本节主要介绍命令行参数处理函数及一些网络地址转换方面的函数:
首先,介绍关于命令行参数处理函数相关源代码。
gnu_getopt.h文件源代码:
#ifndef _GETOPT_H #define _GETOPT_H 1 #ifdef __cplusplus extern "C" { #endif /* For communication from `gnu_getopt' to the caller. When `gnu_getopt' finds an option that takes an argument, the argument value is returned here. Also, when `ordering' is RETURN_IN_ORDER, each non-option ARGV-element is returned here. */ extern char *gnu_optarg; /* Index in ARGV of the next element to be scanned. This is used for communication to and from the caller and for communication between successive calls to `gnu_getopt'. On entry to `gnu_getopt', zero means this is the first call; initialize. When `gnu_getopt' returns -1, this is the index of the first of the non-option elements that the caller should itself scan. Otherwise, `gnu_optind' communicates from one call to the next how much of ARGV has been scanned so far. */ extern int gnu_optind; /* Callers store zero here to inhibit the error message `gnu_getopt' prints for unrecognized options. */ extern int gnu_opterr; /* Set to an option character which was unrecognized. */ extern int gnu_optopt; /* Describe the long-named options requested by the application. The LONG_OPTIONS argument to gnu_getopt_long or getopt_long_only is a vector of `struct option' terminated by an element containing a name which is zero. The field `has_arg' is: no_argument (or 0) if the option does not take an argument, required_argument (or 1) if the option requires an argument, optional_argument (or 2) if the option takes an optional argument. If the field `flag' is not NULL, it points to a variable that is set to the value given in the field `val' when the option is found, but left unchanged if the option is not found. To have a long-named option do something other than set an `int' to a compiled-in constant, such as set a value from `gnu_optarg', set the option's `flag' field to zero and its `val' field to a nonzero value (the equivalent single-letter option character, if there is one). For long options that have a zero `flag' field, `gnu_getopt' returns the contents of the `val' field. */ /* has_arg can't be an enum because some compilers complain about type mismatches in all the code that assumes it is an int. */ struct option { const char *name; int has_arg; int *flag; int val; }; /* Names for the values of the `has_arg' field of `struct option'. */ #define no_argument 0 #define required_argument 1 #define optional_argument 2 int gnu_getopt( int argc, char *const *argv, const char *shortopts ); int gnu_getopt_long( int argc, char *const *argv, const char *shortopts, const struct option *longopts, int *longind ); int gnu_getopt_long_only( int argc, char *const *argv, const char *shortopts, const struct option *longopts, int *longind ); /* Internal only. Users should not call this directly. */ int _gnu_getopt_internal( int argc, char *const *argv, const char *shortopts, const struct option *longopts, int *longind, int long_only ); #ifdef __cplusplus } /* end extern "C" */ #endif #endif /* _GETOPT_H */
在这里,需要明确这样几个概念:
extern char *gnu_optarg; extern int gnu_optind; extern int gnu_opterr; extern int gnu_optopt;
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1、*gnu_optarg :当gnu_getopt函数查找到一个含参数的选项,对应参数就会返回到此变量中(gnu_optarg字符串)。对于“RETURN_IN_ORDER”的“ordering”时,每一个非选项参数均将参量返回到gnu_optarg字符串中。
2、gnu_optind :下一个被扫描到的元素中的元素序号,适用于caller与gnu_getopt之间的交互。在gnu_getopt函数入口,zero(0)表示这是第一个call,进行初始化工作。当“gnu_getopt”返回-1时,表示这是第一个非选项参量,这时,caller应该自我扫描。
3、gnu_opterr :caller此时存储0来防止错误信息"gnu_getopt"打印无法识别的选项(option)的错误。
4、gnu_optopt :用以标志无法识别的选项。这个值在很多系统中为了避免与系统自身的gnu_getopt实现相连接必须进行初始化。
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struct option :
struct option { const char *name; int has_arg; int *flag; int val; }
has_arg成员变量表示:
no_argument (0) -----此选项没有参量(自变量);
required_argument (1)-----此选项需要参量(一般需要设置,未设置应设立default选项);
optional_argument (2)-----此选项有可选参量。
flag成员变量:
当flag不为空时,当发现一个option时,其指向一个值被设置为给定val域中的值的变量;当没有option被发现时,此时flag保持不变。
在这里,我们可以结合具体实现时的赋值来对比学习:
在gnu_getopt.c中,这些变量的值的初始化为:
char *gnu_optarg = NULL; /* 1003.2 says this must be 1 before any call. */ int gnu_optind = 1; int gnu_opterr = 1; int gnu_optopt = '?';
下面对几个实现函数进行说明:
gnu_getopt(......)函数:实现对形如"-c"/"--c"之类的参数进行参数提取,得到'c'。
int gnu_getopt ( int argc, char *const *argv, const char *optstring ) { return _gnu_getopt_internal (argc, argv, optstring, (const struct option *) 0, (int *) 0, 0); }
gnu_getopt_long(......)函数:实现对形如"-client"/"--client"之类的参数进行参数提取,得到'c'。
int gnu_getopt_long( int argc, char *const *argv, const char *options, const struct option *long_options, int *opt_index ) { return _gnu_getopt_internal (argc, argv, options, long_options, opt_index, 0); }
它们的核心实现为_gnu_getopt_internal(......)函数:
int _gnu_getopt_internal( int argc,char *const *argv, const char *optstring, const struct option *longopts, int *longind, int long_only );
再则,介绍一些关于 网络地址转换方面的函数:
这里主要有四个文件:endian.c、inet_aton.h、inet_ntop.c、inet_pton.c
在endian.c中,主要功能函数是:
void ntoh( void *buffer, int len, int inSizeof );
其完成的功能是将网络字节序转换为主机字节序。
在inet_aton.h,简述了相关功能:
/* * inet_pton is the new, better version of inet_aton. * inet_aton is not IP version agnostic. * inet_aton is the new, better version of inet_addr. * inet_addr is incorrect in that it returns -1 as an error value, * while -1 (0xFFFFFFFF) is a valid IP address (255.255.255.255). */
在inet_ntop.c中,主要功能函数是:
int inet_ntop(int af, const void *src, char *dst, size_t size);
其完成的功能是完成数值式套接字地址(IP地址-二进制形式)转换为表达式套接字地址(IP地址-点分十进制形式)。其余系统提供的相关函数不同的地方是,其可以同时实现IPv4与IPv6的地址转换工作。此函数的子功能函数分别为
//ipv4 version static int inet_ntop4(const unsigned char *src, char *dst, size_t size); //ipv6 version static int inet_ntop6(const unsigned char *src, char *dst, size_t size);
同理,在inet_pton.c中,主要功能函数是:
int inet_pton(int af, const char *src, void *dst);
其完成的功能是完成表达式套接字地址(IP地址-点分十进制形式)转换为数值式套接字地址(IP地址-二进制形式)。其余系统提供的相关函数不同的地方是,其可以同时实现IPv4与IPv6的地址转换工作。此函数的子功能函数分别为
//ipv4 version static int inet_pton4(src, dst) const char *src; unsigned char *dst; //ipv6 version inet_pton6(src, dst) const char *src; unsigned char *dst;