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什么是AsyncTask,相信搞过android开发的朋友们都不陌生。AsyncTask内部封装了Thread和Handler,可以让我们在后台进行计算并且把计算的结果及时更新到UI上,而这些正是Thread+Handler所做的事情,没错,AsyncTask的作用就是简化Thread+Handler,让我们能够通过更少的代码来完成一样的功能,这里,我要说明的是:AsyncTask只是简化Thread+Handler而不是替代,实际上它也替代不了。同时,AsyncTask从最开始到现在已经经过了几次代码修改,任务的执行逻辑慢慢地发生了改变,并不是大家所想象的那样:AsyncTask是完全并行执行的就像多个线程一样,其实不是的,所以用AsyncTask的时候还是要注意,下面会一一说明。另外本文主要是分析AsyncTask的源代码以及使用时候的一些注意事项,如果你还不熟悉AsyncTask,请先阅读android之AsyncTask 来了解其基本用法。
这里先给出AsyncTask的一个例子:
private class DownloadFilesTask extends AsyncTask<URL, Integer, Long> { protected Long doInBackground(URL... urls) { int count = urls.length; long totalSize = 0; for (int i = 0; i < count; i++) { totalSize += Downloader.downloadFile(urls[i]); publishProgress((int) ((i / (float) count) * 100)); // Escape early if cancel() is called if (isCancelled()) break; } return totalSize; } protected void onProgressUpdate(Integer... progress) { setProgressPercent(progress[0]); } protected void onPostExecute(Long result) { showDialog("Downloaded " + result + " bytes"); } }
给大家做一下实验,请看如下实验代码:代码很简单,就是点击按钮的时候同时执行5个AsyncTask,每个AsyncTask休眠3s,同时把每个AsyncTask执行结束的时间打印出来,这样我们就能观察出到底是串行执行还是并行执行。
@Override public void onClick(View v) { if (v == mButton) { new MyAsyncTask("AsyncTask#1").execute(""); new MyAsyncTask("AsyncTask#2").execute(""); new MyAsyncTask("AsyncTask#3").execute(""); new MyAsyncTask("AsyncTask#4").execute(""); new MyAsyncTask("AsyncTask#5").execute(""); } } private static class MyAsyncTask extends AsyncTask<String, Integer, String> { private String mName = "AsyncTask"; public MyAsyncTask(String name) { super(); mName = name; } @Override protected String doInBackground(String... params) { try { Thread.sleep(3000); } catch (InterruptedException e) { e.printStackTrace(); } return mName; } @Override protected void onPostExecute(String result) { super.onPostExecute(result); SimpleDateFormat df = new SimpleDateFormat("yyyy-MM-dd HH:mm:ss"); Log.e(TAG, result + "execute finish at " + df.format(new Date())); } }我找了2个手机,系统分别是4.1.1和2.3.3,按照我前面的描述,AsyncTask在4.1.1应该是串行的,在2.3.3应该是并行的,到底是不是这样呢?请看Log
Android 4.1.1上执行:从下面Log可以看出,5个AsyncTask共耗时15s且时间间隔为3s,很显然是串行执行的
Android 2.3.3上执行:从下面Log可以看出,5个AsyncTask的结束时间是一样的,很显然是并行执行
结论:从上面的两个Log可以看出,我前面的描述是完全正确的。下面请看源码,让我们去了解下其中的原理。
/* * Copyright (C) 2008 The Android Open Source Project * * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License. * You may obtain a copy of the License at * * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0 * * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and * limitations under the License. */ package android.os; import java.util.ArrayDeque; import java.util.concurrent.BlockingQueue; import java.util.concurrent.Callable; import java.util.concurrent.CancellationException; import java.util.concurrent.Executor; import java.util.concurrent.ExecutionException; import java.util.concurrent.FutureTask; import java.util.concurrent.LinkedBlockingQueue; import java.util.concurrent.ThreadFactory; import java.util.concurrent.ThreadPoolExecutor; import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit; import java.util.concurrent.TimeoutException; import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicBoolean; import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicInteger; public abstract class AsyncTask<Params, Progress, Result> { private static final String LOG_TAG = "AsyncTask"; //获取当前的cpu核心数 private static final int CPU_COUNT = Runtime.getRuntime().availableProcessors(); //线程池核心容量 private static final int CORE_POOL_SIZE = CPU_COUNT + 1; //线程池最大容量 private static final int MAXIMUM_POOL_SIZE = CPU_COUNT * 2 + 1; //过剩的空闲线程的存活时间 private static final int KEEP_ALIVE = 1; //ThreadFactory 线程工厂,通过工厂方法newThread来获取新线程 private static final ThreadFactory sThreadFactory = new ThreadFactory() { //原子整数,可以在超高并发下正常工作 private final AtomicInteger mCount = new AtomicInteger(1); public Thread newThread(Runnable r) { return new Thread(r, "AsyncTask #" + mCount.getAndIncrement()); } }; //静态阻塞式队列,用来存放待执行的任务,初始容量:128个 private static final BlockingQueue<Runnable> sPoolWorkQueue = new LinkedBlockingQueue<Runnable>(128); /** * 静态并发线程池,可以用来并行执行任务,尽管从3.0开始,AsyncTask默认是串行执行任务 * 但是我们仍然能构造出并行的AsyncTask */ public static final Executor THREAD_POOL_EXECUTOR = new ThreadPoolExecutor(CORE_POOL_SIZE, MAXIMUM_POOL_SIZE, KEEP_ALIVE, TimeUnit.SECONDS, sPoolWorkQueue, sThreadFactory); /** * 静态串行任务执行器,其内部实现了串行控制, * 循环的取出一个个任务交给上述的并发线程池去执行 */ public static final Executor SERIAL_EXECUTOR = new SerialExecutor(); //消息类型:发送结果 private static final int MESSAGE_POST_RESULT = 0x1; //消息类型:更新进度 private static final int MESSAGE_POST_PROGRESS = 0x2; /**静态Handler,用来发送上述两种通知,采用UI线程的Looper来处理消息 * 这就是为什么AsyncTask必须在UI线程调用,因为子线程 * 默认没有Looper无法创建下面的Handler,程序会直接Crash */ private static final InternalHandler sHandler = new InternalHandler(); //默认任务执行器,被赋值为串行任务执行器,就是它,AsyncTask变成串行的了 private static volatile Executor sDefaultExecutor = SERIAL_EXECUTOR; //如下两个变量我们先不要深究,不影响我们对整体逻辑的理解 private final WorkerRunnable<Params, Result> mWorker; private final FutureTask<Result> mFuture; //任务的状态 默认为挂起,即等待执行,其类型标识为易变的(volatile) private volatile Status mStatus = Status.PENDING; //原子布尔型,支持高并发访问,标识任务是否被取消 private final AtomicBoolean mCancelled = new AtomicBoolean(); //原子布尔型,支持高并发访问,标识任务是否被执行过 private final AtomicBoolean mTaskInvoked = new AtomicBoolean(); /*串行执行器的实现,我们要好好看看,它是怎么把并行转为串行的 *目前我们需要知道,asyncTask.execute(Params ...)实际上会调用 *SerialExecutor的execute方法,这一点后面再说明。也就是说:当你的asyncTask执行的时候, *首先你的task会被加入到任务队列,然后排队,一个个执行 */ private static class SerialExecutor implements Executor { //线性双向队列,用来存储所有的AsyncTask任务 final ArrayDeque<Runnable> mTasks = new ArrayDeque<Runnable>(); //当前正在执行的AsyncTask任务 Runnable mActive; public synchronized void execute(final Runnable r) { //将新的AsyncTask任务加入到双向队列中 mTasks.offer(new Runnable() { public void run() { try { //执行AsyncTask任务 r.run(); } finally { //当前AsyncTask任务执行完毕后,进行下一轮执行,如果还有未执行任务的话 //这一点很明显体现了AsyncTask是串行执行任务的,总是一个任务执行完毕才会执行下一个任务 scheduleNext(); } } }); //如果当前没有任务在执行,直接进入执行逻辑 if (mActive == null) { scheduleNext(); } } protected synchronized void scheduleNext() { //从任务队列中取出队列头部的任务,如果有就交给并发线程池去执行 if ((mActive = mTasks.poll()) != null) { THREAD_POOL_EXECUTOR.execute(mActive); } } } /** * 任务的三种状态 */ public enum Status { /** * 任务等待执行 */ PENDING, /** * 任务正在执行 */ RUNNING, /** * 任务已经执行结束 */ FINISHED, } /** 隐藏API:在UI线程中调用,用来初始化Handler */ public static void init() { sHandler.getLooper(); } /** 隐藏API:为AsyncTask设置默认执行器 */ public static void setDefaultExecutor(Executor exec) { sDefaultExecutor = exec; } /** * Creates a new asynchronous task. This constructor must be invoked on the UI thread. */ public AsyncTask() { mWorker = new WorkerRunnable<Params, Result>() { public Result call() throws Exception { mTaskInvoked.set(true); Process.setThreadPriority(Process.THREAD_PRIORITY_BACKGROUND); //noinspection unchecked return postResult(doInBackground(mParams)); } }; mFuture = new FutureTask<Result>(mWorker) { @Override protected void done() { try { postResultIfNotInvoked(get()); } catch (InterruptedException e) { android.util.Log.w(LOG_TAG, e); } catch (ExecutionException e) { throw new RuntimeException("An error occured while executing doInBackground()", e.getCause()); } catch (CancellationException e) { postResultIfNotInvoked(null); } } }; } private void postResultIfNotInvoked(Result result) { final boolean wasTaskInvoked = mTaskInvoked.get(); if (!wasTaskInvoked) { postResult(result); } } //doInBackground执行完毕,发送消息 private Result postResult(Result result) { @SuppressWarnings("unchecked") Message message = sHandler.obtainMessage(MESSAGE_POST_RESULT, new AsyncTaskResult<Result>(this, result)); message.sendToTarget(); return result; } /** * 返回任务的状态 */ public final Status getStatus() { return mStatus; } /** * 这个方法是我们必须要重写的,用来做后台计算 * 所在线程:后台线程 */ protected abstract Result doInBackground(Params... params); /** * 在doInBackground之前调用,用来做初始化工作 * 所在线程:UI线程 */ protected void onPreExecute() { } /** * 在doInBackground之后调用,用来接受后台计算结果更新UI * 所在线程:UI线程 */ protected void onPostExecute(Result result) { } /** * Runs on the UI thread after {@link #publishProgress} is invoked. /** * 在publishProgress之后调用,用来更新计算进度 * 所在线程:UI线程 */ protected void onProgressUpdate(Progress... values) { } /** * cancel被调用并且doInBackground执行结束,会调用onCancelled,表示任务被取消 * 这个时候onPostExecute不会再被调用,二者是互斥的,分别表示任务取消和任务执行完成 * 所在线程:UI线程 */ @SuppressWarnings({"UnusedParameters"}) protected void onCancelled(Result result) { onCancelled(); } protected void onCancelled() { } public final boolean isCancelled() { return mCancelled.get(); } public final boolean cancel(boolean mayInterruptIfRunning) { mCancelled.set(true); return mFuture.cancel(mayInterruptIfRunning); } public final Result get() throws InterruptedException, ExecutionException { return mFuture.get(); } public final Result get(long timeout, TimeUnit unit) throws InterruptedException, ExecutionException, TimeoutException { return mFuture.get(timeout, unit); } /** * 这个方法如何执行和系统版本有关,在AsyncTask的使用规则里已经说明,如果你真的想使用并行AsyncTask, * 也是可以的,只要稍作修改 * 必须在UI线程调用此方法 */ public final AsyncTask<Params, Progress, Result> execute(Params... params) { //串行执行 return executeOnExecutor(sDefaultExecutor, params); //如果我们想并行执行,这样改就行了,当然这个方法我们没法改 //return executeOnExecutor(THREAD_POOL_EXECUTOR, params); } /** * 通过这个方法我们可以自定义AsyncTask的执行方式,串行or并行,甚至可以采用自己的Executor * 为了实现并行,我们可以在外部这么用AsyncTask: * asyncTask.executeOnExecutor(AsyncTask.THREAD_POOL_EXECUTOR, Params... params); * 必须在UI线程调用此方法 */ public final AsyncTask<Params, Progress, Result> executeOnExecutor(Executor exec, Params... params) { if (mStatus != Status.PENDING) { switch (mStatus) { case RUNNING: throw new IllegalStateException("Cannot execute task:" + " the task is already running."); case FINISHED: throw new IllegalStateException("Cannot execute task:" + " the task has already been executed " + "(a task can be executed only once)"); } } mStatus = Status.RUNNING; //这里#onPreExecute会最先执行 onPreExecute(); mWorker.mParams = params; //然后后台计算#doInBackground才真正开始 exec.execute(mFuture); //接着会有#onProgressUpdate被调用,最后是#onPostExecute return this; } /** * 这是AsyncTask提供的一个静态方法,方便我们直接执行一个runnable */ public static void execute(Runnable runnable) { sDefaultExecutor.execute(runnable); } /** * 打印后台计算进度,onProgressUpdate会被调用 */ protected final void publishProgress(Progress... values) { if (!isCancelled()) { sHandler.obtainMessage(MESSAGE_POST_PROGRESS, new AsyncTaskResult<Progress>(this, values)).sendToTarget(); } } //任务结束的时候会进行判断,如果任务没有被取消,则onPostExecute会被调用 private void finish(Result result) { if (isCancelled()) { onCancelled(result); } else { onPostExecute(result); } mStatus = Status.FINISHED; } //AsyncTask内部Handler,用来发送后台计算进度更新消息和计算完成消息 private static class InternalHandler extends Handler { @SuppressWarnings({"unchecked", "RawUseOfParameterizedType"}) @Override public void handleMessage(Message msg) { AsyncTaskResult result = (AsyncTaskResult) msg.obj; switch (msg.what) { case MESSAGE_POST_RESULT: // There is only one result result.mTask.finish(result.mData[0]); break; case MESSAGE_POST_PROGRESS: result.mTask.onProgressUpdate(result.mData); break; } } } private static abstract class WorkerRunnable<Params, Result> implements Callable<Result> { Params[] mParams; } @SuppressWarnings({"RawUseOfParameterizedType"}) private static class AsyncTaskResult<Data> { final AsyncTask mTask; final Data[] mData; AsyncTaskResult(AsyncTask task, Data... data) { mTask = task; mData = data; } } }
通过上面的源码分析,我已经给出了在3.0以上系统中让AsyncTask并行执行的方法,现在,让我们来试一试,代码还是之前采用的测试代码,我们要稍作修改,调用AsyncTask的executeOnExecutor方法而不是execute,请看:
@TargetApi(Build.VERSION_CODES.HONEYCOMB) @Override public void onClick(View v) { if (v == mButton) { new MyAsyncTask("AsyncTask#1").executeOnExecutor(AsyncTask.THREAD_POOL_EXECUTOR,""); new MyAsyncTask("AsyncTask#2").executeOnExecutor(AsyncTask.THREAD_POOL_EXECUTOR,""); new MyAsyncTask("AsyncTask#3").executeOnExecutor(AsyncTask.THREAD_POOL_EXECUTOR,""); new MyAsyncTask("AsyncTask#4").executeOnExecutor(AsyncTask.THREAD_POOL_EXECUTOR,""); new MyAsyncTask("AsyncTask#5").executeOnExecutor(AsyncTask.THREAD_POOL_EXECUTOR,""); } } private static class MyAsyncTask extends AsyncTask<String, Integer, String> { private String mName = "AsyncTask"; public MyAsyncTask(String name) { super(); mName = name; } @Override protected String doInBackground(String... params) { try { Thread.sleep(3000); } catch (InterruptedException e) { e.printStackTrace(); } return mName; } @Override protected void onPostExecute(String result) { super.onPostExecute(result); SimpleDateFormat df = new SimpleDateFormat("yyyy-MM-dd HH:mm:ss"); Log.e(TAG, result + "execute finish at " + df.format(new Date())); } }下面是系统为4.1.1手机打印出的Log:很显然,我们的目的达到了,成功的让AsyncTask在4.1.1的手机上并行起来了,很高兴吧!希望这篇文章对你有用。