Linux Filesystem Hierarchy Standard (FHS) -- Li...

Linux Filesystem Hierarchy Standard (FHS)
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Directory      Required?          Use
/bin               Y                   Important system binary files.
/boot             Y                   Files required to boot the system.
/dev               Y                   Devices.
/etc               Y                   System configuration files.
/home            N                   Directories for user files.
/lib                   Y                   Standard libraries.
/media           Y                   A place for removable media to be mounted, with separate subdirectories for each media type supported by the system.
/mnt               Y                   A convenient point to temporarily mount devices, such as CD-ROMs and flash memory sticks.
/opt               Y                       Additional application software.
/root               N                   Files for the root user.
/sbin               Y                   Important system binary files that are required during system startup.
/srv                Y                   Read-only data for services provided by this system.
/tmp               Y                   Temporary files.
/usr               Y                       A secondary hierarchy. Traditionally user files were also stored here, but that is now considered bad practice, and /usr should not be writable by ordinary users.
/var               Y                   Variable data, such as log files.
/proc              N                  A Pseudo filesystem, providing a mapping into the current running system.

（/usr这个目录有时让人有点费解，不过习惯就好。比如找可执行文件的话/bin和/usr/bin中都要去找找。自己写的程序的话通常放在~/bin中。自己的lib也应该放在~/lib中。）

reference:

Beginning Linux Programming, 4th

 http://www.pathname.com/fhs/