Oracle 触发器详解 4

8.5 数据库触发器的应用举例

　　例1：创建一个DML语句级触发器，当对emp表执行INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE 操作时，它自动更新dept_summary 表中的数据。由于在PL/SQL块中不能直接调用DDL语句，所以，利用ORACLE内置包DBMS_UTILITY中的EXEC_DDL_STATEMENT过程，由它执行DDL语句创建触发器。
CREATE TABLE dept_summary(
Deptno NUMBER(2),
Sal_sum NUMBER(9, 2),
Emp_count NUMBER);

INSERT INTO dept_summary(deptno, sal_sum, emp_count)
SELECT deptno, SUM(sal), COUNT(*)
FROM emp
GROUP BY deptno;

--创建一个PL/SQL过程disp_dept_summary
--在触发器中调用该过程显示dept_summary标中的数据。
CREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE disp_dept_summary
IS
Rec dept_summary%ROWTYPE;
CURSOR c1 IS SELECT * FROM dept_summary;
BEGIN
OPEN c1;
FETCH c1 INTO REC;
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('deptno sal_sum emp_count');
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('-------------------------------------');
WHILE c1%FOUND LOOP
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(RPAD(rec.deptno, 6)||
To_char(rec.sal_sum, '$999,999.99')||
LPAD(rec.emp_count, 13));
FETCH c1 INTO rec;
END LOOP;
CLOSE c1;
END;
BEGIN
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('插入前');
Disp_dept_summary();
DBMS_UTILITY.EXEC_DDL_STATEMENT('
CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER trig1
AFTER INSERT OR DELETE OR UPDATE OF sal ON emp
BEGIN
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(''正在执行trig1 触发器…'');
DELETE FROM dept_summary;
INSERT INTO dept_summary(deptno, sal_sum, emp_count)
SELECT deptno, SUM(sal), COUNT(*)
FROM emp GROUP BY deptno;
END;');

INSERT INTO dept(deptno, dname, loc)
VALUES(90, ‘demo_dept’, ‘none_loc’);
INSERT INTO emp(ename, deptno, empno, sal)
VALUES(USER, 90, 9999, 3000);

DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('插入后');
Disp_dept_summary();

UPDATE emp SET sal=1000 WHERE empno=9999;
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('修改后');
Disp_dept_summary();

DELETE FROM emp WHERE empno=9999;
DELETE FROM dept WHERE deptno=90;

DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('删除后');
Disp_dept_summary();
DBMS_UTILITY.EXEC_DDL_STATEMENT(‘DROP TRIGGER trig1’);
EXCEPTION
WHEN OTHERS THEN
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(SQLCODE||'---'||SQLERRM);
END;
　　例2：创建DML语句行级触发器。当对emp表执行INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE 操作时，它自动更新dept_summary 表中的数据。由于在PL/SQL块中不能直接调用DDL语句，所以，利用ORACLE内置包DBMS_UTILITY中的EXEC_DDL_STATEMENT过程，由它执行DDL语句创建触发器。
BEGIN
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('插入前');
Disp_dept_summary();
DBMS_UTILITY.EXEC_DDL_STATEMENT(
'CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER trig2_update
AFTER UPDATE OF sal ON emp
REFERENCING OLD AS old_emp NEW AS new_emp
FOR EACH ROW
WHEN (old_emp.sal != new_emp.sal)
BEGIN
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(''正在执行trig2_update 触发器…'');
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(''sal 旧值：''|| ld_emp.sal);
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(''sal 新值：''|| :new_emp.sal);
UPDATE dept_summary
SET sal_sum=sal_sum + :new_emp.sal - ld_emp.sal
WHERE deptno = :new_emp.deptno;
END;'
);

DBMS_UTILITY.EXEC_DDL_STATEMENT(
'CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER trig2_insert
AFTER INSERT ON emp
REFERENCING NEW AS new_emp
FOR EACH ROW
DECLARE
I NUMBER;
BEGIN
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(''正在执行trig2_insert 触发器…'');
SELECT COUNT(*) INTO I
FROM dept_summary WHERE deptno = :new_emp.deptno;
IF I > 0 THEN
UPDATE dept_summary
SET sal_sum=sal_sum+:new_emp.sal,
Emp_count=emp_count+1
WHERE deptno = :new_emp.deptno;
ELSE
INSERT INTO dept_summary
VALUES (:new_emp.deptno, :new_emp.sal, 1);
END IF;
END;'
);

DBMS_UTILITY.EXEC_DDL_STATEMENT(
'CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER trig2_delete
AFTER DELETE ON emp
REFERENCING OLD AS old_emp
FOR EACH ROW
DECLARE
I NUMBER;
BEGIN
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(''正在执行trig2_delete 触发器…'');
SELECT emp_count INTO I
FROM dept_summary WHERE deptno = ld_emp.deptno;
IF I >1 THEN
UPDATE dept_summary
SET sal_sum=sal_sum - ld_emp.sal,
Emp_count=emp_count - 1
WHERE deptno = ld_emp.deptno;
ELSE
DELETE FROM dept_summary WHERE deptno = ld_emp.deptno;
END IF;
END;'
);

INSERT INTO dept(deptno, dname, loc)
VALUES(90, 'demo_dept', 'none_loc');
INSERT INTO emp(ename, deptno, empno, sal)
VALUES(USER, 90, 9999, 3000);
INSERT INTO emp(ename, deptno, empno, sal)
VALUES(USER, 90, 9998, 2000);
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('插入后');
Disp_dept_summary();

UPDATE emp SET sal = sal*1.1 WHERE deptno=90;
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('修改后');
Disp_dept_summary();

DELETE FROM emp WHERE deptno=90;
DELETE FROM dept WHERE deptno=90;
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('删除后');
Disp_dept_summary();

DBMS_UTILITY.EXEC_DDL_STATEMENT('DROP TRIGGER trig2_update');
DBMS_UTILITY.EXEC_DDL_STATEMENT('DROP TRIGGER trig2_insert');
DBMS_UTILITY.EXEC_DDL_STATEMENT('DROP TRIGGER trig2_delete');
EXCEPTION
WHEN OTHERS THEN
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(SQLCODE||'---'||SQLERRM);
END;
　　例3：利用ORACLE提供的条件谓词INSERTING、UPDATING和DELETING创建与例2具有相同功能的触发器。
BEGIN
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('插入前');
Disp_dept_summary();
DBMS_UTILITY.EXEC_DDL_STATEMENT(
'CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER trig2
AFTER INSERT OR DELETE OR UPDATE OF sal
ON emp
REFERENCING OLD AS old_emp NEW AS new_emp
FOR EACH ROW
DECLARE
I NUMBER;
BEGIN
IF UPDATING AND ld_emp.sal != :new_emp.sal THEN
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(''正在执行trig2 触发器…'');
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(''sal 旧值：''|| ld_emp.sal);
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(''sal 新值：''|| :new_emp.sal);
UPDATE dept_summary
SET sal_sum=sal_sum + :new_emp.sal - ld_emp.sal
WHERE deptno = :new_emp.deptno;
ELSIF INSERTING THEN
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(''正在执行trig2触发器…'');
SELECT COUNT(*) INTO I
FROM dept_summary
WHERE deptno = :new_emp.deptno;
IF I > 0 THEN
UPDATE dept_summary
SET sal_sum=sal_sum+:new_emp.sal,
Emp_count=emp_count+1
WHERE deptno = :new_emp.deptno;
ELSE
INSERT INTO dept_summary
VALUES (:new_emp.deptno, :new_emp.sal, 1);
END IF;
ELSE
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(''正在执行trig2触发器…'');
SELECT emp_count INTO I
FROM dept_summary WHERE deptno = ld_emp.deptno;
IF I > 1 THEN
UPDATE dept_summary
SET sal_sum=sal_sum - ld_emp.sal,
Emp_count=emp_count - 1
WHERE deptno = ld_emp.deptno;
ELSE
DELETE FROM dept_summary
WHERE deptno = ld_emp.deptno;
END IF;
END IF;
END;'
);

INSERT INTO dept(deptno, dname, loc)
VALUES(90, 'demo_dept', 'none_loc');
INSERT INTO emp(ename, deptno, empno, sal)
VALUES(USER, 90, 9999, 3000);
INSERT INTO emp(ename, deptno, empno, sal)
VALUES(USER, 90, 9998, 2000);
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('插入后');
Disp_dept_summary();

UPDATE emp SET sal = sal*1.1 WHERE deptno=90;
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('修改后');
Disp_dept_summary();

DELETE FROM emp WHERE deptno=90;
DELETE FROM dept WHERE deptno=90;
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('删除后');
Disp_dept_summary();

DBMS_UTILITY.EXEC_DDL_STATEMENT('DROP TRIGGER trig2');
EXCEPTION
WHEN OTHERS THEN
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(SQLCODE||'---'||SQLERRM);
END;
　　例4：创建INSTEAD OF 触发器。首先创建一个视图myview, 由于该视图是复合查询所产生的视图，所以不能执行DML语句。根据用户对视图所插入的数据判断需要将数据插入到哪个视图基表中，然后对该基表执行插入操作。
DECLARE
No NUMBER;
Name VARCHAR2(20);
BEGIN
DBMS_UTILITY.EXEC_DDL_STATEMENT('
CREATE OR REPLACE VIEW myview AS
SELECT empno, ename, ''E'' type FROM emp
UNION
SELECT dept.deptno, dname, ''D'' FROM dept
');
-- 创建INSTEAD OF 触发器trigger3;
DBMS_UTILITY.EXEC_DDL_STATEMENT('
CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER trig3
INSTEAD OF INSERT ON myview
REFERENCING NEW n
FOR EACH ROW
DECLARE
Rows INTEGER;
BEGIN
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(''正在执行trig3触发器…'');
IF :n.type = ''D'' THEN
SELECT COUNT(*) INTO rows
FROM dept WHERE deptno = :n.empno;
IF rows = 0 THEN
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(''向dept表中插入数据…'');
INSERT INTO dept(deptno, dname, loc)
VALUES (:n.empno, :n.ename, ''none’’);
ELSE
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(''编号为''|| :n.empno||
''的部门已存在，插入操作失败！'');
END IF;
ELSE
SELECT COUNT(*) INTO rows
FROM emp WHERE empno = :n.empno;
IF rows = 0 THEN
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('’向emp表中插入数据…’’);
INSERT INTO emp(empno, ename)
VALUES(:n.empno, :n.ename);
ELSE
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(''编号为''|| :n.empno||
''的人员已存在，插入操作失败!'');
END IF;
END IF;
END;
');

INSERT INTO myview VALUES (70, 'demo', 'D');
INSERT INTO myview VALUES (9999, USER, 'E');
SELECT deptno, dname INTO no, name FROM dept WHERE deptno=70;
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('员工编号：'||TO_CHAR(no)||'姓名：'||name);
SELECT empno, ename INTO no, name FROM emp WHERE empno=9999;
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('部门编号：'||TO_CHAR(no)||'姓名：'||name);
DELETE FROM emp WHERE empno=9999;
DELETE FROM dept WHERE deptno=70;
DBMS_UTILITY.EXEC_DDL_STATEMENT('DROP TRIGGER trig3');
END;
　　例5：利用ORACLE事件属性函数，创建一个系统事件触发器。首先创建一个事件日志表eventlog，由它存储用户在当前数据库中所创建的数据库对象，以及用户的登陆和注销、数据库的启动和关闭等事件，之后创建trig4_ddl、trig4_before和trig4_after触发器，它们调用事件属性函数将各个事件记录到eventlog数据表中。
BEGIN

-- 创建用于记录事件日志的数据表
DBMS_UTILITY.EXEC_DDL_STATEMENT('
CREATE TABLE eventlog(
Eventname VARCHAR2(20) NOT NULL,
Eventdate date default sysdate,
Inst_num NUMBER NULL,
Db_name VARCHAR2(50) NULL,
Srv_error NUMBER NULL,
Username VARCHAR2(30) NULL,
Obj_type VARCHAR2(20) NULL,
Obj_name VARCHAR2(30) NULL,
Obj_owner VARCHAR2(30) NULL
)
');

-- 创建DDL触发器trig4_ddl
DBMS_UTILITY.EXEC_DDL_STATEMENT('
CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER trig4_ddl
AFTER CREATE OR ALTER OR DROP
ON DATABASE
DECLARE
Event VARCHAR2(20);
Typ VARCHAR2(20);
Name VARCHAR2(30);
Owner VARCHAR2(30);
BEGIN
-- 读取DDL事件属性
Event := SYSEVENT;
Typ := DICTIONARY_OBJ_TYPE;
Name := DICTIONARY_OBJ_NAME;
Owner := DICTIONARY_OBJ_OWNER;
--将事件属性插入到事件日志表中
INSERT INTO scott.eventlog(eventname, obj_type, obj_name, obj_owner)
VALUES(event, typ, name, owner);
END;
');

-- 创建LOGON、STARTUP和SERVERERROR 事件触发器
DBMS_UTILITY.EXEC_DDL_STATEMENT('
CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER trig4_after
AFTER LOGON OR STARTUP OR SERVERERROR
ON DATABASE
DECLARE
Event VARCHAR2(20);
Instance NUMBER;
Err_num NUMBER;
Dbname VARCHAR2(50);
User VARCHAR2(30);
BEGIN
Event := SYSEVENT;
IF event = ''LOGON'' THEN
User := LOGIN_USER;
INSERT INTO eventlog(eventname, username)
VALUES(event, user);
ELSIF event = ''SERVERERROR'' THEN
Err_num := SERVER_ERROR(1);
INSERT INTO eventlog(eventname, srv_error)
VALUES(event, err_num);
ELSE
Instance := INSTANCE_NUM;
Dbname := DATABASE_NAME;
INSERT INTO eventlog(eventname, inst_num, db_name)
VALUES(event, instance, dbname);
END IF;
END;
');

-- 创建LOGOFF和SHUTDOWN 事件触发器
DBMS_UTILITY.EXEC_DDL_STATEMENT('
CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER trig4_before
BEFORE LOGOFF OR SHUTDOWN
ON DATABASE
DECLARE
Event VARCHAR2(20);
Instance NUMBER;
Dbname VARCHAR2(50);
User VARCHAR2(30);
BEGIN
Event := SYSEVENT;
IF event = ''LOGOFF'' THEN
User := LOGIN_USER;
INSERT INTO eventlog(eventname, username)
VALUES(event, user);
ELSE
Instance := INSTANCE_NUM;
Dbname := DATABASE_NAME;
INSERT INTO eventlog(eventname, inst_num, db_name)
VALUES(event, instance, dbname);
END IF;
END;
');
END;

CREATE TABLE mydata(mydate NUMBER);
CONNECT SCOTT/TIGER

COL eventname FORMAT A10
COL eventdate FORMAT A12
COL username FORMAT A10
COL obj_type FORMAT A15
COL obj_name FORMAT A15
COL obj_owner FORMAT A10
SELECT eventname, eventdate, obj_type, obj_name, obj_owner, username, Srv_error FROM eventlog;

DROP TRIGGER trig4_ddl;
DROP TRIGGER trig4_before;
DROP TRIGGER trig4_after;
DROP TABLE eventlog;
DROP TABLE mydata;