Filter

过滤器Filter也具有生命周期:init()->doFilter()->destroy(),由部署文件中的filter元素驱动。在servlet2.4中,过滤器同样可以用于请求分派器,但须在web.xml中声明,<dispatcher>INCLUDE或FORWARD或REQUEST或ERROR</dispatcher>该元素位于filter-mapping中。

一、批量设置请求编码  

public class EncodingFilter implements Filter {  
  
    private String encoding = null;  
  
    public void destroy() {  
        encoding = null;  
    }  
  
    public void doFilter(ServletRequest request, ServletResponse response,  
            FilterChain chain) throws IOException, ServletException {  
        String encoding = getEncoding();  
        if (encoding == null){  
            encoding = "gb2312";  
        }  
        request.setCharacterEncoding(encoding);// 在请求里设置上指定的编码  
        chain.doFilter(request, response);  
    }  
  
    public void init(FilterConfig filterConfig) throws ServletException {  
        this.encoding = filterConfig.getInitParameter("encoding");  
    }  
  
    private String getEncoding() {  
        return this.encoding;  
    }  
  
}


<filter>  
    <filter-name>EncodingFilter</filter-name>  
    <filter-class>com.logcd.filter.EncodingFilter</filter-class>  
    <init-param>  
       <param-name>encoding</param-name>  
       <param-value>gb2312</param-value>  
    </init-param>  
</filter>  
  
<filter-mapping>  
   <filter-name>EncodingFilter</filter-name>  
   <url-pattern>/*</url-pattern>  
</filter-mapping>

二、用filter控制用户访问权限 

public void doFilter(ServletRequest request,  
        ServletResponse response,  
        FilterChain chain)  
        throws IOException, ServletException {  
  
    HttpServletRequest req = (HttpServletRequest) request;  
    HttpServletResponse res = (HttpServletResponse) response;  
  
    HttpSession session = req.getSession();  
    if (session.getAttribute("username") != null) {//登录后才能访问  
        chain.doFilter(request, response);  
    } else {  
        res.sendRedirect("../failure.jsp");  
    }  
}




<filter>  
    <filter-name>SecurityFilter</filter-name>  
    <filter-class>com.logcd.filter.SecurityFilter</filter-class>  
</filter>  
<filter-mapping>  
    <filter-name>SecurityFilter</filter-name>  
    <url-pattern>/admin/*</url-pattern>  
</filter-mapping>



三、过滤链 
Filter 
   两个过滤器,EncodingFilter负责设置编码,SecurityFilter负责控制权限,服务器会按照web.xml中过滤器定义的先后循序组装成一条链,然后一次执行其中的doFilter()方法。执行的顺序就如上图所示,执行第一个过滤器的chain.doFilter()之前的代码,第二个过滤器的chain.doFilter()之前的代码,请求的资源,第二个过滤器的chain.doFilter()之后的代码,第一个过滤器的chain.doFilter()之后的代码,最后返回响应。 
执行的代码顺序是: 

  1. 执行EncodingFilter.doFilter()中chain.doFilter()之前的部分:request.setCharacterEncoding("gb2312");
  2. 执行SecurityFilter.doFilter()中chain.doFilter()之前的部分:判断用户是否已登录。
  3. 如果用户已登录,则访问请求的资源:/admin/index.jsp。
  4. 如果用户未登录,则页面重定向到:/failure.jsp。
  5. 执行SecurityFilter.doFilter()中chain.doFilter()之后的部分:这里没有代码。
  6. 执行EncodingFilter.doFilter()中chain.doFilter()之后的部分:这里也没有代码。


   过滤链的好处是,执行过程中任何时候都可以打断,只要不执行chain.doFilter()就不会再执行后面的过滤器和请求的内容。而在实际使用时,就要特别注意过滤链的执行顺序问题,像EncodingFilter就一定要放在所有Filter之前,这样才能确保在使用请求中的数据前设置正确的编码。 

四、使用filter,结合gzip 压缩技术,解决web应用中网络传输数据量大的问题 
    gzip是http协议中使用的一种加密算法,客户端向web服务器端发出了请求后,通常情况下服务器端会将页面文件和其他资源,返回到客户端,客户端加载后渲染呈现,这种情况文件一般都比较大,如果开启Gzip ,那么服务器端响应后,会将页面,JS,CSS等文本文件或者其他文件通过高压缩算法将其压缩,然后传输到客户端,由客户端的浏览器负责解压缩与呈现。通常能节省40%以上的流量(一般都有60%左右),一些PHP,JSP文件也能够进行压缩。 
1.Tomcat 直接开启Gzip 
    打开Tomcat 目录下的conf下的server.xml,并找到如下信息: 

<!-- Note : To use gzip compression you could set the following properties :  
   compression="on"   
   compressionMinSize="2048"   
   noCompressionUserAgents="gozilla, traviata"   
   compressableMimeType="text/html,text/xml"  
-->



把它们加入到你配置的<Connector port="80" .../>中去。如果要压缩css 和 js,加入compressableMimeType="text/html,text/xml,text/css,text/javascript"。还要压缩图片,加入compressableMimeType="text/html,text/xml,text/css,text/javascript,image/gif,image/jpg"。 
    开启后重启Tomcat ,通过浏览器查看headers信息就能看到是否开启。 

2.使用filter,在代码级别完成web应用的gzip压缩的开启。  

(1).CachedResponseWrapper类 
    实现定制输出的关键是对HttpServletResponse 进行包装,截获所有的输出,等到过滤器链处理完毕后,再对截获的输出进行处理,并写入到真正的HttpServletResponse 对象中。JavaEE 框架已经定义了一个HttpServletResponseWrapper 类使得包装HttpServletResponse 更加容易。我们扩展这个HttpServletResponseWrapper,截获所有的输出,并保存到ByteArrayOutputStream 中。 
    定制的包装响应能方便地从帮助类 HttpServletResponseWrapper 中导出。这一类粗略地执行许多方法,允许我们简单地覆盖 getOutputStream() 方法以及 getWriter() 方法,提供了定制输出流的实例。 
    HttpServletResponseWrapper这个类的使用包括以下五个步骤: 
1)建立一个响应包装器。扩展javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponseWrapper。 
2)提供一个缓存输出的PrintWriter。重载getWriter方法,返回一个保存发送给它的所有东西的PrintWriter,并把结果存进一个可以稍后访问的字段中。 
3)传递该包装器给doFilter。此调用是合法的,因为HttpServletResponseWrapper实现HttpServletResponse。 
4)提取和修改输出。在调用FilterChain的doFilter方法后,原资源的输出只要利用步骤2中提供的机制就可以得到。只要对你的应用适合,就可以修改或替换它。 
5)发送修改过的输出到客户机。因为原资源不再发送输出到客户机(这些输出已经存放到你的响应包装器中了),所以必须发送这些输出。这样,你的过滤器需要从原响应对象中获得PrintWriter或OutputStream,并传递修改过的输出到该流中。 
** 
 * Wrapper:在内存中开辟一个ByteOutputStream,然后将拦截的响应写入byte[], 
 * 写入完毕后,再将wrapper的byte[]写入真正的response对象 
 * This class is used for wrapped response for getting cached data. 
 */   
class CachedResponseWrapper extends HttpServletResponseWrapper {  
  
    /** 
     * Indicate that getOutputStream() or getWriter() is not called yet. 
     */  
    public static final int OUTPUT_NONE = 0;  
  
    /** 
     * Indicate that getWriter() is already called. 
     */  
    public static final int OUTPUT_WRITER = 1;  
  
    /** 
     * Indicate that getOutputStream() is already called. 
     */  
    public static final int OUTPUT_STREAM = 2;  
  
    private int outputType = OUTPUT_NONE;  
  
    private int status = SC_OK;  
  
    private ServletOutputStream output = null;  
  
    private PrintWriter writer = null;  
  
    private ByteArrayOutputStream buffer = null;  
  
    public CachedResponseWrapper(HttpServletResponse resp) throws IOException {  
        super(resp);  
        buffer = new ByteArrayOutputStream();  
    }  
  
    public int getStatus() {  
        return status;  
    }  
  
    public void setStatus(int status) {  
        super.setStatus(status);  
        this.status = status;  
    }  
  
    public void setStatus(int status, String string) {  
        super.setStatus(status, string);  
        this.status = status;  
    }  
  
    public void sendError(int status, String string) throws IOException {  
        super.sendError(status, string);  
        this.status = status;  
    }  
  
    public void sendError(int status) throws IOException {  
        super.sendError(status);  
        this.status = status;  
    }  
  
    public void sendRedirect(String location) throws IOException {  
        super.sendRedirect(location);  
        this.status = SC_MOVED_TEMPORARILY;  
    }  
  
    public PrintWriter getWriter() throws IOException {  
        if (outputType == OUTPUT_STREAM)  
            throw new IllegalStateException();  
        else if (outputType == OUTPUT_WRITER)  
            return writer;  
        else {  
            outputType = OUTPUT_WRITER;  
            writer = new PrintWriter(new OutputStreamWriter(buffer,  
                    getCharacterEncoding()));  
            return writer;  
        }  
    }  
  
    public ServletOutputStream getOutputStream() throws IOException {  
        if (outputType == OUTPUT_WRITER)  
            throw new IllegalStateException();  
        else if (outputType == OUTPUT_STREAM)  
            return output;  
        else {  
            outputType = OUTPUT_STREAM;  
            output = new WrappedOutputStream(buffer);  
            return output;  
        }  
    }  
  
    public void flushBuffer() throws IOException {  
        if (outputType == OUTPUT_WRITER)  
            writer.flush();  
        if (outputType == OUTPUT_STREAM)  
            output.flush();  
    }  
  
    public void reset() {  
        outputType = OUTPUT_NONE;  
        buffer.reset();  
    }  
  
    /** 
     * Call this method to get cached response data. 
     *  
     * @return byte array buffer. 
     * @throws IOException 
     */  
    public byte[] getResponseData() throws IOException {  
        flushBuffer();  
        return buffer.toByteArray();  
    }  
  
    /** 
     * This class is used to wrap a ServletOutputStream and store output stream 
     * in byte[] buffer. 
     */  
    class WrappedOutputStream extends ServletOutputStream {  
  
        private ByteArrayOutputStream buffer;  
  
        public WrappedOutputStream(ByteArrayOutputStream buffer) {  
            this.buffer = buffer;  
        }  
  
        public void write(int b) throws IOException {  
            buffer.write(b);  
        }  
  
        public byte[] toByteArray() {  
            return buffer.toByteArray();  
        }  
    }  
  
}



(2).GZipFilter类 
public class GZipFilter implements Filter {  
    public void init(FilterConfig arg0) throws ServletException {  
    }  
  
    public void doFilter(ServletRequest request, ServletResponse response,  
            FilterChain chain) throws IOException, ServletException {  
  
        HttpServletResponse httpResponse = (HttpServletResponse) response;  
        CachedResponseWrapper wrapper = new CachedResponseWrapper(httpResponse);  
        // 写入wrapper:  
        chain.doFilter(request, wrapper);  
        // 对响应进行处理,这里是进行GZip压缩:  
        byte[] data = GZipUtil.gzip(wrapper.getResponseData());  
        httpResponse.setHeader("Content-Encoding", "gzip");  
        httpResponse.setContentLength(data.length);  
        ServletOutputStream output = response.getOutputStream();  
        output.write(data);  
        output.flush();  
    }  
  
    public void destroy() {  
  
    }  
  
}



(3).GZipUtil类 
public final class GZipUtil {  
    /** * Do a gzip operation. */  
    public static byte[] gzip(byte[] data) {  
        ByteArrayOutputStream byteOutput = new ByteArrayOutputStream(10240);  
        GZIPOutputStream output = null;  
        try {  
            output = new GZIPOutputStream(byteOutput);  
            output.write(data);  
        } catch (IOException e) {  
            throw new RuntimeException("G-Zip failed.", e);  
        } finally {  
            if (output != null) {  
                try {  
                    output.close();  
                } catch (IOException e) {  
                }  
            }  
        }  
        return byteOutput.toByteArray();  
    }  
}



(4).在web.xml中配置 GZipFilter 
<filter>  
   <filter-name>GZipFilter</filter-name>    
   <filter-class>com.logcd.filter.GZipFilter</filter-class>    
</filter>    
<filter-mapping>    
   <filter-name>GZipFilter</filter-name>    
   <url-pattern>*.html</url-pattern>    
</filter-mapping>









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