gender; } private Object readResolve() throws ObjectStreamException { return InstanceHolder.instatnce; } }
再次执行本节的SimpleSerial应用后将有如下输出:
arg constructor [John, 31, MALE] true
无论是实现Serializable接口,或是Externalizable接口,当从I/O流中读取对象时,readResolve()方法都会被调用到。实际上就是用readResolve()中返回的对象直接替换在反序列化过程中创建的对象,而被创建的对象则会被垃圾回收掉。