在Python中,WSGI(Web Server Gateway Interface)定义了Web服务器与Web应用(或Web框架)之间的标准接口。在WSGI的规范下,各种各样的Web服务器和Web框架都可以很好的交互。
由于WSGI的存在,用Python写一个简单的Web框架也变得非常容易。然而,同很多其他的强大软件一样,要实现一个功能丰富、健壮高效的Web框架并非易事;如果您打算这么做,可能使用一个现成的Web框架(如 Django、Tornado、web.py等)会是更合适的选择。
本文尝试写一个类似web.py的Web框架。好吧,我承认我夸大其辞了:首先,web.py并不简单;其次,本文只重点实现了 URL调度(URL dispatch)部分。
首先,作为一个初步体验,我们可以借助 wsgiref.simple_server 来搭建一个简单无比(trival)的Web应用:
#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
from wsgiref.simple_server import make_server, demo_app
httpd = make_server('', 8086, demo_app)
sa = httpd.socket.getsockname()
print 'http://{0}:{1}/'.format(*sa)
# Respond to requests until process is killed
httpd.serve_forever()
运行脚本:
$ python code.py
http://0.0.0.0:8086/
打开浏览器,输入http://0.0.0.0:8086/
后可以看到:一行"Hello world!" 和 众多环境变量值。
WSGI中规定:application是一个 可调用对象(callable object),它接受 environ 和 start_response 两个参数,并返回一个 字符串迭代对象。
其中,可调用对象 包括 函数、方法、类 或者 具有__call__
方法的 实例;environ 是一个字典对象,包括CGI风格的环境变量(CGI-style environment variables)和 WSGI必需的变量(WSGI-required variables);start_response 是一个可调用对象,它接受两个 常规参数(status,response_headers)和 一个 默认参数(exc_info);字符串迭代对象 可以是 字符串列表、生成器函数 或者 具有__iter__
方法的可迭代实例。更多细节参考 Specification Details。
The Application/Framework Side 中给出了一个典型的application实现:
#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
"""application.py"""
def simple_app(environ, start_response):
"""Simplest possible application object"""
status = '200 OK'
response_headers = [('Content-type', 'text/plain')]
start_response(status, response_headers)
return ['Hello world!\n']
现在用simple_app来替换demo_app:
#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
"""code.py"""
from wsgiref.simple_server import make_server
from application import simple_app as app
if __name__ == '__main__':
httpd = make_server('', 8086, app)
sa = httpd.socket.getsockname()
print 'http://{0}:{1}/'.format(*sa)
# Respond to requests until process is killed
httpd.serve_forever()
运行脚本code.py后,访问http://0.0.0.0:8086/
就可以看到那行熟悉的句子:Hello world!
倒腾了一阵子后,您会发现不管如何改变URL中的path部分,得到的响应都是一样的。因为simple_app只识别host+port部分。
为了对URL中的path部分进行区分处理,需要修改application.py的实现。
首先,改用 类 来实现application:
#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
"""application.py"""
class my_app:
def __init__(self, environ, start_response):
self.environ = environ
self.start = start_response
def __iter__(self):
status = '200 OK'
response_headers = [('Content-type', 'text/plain')]
self.start(status, response_headers)
yield "Hello world!\n"
然后,增加对URL中path部分的区分处理:
#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
"""application.py"""
class my_app:
def __init__(self, environ, start_response):
self.environ = environ
self.start = start_response
def __iter__(self):
path = self.environ['PATH_INFO']
if path == "/":
return self.GET_index()
elif path == "/hello":
return self.GET_hello()
else:
return self.notfound()
def GET_index(self):
status = '200 OK'
response_headers = [('Content-type', 'text/plain')]
self.start(status, response_headers)
yield "Welcome!\n"
def GET_hello(self):
status = '200 OK'
response_headers = [('Content-type', 'text/plain')]
self.start(status, response_headers)
yield "Hello world!\n"
def notfound(self):
status = '404 Not Found'
response_headers = [('Content-type', 'text/plain')]
self.start(status, response_headers)
yield "Not Found\n"
修改code.py中的from application import simple_app as app
,用my_app来替换simple_app后即可体验效果。
上面的代码虽然奏效,但是在编码风格和灵活性方面有很多问题,下面逐步对其进行重构。
消除URL硬编码,增加URL调度的灵活性:
#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
"""application.py"""
import re ##########修改点
class my_app:
urls = (
("/", "index"),
("/hello/(.*)", "hello"),
) ##########修改点
def __init__(self, environ, start_response):
self.environ = environ
self.start = start_response
def __iter__(self): ##########修改点
path = self.environ['PATH_INFO']
method = self.environ['REQUEST_METHOD']
for pattern, name in self.urls:
m = re.match('^' + pattern + '$', path)
if m:
# pass the matched groups as arguments to the function
args = m.groups()
funcname = method.upper() + '_' + name
if hasattr(self, funcname):
func = getattr(self, funcname)
return func(*args)
return self.notfound()
def GET_index(self):
status = '200 OK'
response_headers = [('Content-type', 'text/plain')]
self.start(status, response_headers)
yield "Welcome!\n"
def GET_hello(self, name): ##########修改点
status = '200 OK'
response_headers = [('Content-type', 'text/plain')]
self.start(status, response_headers)
yield "Hello %s!\n" % name
def notfound(self):
status = '404 Not Found'
response_headers = [('Content-type', 'text/plain')]
self.start(status, response_headers)
yield "Not Found\n"
消除GET_*方法中的重复代码,并且允许它们返回字符串:
#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
"""application.py"""
import re
class my_app:
urls = (
("/", "index"),
("/hello/(.*)", "hello"),
)
def __init__(self, environ, start_response): ##########修改点
self.environ = environ
self.start = start_response
self.status = '200 OK'
self._headers = []
def __iter__(self): ##########修改点
result = self.delegate()
self.start(self.status, self._headers)
# 将返回值result(字符串 或者 字符串列表)转换为迭代对象
if isinstance(result, basestring):
return iter([result])
else:
return iter(result)
def delegate(self): ##########修改点
path = self.environ['PATH_INFO']
method = self.environ['REQUEST_METHOD']
for pattern, name in self.urls:
m = re.match('^' + pattern + '$', path)
if m:
# pass the matched groups as arguments to the function
args = m.groups()
funcname = method.upper() + '_' + name
if hasattr(self, funcname):
func = getattr(self, funcname)
return func(*args)
return self.notfound()
def header(self, name, value): ##########修改点
self._headers.append((name, value))
def GET_index(self): ##########修改点
self.header('Content-type', 'text/plain')
return "Welcome!\n"
def GET_hello(self, name): ##########修改点
self.header('Content-type', 'text/plain')
return "Hello %s!\n" % name
def notfound(self): ##########修改点
self.status = '404 Not Found'
self.header('Content-type', 'text/plain')
return "Not Found\n"
为了将类my_app抽象成一个独立的框架,需要作出以下修改:
__call__
方法的 实例 来实现application修改后的application.py(最终版本):
#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
"""application.py"""
import re
class my_app:
"""my simple web framework"""
headers = []
def __init__(self, urls=(), fvars={}):
self._urls = urls
self._fvars = fvars
def __call__(self, environ, start_response):
self._status = '200 OK' # 默认状态OK
del self.headers[:] # 清空上一次的headers
result = self._delegate(environ)
start_response(self._status, self.headers)
# 将返回值result(字符串 或者 字符串列表)转换为迭代对象
if isinstance(result, basestring):
return iter([result])
else:
return iter(result)
def _delegate(self, environ):
path = environ['PATH_INFO']
method = environ['REQUEST_METHOD']
for pattern, name in self._urls:
m = re.match('^' + pattern + '$', path)
if m:
# pass the matched groups as arguments to the function
args = m.groups()
funcname = method.upper() # 方法名大写(如GET、POST)
klass = self._fvars.get(name) # 根据字符串名称查找类对象
if hasattr(klass, funcname):
func = getattr(klass, funcname)
return func(klass(), *args)
return self._notfound()
def _notfound(self):
self._status = '404 Not Found'
self.header('Content-type', 'text/plain')
return "Not Found\n"
@classmethod
def header(cls, name, value):
cls.headers.append((name, value))
对应修改后的code.py(最终版本):
#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
"""code.py"""
from wsgiref.simple_server import make_server
from application import my_app
urls = (
("/", "index"),
("/hello/(.*)", "hello"),
)
class index:
def GET(self):
my_app.header('Content-type', 'text/plain')
return "Welcome!\n"
class hello:
def GET(self, name):
my_app.header('Content-type', 'text/plain')
return "Hello %s!\n" % name
wsgiapp = my_app(urls, globals())
if __name__ == '__main__':
httpd = make_server('', 8086, wsgiapp)
sa = httpd.socket.getsockname()
print 'http://{0}:{1}/'.format(*sa)
# Respond to requests until process is killed
httpd.serve_forever()
当然,您还可以在code.py中配置更多的URL映射,并实现相应的类来对请求作出响应。
本文主要参考了 How to write a web framework in Python(作者 anandology 是web.py代码的两位维护者之一,另一位则是大名鼎鼎却英年早逝的 Aaron Swartz),在此基础上作了一些调整和修改,并掺杂了自己的一些想法。
如果您还觉得意犹未尽,Why so many Python web frameworks? 也是一篇很好的文章,也许它会让您对Python中Web框架的敬畏之心荡然无存:-)