网络英语

计算机英语
（The Answers）

 
PART ONE  Computer Basics   
Unit 1  My Computer   
Section A I．Fill in the blanks with the information given in the text:
1． Charles Babbage; Augusta Ada Byron
2． input; output
3． VLSI
4． workstations; mainframes
5． vacuum; transistors
6． instructions; software
7． digit; eight; byte
8． microminiaturization; chip

II．Translate the following terms or phrases from English into Chinese and vice versa:
1． artificial intelligence 人工智能
2． paper-tape reader 纸空阅读机
3． optical computer 光学计算机
4． neural network 神经网络
5． instruction set 指6． 令集
7． parallel processing 平行处理
8． difference engine 差分机
9． versatile logical element 通用逻辑器件
10． silicon substrate 硅基
11． vacuum tube 真空管（电子管）
12． the storage and handling of data 数据的存储与处理
13． very large-scale integrated circuit 超大规模集成电路
14． central processing unit 中央处理器
15． personal computer 个人计算机
16． analogue computer 模拟计算机
17． digital computer 数字计算机
18． general-purpose computer 通用计算机
19． processor chip 处理器芯片
20． operating instructions 操作指21． 令
22． input device 输入设备23． 
III．Fill in each of the blanks with one of the words given in the following list, making changes if necessary:

We can define a computer as a device that accepts input, processes data, stores data, and produces output. According to the mode of processing, computers are either analog or digital. They can be classified as mainframes, minicomputers, workstations, or microcomputers. All else (for example, the age of the machine) being equal, this categorization provides some indication of the computer’s speed, size, cost, and abilities.
Ever since the advent of computers, there have been constant changes. First-generation computers of historic significance, such as UNIVAC, introduced in the early 1950s, were based on vacuum tubes. Second-generation computers, appearing in the early 1960s, were those in which transistors replaced vacuum tubes. In third-generation computers, dating from the 1960s, integrated circuits replaced transistors. In fourth-generation computers such as microcomputers, which first appeared in the mid-1970s, large-scale integration enabled thousands of circuits to be incorporated on one chip. Fifth-generation computers are expected to combine very-large-scale integration with sophisticated approaches to computing, including artificial intelligence and true distributed processing.

 

   
Section B I．Fill in the blanks with the information given in the text:
1． display
2． underwater; GUI
3． intranet
4． functionality

II．Translate the following terms or phrases from English into Chinese and vice versa:
1． circuit board 电路板
2． beta testing β测试
3． thin-client computer 瘦客户机电脑
4． cell phone 蜂窝电话（移动电话）
5． digital video 数码摄像机，6． 数码影视
7． Pentium processor 奔腾处理器
8． virtual screen 虚拟屏幕
9． desktop computer specifications 台式计算机规格
10． radio frequency 射频
11． wearable computer 可佩带式计算机
   
Section C I．Fill in the blanks with the information given in the text:
1． loading
2． 100MB
3． Add/Remove Programs; Control Panel
4． Shut Down; Start Menu

II．Translate the following terms or phrases from English into Chinese and vice versa:
1． Windows Registry 视窗注册表
2． swap file 交换文件
3． TMP file 临时文件
4． power plug 电源插头
5． free disk space 可用磁盘空间
6． Control Panel 控制面板
7． Start Menu 开始菜单
8． Add/Remove Programs option 添加�M删除程序选项
   
Unit 2 Computer Architecture   
Section A I．Fill in the blanks with the information given in the text:
1． input; output; storage
2． Basic Input Output System
3． flatbed scanners; hand-held scanners
4． LCD-based
5． dot-matrix printers; inkjet printers
6． disk drives; memory
7． Volatile
8． serial; parallel

II．Translate the following terms or phrases from English into Chinese and vice versa:
1． information retrieval 信息检索
2． voice recognition module 语音识别模块
3． touch-sensitive region 触感区，4． 触摸区
5． address bus 地址总线
6． flatbed scanner 平板扫描仪
7． dot-matrix printer 点阵打印机（针式打印机）
8． parallel connection 并行连接
9． cathode ray tube 阴极射线管
10． video game 电子游戏（港台亦称电玩）
11． audio signal 音频信号
12． operating system 操作系统
13． LCD (liquid crystal display)  液晶显示（器）
14． inkjet printer 喷墨打印机
15． data bus 数据总线
16． serial connection 串行连接
17． volatile memory 易失性存储器
18． laser printer 激光打印机
19． disk drive 磁盘驱动器
20． BIOS (Basic Input Output System)  基本输入输出系统
21． video display  视频显示器

III．Fill in each of the blanks with one of the words given in the following list, making changes if necessary:

CD-ROM stands for compact disk read-only memory. Unlike floppy and hard disks, which use magnetic charges to represent 1s and 0s, optical disks use reflected light. On a CD-ROM disk, 1s and 0s are represented by flat areas and bumpy areas (called “pits”) on its bottom surface. The CD-ROM disk is read by a laser that projects a tiny beam of light on these areas. The amount of reflected light determines whether the area represents a 1 or a 0.
Like a commercial CD found in music stores, a CD-ROM is a “read-only” disk. Read-only means it cannot be written on or erased by the user. Thus, you as a user have access only to the data imprinted by the publisher.
A single CD-ROM disk can store 650 megabytes of data. That is equivalent to 451 floppy disks. With that much information on a single disk, the time to retrieve or access the information is very important. An important characteristic of CD-ROM drives is their access rate.

 

   
Section B I．Fill in the blanks with the information given in the text:
1． low-speed
2． topology; hub
3． control; bulk
4． token; handshake

II．Translate the following terms or phrases from English into Chinese and vice versa:
1． ISA slot  ISA总线槽
2． configuration register 配置寄存器
3． still camera 静物照相机
4． token packet 令牌包
5． expansion hub 扩展集线器
6． USB（Universal Serial Bus）通用串行总线
7． root hub 根集线器
8． I/O device 输入输出设备9． 
10． control frame  控制帧
11． PCI (Peripheral Component Interconnect) 外部设备12． 互连
   
Section C I．Fill in the blanks with the information given in the text:
1． higher; cheaper; shelf space
2． single-layer; double-sided; politics
3． Substrate
4． incompatibility

II．Translate the following terms or phrases from English into Chinese and vice versa:
1． video tape 录像带
2． aspect ratio （电视、电影图像的）高宽比，3． 纵横比
4． CD-RW 可擦写光驱
5． laser diode 激光二极管
6． reflective layer反射层
7． optical disk光盘
8． high resolution高分辨率
9． floppy disk 软盘
   
Unit 3 Operating System    
Section A I．Fill in the blanks with the information given in the text:
1． Software
2． Multitasking
3． Virtual
4． IBM or International Business Machines Corporation
5． UNIX; multiuser
6． Windows; graphical
7． command-line
8． distributed

II．Translate the following terms or phrases from English into Chinese and vice versa:
1． data set 数据集
2． pointing device 指3． 点设备4． 
5． graphical user interface 图形化用户界面
6． time-slice multitasking 分时多任务处理
7． object-oriented programming 面向对象编程
8． click on an icon 点击图标9． 
10． context switching 上下文转换
11． distributed system 分布式系统
12． pull-down lists of commands 命令的下拉列表
13． simultaneous access  同14． 时访问
15． command-line interface  命令行界面
16． multitasking environment  多任务化环境
17． spreadsheet program  电子制表程序
18． main memory  主存
19． storage media  存储介质
20． disk file  磁盘文件
21． command interpreter  命令解释器
22． network connection  网络连接
23． DOS (disk operating system)  磁盘操作系统
24． copy a data file  拷贝数据文件

III．Fill in each of the blanks with one of the words given in the following list, making changes if necessary:

Operating systems for micro, mini, and mainframe computers perform many services. These services can be classified either as “external” or “internal.”
The operating system provides external services that help users start programs, manage stored data, and maintain security. You, as the computer user, control these external functions. Using a command-line, menu-driven, or GUI user interface, an operating system provides you with a way to select the programs you would like to use. The operating system also helps you find, rename, and delete documents and other data stored on disk or tape. On many, but not all computer systems, the operating system helps you maintain security by checking your user ID and password, as well as protecting your data from unauthorized access and revisions.
The operating system provides internal services “behind the scenes” to ensure that the computer system functions efficiently. These internal services are not generally under your control, but instead are controlled by the operating system itself. The operating system controls input and output, allocates system resources, manages the storage space for programs and data, and detects equipment failure without any direction from you.
   
Section B I．Fill in the blanks with the information given in the text:
1． UNIX
2． Networking
3． multitasking; drivers
4． client; protocols

II．Translate the following terms or phrases from English into Chinese and vice versa:
1． serial port 串行端口
2． configuration utility 配置工具
3． ISDN  综合业务数字网
4． token ring  令牌环
5． fast Ethernet  快速以太网
6． virtual memory  虚拟内存
7． source code  源代码
8． swap space  交换空间
9． Internet protocol  因特网协议
10． SVGA (Super Video Graphics Array)   超级视频图形阵列
   
Section C I．Fill in the blanks with the information given in the text:
1． Releases
2． Windows 2000
3． 4Gbps or 4 gigabits per second
4． SMP; networking; memory

II．Translate the following terms or phrases from English into Chinese and vice versa:
1． network throughput 网络吞吐量
2． registry access 注册表存取
3． scalable file server 规模可变的文件服4． 务
5． static Web page 静态网页
6． physical memory  物理内存
7． Plug and Play  即插即用
8． network adapter  网络适配器
9． SMP (symmetric multiprocessing)   对称多任务处理
   
Unit 4 Computer Language and Programming   
Section A I．Fill in the blanks with the information given in the text:
1． artificial; instructions
2． low-level; high-level
3． low-level
4． Machine
5． functional; logic
6． Statement
7． Module
8． digital

II．Translate the following terms or phrases from English into Chinese and vice versa:
1． storage register 存储寄存器
2． function statement 函数语句
3． program statement 程序语句
4． object-oriented language 面向对象语言
5． assembly language  汇编语言
6． intermediate language 中间语言，7． 中级语言
8． relational language  关系（型）语言
9． artificial language  人造语言
10． data declaration  数据声明
11． SQL  结构化查询语言
12． executable program  可执行程序
13． program module  程序模块
14． conditional statement  条件语句
15． assignment statemen  t赋值语句
16． logic language  逻辑语言
17． machine language  机器语言
18． procedural language  过程语言
19． programming language  程序设计语言
20． run a computer program  运行计算机程序
21． computer programme r  计算机程序设计员

III．Fill in each of the blanks with one of the words given in the following list, making changes if necessary:

A programming language is a language used to write instructions for the computer. It lets the programmer express data processing in a symbolic manner without regard to machine-specific details.
The difficulty of writing programs in the machine language of 0s and 1s led first to the development of assembly language, which allows programmers to use mnemonics for instructions and symbols for variables. Such programs are then translated by a program known as an assembler into the binary encoding used by the computer. Other pieces of system software known as linking loaders combine pieces of assembled code and load them into the machine’s main memory unit, where they are then ready for execution. The concept of linking separate pieces of code was important, since it allowed “libraries” of programs to be built up to carry out common tasks—a first step toward the increasingly emphasized notion of software reuse. Assembly language was found to be sufficiently inconvenient that higher-level languages (closer to natural languages) were invented in the 1950s for easier, faster programming; along with them came the need for compilers, programs that translate high-level language programs into machine code. As programming languages became more powerful and abstract, building efficient compilers that create high-quality code in terms of execution speed and storage consumption became an interesting computer science problem in itself.
   
Section B I．Fill in the blanks with the information given in the text:
1． object-oriented
2． user interface
3． Event
4． Controls

II．Translate the following terms or phrases from English into Chinese and vice versa:
1． function call 函数调用
2． event-driven programming 事件驱动编程
3． click on a push button 点击按钮
4． application window  应用程序窗口
5． class hierarchy  类继承
6． child window  子窗口
7． application development environment  应用程序开发环境
8． pull-down menu  下拉菜单
9． dialog box  对话框
10． scroll bar  滚动条
   
Section C I．Fill in the blanks with the information given in the text:
1． Objects
2． platform-independent
3． Multithreading
4． Runtime

II．Translate the following terms or phrases from English into Chinese and vice versa:
1． native code 本机代码
2． header file 头文件
3． multithreaded program 多线程编程
4． Java-enabled browser 支持Java的浏览器
5． machine code  机器码
6． assembly code  汇编码
7． Trojan horse  特洛伊木马程序
8． software package  软件包
   
PART TWO Software Engineering   
Unit 5 Software Development   
Section A I．Fill in the blanks with the information given in the text:
1． application; operating
2． assemblers
3． compiler
4． interpreter
5． Debugger
6． Loop
7． device driver
8． John von Neumann

II．Translate the following terms or phrases from English into Chinese and vice versa:
1． inference engine  推理机
2． system call  系统调用
3． compiled language  编译语言
4． parallel computing  平行计算
5． pattern matching  模式匹配
6． free memory  空闲内存
7． interpreter program  解释程序
8． library routine  库程序
9． intermediate program  中间程序，10． 过渡程序
11． source file  源文件
12． interpreted language  解释（性）语言 
13． device driver  设备14． 驱动程序 
15． source program  源程序 
16． debugging program  调试程序 
17． object code  目标18． 代码 
19． application program  应用程序 
20． utility program  实用程序 
21． logic program  逻辑程序 
22． ink cartridge  墨盒 
23． program storage and execution  程序的存储与执行 

III．Fill in each of the blanks with one of the words given in the following list, making changes if necessary:
A compiler, in computer science, is a computer program that translates source code into object code. Software engineers write source code using high-level programming languages that people can understand. Computers cannot directly execute source code, but need a compiler to translate these instructions into a low-level language called machine code.
Compilers collect and reorganize (compile) all the instructions in a given set of source code to produce object code. Object code is often the same as or similar to a computer’s machine code. If the object code is the same as the machine language, the computer can run the program immediately after the compiler produces its translation. If the object code is not in machine language, other programs—such as assemblers, binders (联编程序), linkers (连接程序), and loaders (装入程序)—finish the translation.
Most computer languages use different versions of compilers for different types of computers or operating systems, so one language may have different compilers for personal computers (PC) and Apple Macintosh computers. Many different manufacturers often produce versions of the same programming language, so compilers for a language may vary between manufacturers.
   
Section B I．Fill in the blanks with the information given in the text:
1． client-side; server-side
2． UNIX
3． Database
4． operating system

II．Translate the following terms or phrases from English into Chinese and vice versa:
1． Windows socket  Windows套接字接口
2． Winsock interface  Winsock接口
3． file repository  文件属性
4． client-side application  客户端应用程序
5． HTML tag  HTML标6． 记
7． Web browser  万8． 维网浏览器 
9． hardware platform  硬件平台 
10． custom control  定制控件 
11． OLE (object linking and embedding)  对象链接和嵌入 
12． WAN (wide area network)  广域网 
   
Section C I．Fill in the blanks with the information given in the text:
1． cross-platform
2． Exit; Quit
3． Unicode
4． Environment

II．Translate the following terms or phrases from English into Chinese and vice versa:
1． search path  搜索路径
2． dynamic library  动态链接库
3． code set  代码集
4． ancestor menu  祖辈菜单
5． end user 最终用户 
6． menu item 菜单项 
7． cross-platform application 跨平台应用程序 
8． character set 字符集 
   
Unit 6 Distributed Systems   
Section A I．Fill in the blanks with the information given in the text:
1． Heterogeneous
2． Resources
3． client/server
4． Asynchronous
5． Multicast
6． Bridges
7． fault-tolerance
8． openness

II．Translate the following terms or phrases from English into Chinese and vice versa:
1． procedure call  过程调用
2． structured message protocol  结构化消息协议
3． secure protocol  安全协议
4． networking protocol  网络协议
5． processing node  处理节点
6． homogeneous system  同7． 构系统
8． cost effectiveness  成本效益
9． message encryption  信息加密（术）
10． message format  信息格式
11． component code  组件编码
12． sequential program 顺序程序 
13． multicast protocol  多址通信协议 
14． routing algorithm  路由算法 
15． open system  开放式系统 
16． heterogeneous environment  异构型环境 
17． distributed processing  分布式处理 
18． resource sharing   资源共享 
19． structured message passing   结构化信息传送 
20． communication(s) link 通信链路 
21． development tool  开发工具 

III．Fill in each of the blanks with one of the words given in the following list, making changes if necessary:

The client/server architecture is a proven approach to building flexible, scalable environments. It is an arrangement used on local area networks that makes use of “distributed intelligence” to treat both the server and the individual workstations as intelligent, programmable devices, thus exploiting the full computing power of each. This is done by splitting the processing of an application between two distinct components: a “front-end” client and a “back-end” server. The client component, itself a complete, stand-alone (独立的) personal computer (versus the “dumb” terminal found in older architectures such as the time-sharing used on a mainframe) offers the user its full range of power and features for running applications. The server component, which can be another personal computer, minicomputer, or a mainframe, enhances the client component by providing the traditional strengths offered by minicomputers and mainframes in a time-sharing environment: data management, information sharing between clients, and sophisticated network administration and security features. The advantage of the client/server architecture over older architectures is that the client and server machines work together to accomplish the processing of the application being used. Not only does this increase the processing power available, but it also uses that power more efficiently. The client portion of the application is typically optimized for user interaction, whereas the server portion provides the centralized, multi-user functionality.
   
Section B I．Fill in the blanks with the information given in the text:
1． peer-to-peer
2． simultaneous; frequency
3． procedure; management; load
4． Software

II．Translate the following terms or phrases from English into Chinese and vice versa:
1． logical entity  逻辑实体
2． client-server architecture  客户机-服3． 务器结构
4． CPU cycle  CPU周期
5． graphics acceleration 图形加速
6． software licensing  软件许可
7． word-processing application  字处理应用程序 
8． load balancing  负载平衡 
9． remote procedure call  远程过程调用 
10． hardware configuration  硬件配置 
11． peer-to-peer network  对等网络 
   
Section C I．Fill in the blanks with the information given in the text:
1． Physical
2． Overconfiguration
3． Changes
4． presentation; application; data management

II．Translate the following terms or phrases from English into Chinese and vice versa:
1． font server 字体服2． 务器
3． data management logic 数据管理逻辑规则
4． disk space 磁盘空间
5． conceptual model  概念模型
6． client-server model 客户–服7． 务器模型 
8． graphics display 图形显示 
9． general-purpose hardware 通用硬件 
10． system expandability 系统可扩展性 
   
Unit 7 Database   
Section A I．Fill in the blanks with the information given in the text:
1． data storage
2． Entities
3． DBMS or database management system
4． Inconsistency
5． SQL or Structured Query Language
6． storage engine; query processor
7． procedure calls
8． data presentation; data storage

II．Translate the following terms or phrases from English into Chinese and vice versa:
1． language precompiler  程序语言预编译器
2． business logic implementation  业务逻辑实现
3． query processor  查询处理器
4． data modeling  数据建模
5． storage engine  存储引擎
6． tiered architecture  分层结构
7． database manager  数据库管理员
8． data presentation layer  数据表现层
9． logical database design  逻辑上的数据库设计
10． entity relationship diagram  实体关系图
11． query language  查询语言 
12． host language  主机语言 
13． Data Modification Language (DML)   数据修改语言 
14． data redundancy  数据冗余 
15． relational database  关系数据库 
16． relational data model  关系数据模型 
17． database management system (DBMS)   数据库管理系统 
18． data element  数据元素 
19． data access  数据存取 
20． query optimization  查询优化 

III．Fill in each of the blanks with one of the words given in the following list, making changes if necessary:

A database is any collection of data organized for storage in a computer memory and designed for easy access by authorized users. The data may be in the form of text, numbers, or encoded graphics. Since their first, experimental appearance in the 1950s, databases have become so important in industrial societies that they can be found in almost every field of information.
In the 1960s, some databases became commercially available, but their use was funnelled (传送) through a few so-called research centres that collected information inquiries and handled them in batches (一批). On-line databases—that is, databases available to anyone who could link up to them by computer—first appeared in the 1970s. For the home user, the equipment required includes a computer terminal, a telephone, and a modem, which enables the terminal and the database (usually some type of search-service system) to communicate. The user simply dials the number of the service, provides a password code for identification and billing (记账), and types in questions to a chosen database on the terminal’s keyboard. The data received may either be displayed on a terminal screen or printed out.
   
Section B I．Fill in the blanks with the information given in the text:
1． columns; rows
2． permanent; temporary
3． Clustered; nonclustered
4． CHECK; PRIMARY KEY

II．Translate the following terms or phrases from English into Chinese and vice versa:
1． global temporary table  全局临时表
2． partitioned data  分区的数据
3． virtual table  虚拟（临时）表
4． permanent table  永久（固定）表
5． log out of a system  退出登录的系统
6． primary key  主键 
7． foreign key  外键 
8． database object  数据库对象 
9． clustered index  簇10． 索引 
11． local temporary table  本地临时表 
   
Section C I．Fill in the blanks with the information given in the text:
1． File
2． user interface
3． Server
4． VCL

II．Translate the following terms or phrases from English into Chinese and vice versa:
1． data module  数据模块
2． object repository  对象库
3． local database  本地（机）数据库
4． client dataset  客户端数据集
5． remote database server  远程数据库服6． 务器 
7． flat file  平面文件 
8． data source  数据源 
9． Distributed Component Object Model (DCOM)   分布式组件对象模型 
   
PART THREE  Network and Communication   
Unit 8 Telecommunications and Information Superhighway   
Section A I．Fill in the blanks with the information given in the text:
1． Telegraph
2． dots; dashes
3． Media
4． point-to-point
5． Analog
6． Digital
7． text-based
8． modem

II．Translate the following terms or phrases from English into Chinese and vice versa:
1． microwave radio  微波无线电
2． digital television  数字电视
3． DSL  数字用户线路
4． analog transmission  模拟传输
5． on-screen pointer  屏幕（触摸屏）上的指6． 示（器）
7． computer terminal  计算机终端
8． radio telephone  无线电话
9． cellular telephone  蜂窝电话（移动电话）
10． decentralized network 分散的网络
11． wire-based internal network  基于普通网线的内部网络
12． fiber-optic cable  光缆 
13． fax machine  传真机 
14． wireless communications  无线通信 
15． point-to-point communications  点对点通信 
16． modulated electrical impulse  调制电脉冲 
17． communication(s) satellite  通信卫星 
18． telegraph key  电报电键 
19． transmission medium  传输媒体 
20． cordless telephone  无绳电话 
21． metal conductor  金属导体 

III．Fill in each of the blanks with one of the words given in the following list, making changes if necessary:

Data communications is the process of transmitting and receiving data in an orderly way so the data that arrives at its destination is an accurate duplication of the data that was sent. When data travels a short distance, such as when you send data from your computer to your printer, it is referred to as local communications. When data travels a long distance, the communication is referred to as telecommunications; the prefix “tele” is derived from a Greek word that means “far” or “far off.”
The difference between a short distance and a long distance is somewhat arbitrary (武断的). For example, if your computer sends data to a printer in the next room, it is regarded as local communications; if you phone the person in the next room, you are transmitting data over a telecommunications device. However, the same basic communications concepts apply to both local communications and telecommunications.
Basic data communications concepts are the building blocks for understanding how data travels on a communications system. These concepts come in handy (派得上用处) when you install, configure, or upgrade a local area network. In addition, these concepts help you set up modems, fax machines, and cellular data transfers.

 

   
Section B I．Fill in the blanks with the information given in the text:
1． Layering
2． Interconnected
3． Al Gore or Gore
4． Bandwidth

II．Translate the following terms or phrases from English into Chinese and vice versa:
1． error recovery  错误恢复2． 
3． parity function  奇偶函数
4． video on demand  视频点播
5． collision detection  冲突检测
6． protocol layering  协议层
7． architectural model  体系结构模型 
8． packet switching  包交换 
9． enterprise network  企业网 
10． protocol suite  协议组 
11． commercial backbone  商用骨干网 
   
Section C I．Fill in the blanks with the information given in the text:
1． Transfer
2． Cells
3． Label
4． Integrated

II．Translate the following terms or phrases from English into Chinese and vice versa:
1． high-definition TV  高清晰度电视
2． frame relay  帧中继
3． data rate  数据传输率
4． metropolitan area network  城域网
5． set-top box  机顶盒 
6． multi-mode fiber  多模光纤 
7． protocol stack  协议堆栈 
8． VPI (virtual path identifier)   虚拟路径标9． 识符 
   
Unit 9 Computer Networks   
Section A I．Fill in the blanks with the information given in the text:
1． Ethernet
2． Limited
3． Bridges
4． Routers
5． telephone; wide
6． Broadband
7． Objects
8． public key

II．Translate the following terms or phrases from English into Chinese and vice versa:
1． coaxial cable  同2． 轴电缆
3． computer networking  计算机网络
4． multiple-access network  多路访问网络
5． management software  管理软件
6． broadband connection  宽带连接
7． confidential information  机密信息
8． monolithic system  单片机系统
9． star network  星型网络
10． bus network  总线型网络
11． ring network  环形网络
12． network resources  网络资源 
13． public key system  公钥体制 
14． public telephone network 公用电话网 
15． data encryption system  数据加密系统 
16． information superhighway  信息高速公路 
17． information age  信息时代 
18． computer security  计算机安全 
19． data network  数据网 
20． data link  数据链路 
21． access protocol  存取协议 

III．Fill in each of the blanks with one of the words given in the following list, making changes if necessary:

A local area network (LAN) is a group of computers and other devices dispersed (分散) over a relatively limited area and connected by a communications link that enables any device to interact with any other on the network. LANs commonly include microcomputers and shared (often expensive) resources such as laser printers and large hard disks. Most (modern) LANs can support a wide variety of computers and other devices. Each device must use the proper physical and data-link protocols for the particular LAN, and all devices that want to communicate with each other on the LAN must use the same upper-level communications protocol. Although single LANs are geographically limited (to a department or an office building, for example), separate LANs can be connected to form larger networks. Similar LANs are linked by bridges, which act as transfer points between networks; dissimilar LANs are linked by gateways, which both transfer data and convert it according to the protocols used by the receiving network.
The devices on a LAN are known as nodes, and the nodes are connected by cabling through which messages are transmitted. Nodes on a LAN can be wired together in any of three basic topologies, known as bus, ring, and star.
   
Section B I．Fill in the blanks with the information given in the text:
1． backup; load balancing
2． core; access
3． scaled; distributed
4． bandwidth; configuration

II．Translate the following terms or phrases from English into Chinese and vice versa:
1． switched internetwork  交换式内部网
2． routing protocol  路由协议
3． carrier sense  载波侦听
4． spanning tree  生成树
5． hierarchical network  分层网络
6． dynamic routing  动态路由选择 
7． VLAN (virtual local area network)  虚拟局域网 
8． UNI (user network interface)  用户网络接口 
9． campus network  校园网 
10． modular model  模块模型 
   
Section C I．Fill in the blanks with the information given in the text:
1． Server
2． Directory
3． diskless workstation
4． remote node

II．Translate the following terms or phrases from English into Chinese and vice versa:
1． diskless workstation  无盘工作站
2． group scheduling  成组调度
3． remote node  远程节点
4． printer port  打印口
5． remote access  远程访问 
6． DUN (Dial-Up Networking)  拨号联网 
7． parallel port  并行端口 
8． NOS (network operating system)  网络操作系统 
   
Unit 10 Network Infrastructure   
Section A I．Fill in the blanks with the information given in the text:
1． nodes; connections
2． bus; ring
3． Terminator
4． Hub
5． Ring
6． Logical
7． Star
8． passive; active

II．Translate the following terms or phrases from English into Chinese and vice versa:
1． network layout  网络布局
2． physical topology  物理拓扑结构
3． logical topology  逻辑拓扑结构
4． star configuration  星型结构
5． physical network connection  物理网络连接
6． high-end active hub  高端主动式集线器
7． passive hub  被动式集线器
8． network node  网络节点
9． electrical ground  电气接地
10． data flow  数据流
11． wiring closet 布线室 
12． multistation access unit 多站访问单元 
13． star topology 星形拓扑结构 
14． bus topology 总线拓扑结构 
15． ring topology 环形拓扑结构 
16． network topology 网络拓扑结构 
17． centralized network management 集中式网络管理 
18． intelligent hub 智能集线器 
19． network hub 网络集线器 
20． physical network 物理网络 

III．Fill in each of the blanks with one of the words given in the following list, making changes if necessary:

Ethernet, originally developed in 1973 at Xerox, is by far the most popular network technology in use today. The logical topology of an Ethernet network is always a bus. The predominant physical topology used to be a bus as well, but has been eclipsed (使暗淡) in recent years by the star topology.
Because Ethernet is logically a bus, data is transmitted to every node on the network. Each node sees every transmission, and receives transmissions destined (预定的) for it based on the address of its network adapter. This approach to sharing a single cable for all transmissions is known as the multiple access method. Only one node can successfully transmit at any given time, so the nodes must agree on a way to share the cable without interfering with each other. The Ethernet standard specifies how the nodes share the bus.
Before a node starts transmitting, it briefly listens to the bus for other traffic. This activity is known as carrier sensing. If another node is already transmitting, the node desiring to transmit tries again later. If there’s no other traffic on the bus, the node begins transmission. This approach avoids transmissions stepping on each other—in most cases.
   
Section B I．Fill in the blanks with the information given in the text:
1． Transmission; Internet
2． network-level; application-level
3． Native
4． protocol stack

II．Translate the following terms or phrases from English into Chinese and vice versa:
1． heterogeneous network  异构网络
2． packet delivery  包发送
3． IBM compatible  IBM兼容的
4． IP datagram  IP数据报
5． DOS box  DOS箱（机）
6． HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol)  超文本传送协议 
7． NNTP (Network News Transfer Protocol)  网络新闻传送协议 
8． SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol)   简单邮件传送协议 
9． security hole  安全漏洞 
10． system crash  系统崩溃 
   
Section C I．Fill in the blanks with the information given in the text:
1． Internet; physical
2． Packets
3． Network
4． Full-duplex

II．Translate the following terms or phrases from English into Chinese and vice versa:
1． physical address  物理地址
2． data transfer  数据迁移
3． header checksum  报头校验
4． stream delivery  （数据）流发送
5． virtual circuit  虚电路 
6． network layer  网络层 
7． full-duplex transmission  全双工传输 
8． ARP (Address Resolution Protocol)   地址解释协议 
   
Unit 11 Internet   
Section A I．Fill in the blanks with the information given in the text:
1． client-server
2． Host
3． Multimedia
4． dedicated或dial-up; dial-up或dedicated
5． Hypertext
6． URLs或Uniform Resource Locators
7． Bandwidth
8． ARPANET

II．Translate the following terms or phrases from English into Chinese and vice versa:
1． list server  列表服2． 务器
3． transmission scheme  传输模式
4． data packet  数据包
5． Mbps  每秒兆字节
6． hypermedia document  超媒体文档
7． FTP  文件传输协议
8． host network  主机网络
9． dedicated access  专线访问
10． storage format  存储格式
11． mail server  邮件服12． 务器
13． multimedia file  多媒体文件 
14． dial-up access  拨号访问 
15． LAN (local area network)   局域网 
16． retrieve files  检索文件 
17． ISP (Internet Service Provider)   因特网服18． 务供应商 
19． WWW (World Wide Web)   万20． 维网 
21． URL (Uniform Resource Locator)   统一资源定位符 
22． TCP (Transmission Control Protocol)   传输控制协议 
23． data stream  数据流 
24． log on  登录 

III．Fill in each of the blanks with one of the words given in the following list, making changes if necessary:

Web pages are actually small computer programs, written in a computer language understood by Web browsers. The primary language used for Web pages is called HTML, which stands for HyperText Markup Language. HTML provides a way of describing exactly how a page will look when it’s published on the Web.
HyperText refers to the capability of linking pages together so users can quickly navigate through material based on their own interests. (If you’ve used the Windows Help system to find the answer to a question, you’ve probably clicked several hypertext links.) Markup refers to the capability to specify position, size, font, color, and other attributes of elements on the page. Therefore, HTML is a programming language that enables you to create and link together pages, and to specify just about every detail of how the page looks when viewed by a Web browser.
HTML isn’t the end of the line for markup languages. Development of several new languages is under way, to provide more powerful Web publishing capabilities. One of the most promising is XML, or Extensible Markup Language. Some experts believe it will replace HTML in the next few years.
   
Section B I．Fill in the blanks with the information given in the text:
1． Destination
2． commercial; educational; governmental
3． Plain
4． headers; footers

II．Translate the following terms or phrases from English into Chinese and vice versa:
1． plain text  纯文本
2． destination address 
3． mail-user agent  邮件用户代理
4． message transfer agent  消息传送代理
5． graphics-based file 
6． analog signal 模拟信号 
7． domain name 域名8．  
9． text file 文本文件 
10． text editor 文本编辑器 
11． e-mail address 电子邮件地址 
   
Section C I．Fill in the blanks with the information given in the text:
1． 56K
2． Low
3． sound card
4． Reflectors

II．Translate the following terms or phrases from English into Chinese and vice versa:
1． sound card  声卡
2． Web page  网页
3． video camera  摄像机，4． 摄像头
5． plug-in software  嵌入软件
6． input/output port  输入�M输出端口 
7． home page  主页 
8． video capture card  视频捕获卡 
9． chat room  聊天室 
   
PART FOUR  IT and Our Life   
Unit 12 IT and Computer Application   
Section A I．Fill in the blanks with the information given in the text:
1． Production
2． Technological
3． agricultural; industrial
4． Largest
5． Processors
6． Information-processing
7． Flattening
8． information

II．Translate the following terms or phrases from English into Chinese and vice versa:
1． electric motor  电动机
2． desktop publishing  桌面出版系统（台式出版系统）
3． information-related services  信息相关服4． 务
5． information-based occupation  基于信息的职业
6． information processor  信息处理
7． textual data  文本的数据
8． numerical data  数字的数据
9． audio data  音频数据
10． fibre optics  纤维光学
11． digital thermometer  数字温度计
12． information revolution  信息革命 
13． technological revolution  技术革命 
14． global market  全球市场 
15． IT (information technology)  信息技术 
16． multimedia product  多媒体产品 
17． information specialist  信息专家 
18． database management  数据库管理 
19． video data  视频数据 
20． information-processing system  信息处理系统 
21． telephone helpline  电话服22． 务热线 

III．Fill in each of the blanks with one of the words given in the following list, making changes if necessary:

It is frequently claimed that the most potent (强有力的) agent of change on present-day society and the economy will prove to be information technology. The so-called digital revolution whereby information—whether text, sound, or video—can be converted into, and from, binary digits (bits) and transmitted over global networks is believed to be likely to transform industries such as banking, telecommunications, and publishing. Advances in light-wave communications technology based on optical fibres have vastly increased the volume and speed of information transmission. The development of flat-panel displays (平板显示器) has allowed the computer mobility from the desk. Together these have contributed to the integration of computer and communications technology which, for the user, transcends (超越) space and makes information available on demand.
As well as rich opportunities, such a major social change presents severe challenges. One is how to avoid the creation of a divided society of information “haves” and “have nots”. This is both a national and an international problem. Others relate to ownership and security of information: cyberspace (网络空间) is a new frontier where existing legal principles and practice are having to be rethought. Yet again, there are moral issues to be faced about the kinds of information which should be openly available to users of the Internet.

 

   
Section B I．Fill in the blanks with the information given in the text:
1． hardware; data
2． Layers
3． Geocoding
4． vector; raster

II．Translate the following terms or phrases from English into Chinese and vice versa:
1． tabular data  表格数据
2． raster image  光栅图像
3． vector model  矢量模型
4． statistical analysis system  统计分析系统
5． model atmospheric circulation  模拟大气循环
6． computer-based tool  基于计算机的工具 
7． geographic information system  地理信息系统 
8． database operation  数据库操作 
9． grid cell  网格单元 
10． closed loop  闭环 
   
Section C I．Fill in the blanks with the information given in the text:
1． Software
2． keyword-based
3． intelligence; computing
4． inter-operability

II．Translate the following terms or phrases from English into Chinese and vice versa:
1． domain-specific tag  特定（指2． 定）域标3． 记
4． handheld terminal  手持终端设备5． 
6． life cycle  生命周期（生存周期）
7． mobile agent toolkit  移动代理工具包
8． XML (eXtensible Markup Language) 扩展标9． 签语言 
10． data mining  数据挖掘 
11． game theory  博弈论 
12． keyword-based text search(ing)   基于关键字的搜索 
   
Unit 13 e-Business   
Section A I．Fill in the blanks with the information given in the text:
1． commercial; network
2． catalogs; engines
3． currencies; checks
4． relationship-based; purses
5． Signatures
6． cash; token
7． Public
8． Symmetric

II．Translate the following terms or phrases from English into Chinese and vice versa:
1． user authentication  用户认证
2． electronic purse  电子钱包
3． information filter  信息过滤
4． data integrity  数据完整性
5． smart card  智能卡
6． HTML  超文本标7． 记语言
8． symmetric key cryptosystem  对称密钥密码系统
9． message authentication code  信息鉴定码
10． unauthorized access control  未授权访问控制
11． electronic catalog  电子目录
12． electronic money (或cash)   电子货币 
13． search engine  搜索引擎 
14． digital signature  数字签名15．  
16． user interface  用户界面 
17． EFT (Electronic Funds Transfer)   电子资金转帐 
18． public key cryptosystem  公钥密码系统 
19． PDA (personal digital assistant)   个人数字助理 
20． hypertext link  超文本链接 
21． 3D image  三维图像 
22． credit card  信用卡 

III．Fill in each of the blanks with one of the words given in the following list, making changes if necessary:

The term electronic commerce encompasses the entire process of buying, selling, and advertising products and services using electronic communications media. But when people talk about (e-commerce) today, they're usually referring to the emerging marketplace on the Internet. (Retailers) of all kinds are now scrambling to establish themselves and reach (customers) in this new marketplace.
The major obstacle to e-commerce is the problem of how to pay for (products) and services online. How can electronic (payments) be made convenient, reliable, and (secure) for consumers and retailers alike? As with every other Internet (technology), a global standard for online (transactions) must emerge before e-commerce becomes a widely accepted (practice).
The drive to establish a standard for (electronic) money is well underway. Software developers, banks, and (credit) card companies are all pushing transaction systems to (online) merchants, each betting that their system will become the (standard) way to pay for things online. As a Web (storefront) owner, you must investigate all the (options) and offer as many choices to your customers as they demand, while keeping (costs) and complexities from getting out of hand.
   
Section B I．Fill in the blanks with the information given in the text:
1． Four
2． e-Business
3． vendor-centric; customer-centric
4． Infrastructure

II．Translate the following terms or phrases from English into Chinese and vice versa:
1． vendor-centric model  客户中心模式
2． Web site  网站
3． Web surfing  网上冲浪
4． middleware server  中间件服5． 务
6． back-end platform  后端平台
7． e-Business strategy  电子商务策略 
8． binary format  二进制格式 
9． customer-oriented e-Business system  面向客户的电子商务系统 
10． ISV (independent software vendor)  独立软件推销商 
11． information infrastructure  信息基础结构设施 
   
Section C I．Fill in the blanks with the information given in the text:
1． Services
2． Marketing
3． storefronts; consulting
4． advertisements; subscriptions

II．Translate the following terms or phrases from English into Chinese and vice versa:
1． Web storefront  网上店面
2． electronic press kit  电子版发行包
3． online retail  在线零售
4． multimedia demo  多媒体演示
5． online access  联机访问 
6． value-added services  增值业务 
7． product promotion  产品推销 
8． communication medium  通信媒体 
   
Unit 14 Computer Security   
Section A I．Fill in the blanks with the information given in the text:
1． employees
2． Hackers
3． Crackers
4． damage; manipulation
5． Worm
6． software piracy
7． access; backup
8． Passwords

II．Translate the following terms or phrases from English into Chinese and vice versa:
1． encryption program  加密程序
2． deletion command  删除命令
3． authorized user  授权的用户
4． backup copy  备5． 份的副本
6． voltage surge  电涌，7． 浪涌电压
8． circuit breaker  断路器
9． electronic component  电子器件
10． data-entry error  数据输入错误
11． electronic break-in  电路中断
12． power line  电力线，13． 输电线
14． detection program  检测程序 
15． power source  电源 
16． destructive computer program  破坏性计算机程序 
17． computer virus  计算机病毒 
18． software piracy  软件侵权 
19． hard-disk drive  硬盘驱动器 
20． virus checker  病毒检查程序 
21． primary storage  主存储器 
22． electronic bulletin board  电子公告板 
23． surge protector  浪涌电压保护器 

III．Fill in each of the blanks with one of the words given in the following list, making changes if necessary:

A virus or other unwelcome surprise can lurk in your computer system for days or months without discovery. A time bomb is a computer program that stays in your system undetected until it is triggered by a certain event in time, such as when the computer system clock reaches a certain date. A time bomb is usually carried by a virus or Trojan horse. For example, the Michelangelo virus contains a time bomb designed to damage files on your hard disk on March 6, the birthday of artist Michelangelo.
A logic bomb is a computer program that is triggered by the appearance or disappearance of specific data. For example, suppose a programmer in a large corporation believes that she is on the list of employees to be terminated during the next cost-cutting campaign. Her hostility (敌意) overcomes her ethical (道德的) judgment, and she creates a logic bomb program that checks the payroll (在职人员名单) file every day to make sure her employment status is still active. If the programmer’s status changes to “terminated,” her logic bomb activates a program that destroys data on the computer.
A time bomb or logic bomb might do mischief (祸害) in your computer long before the timer goes off. If the bomb contains a virus, it could replicate and spread to other files. Meanwhile, you might send files from your computer to other computers, not knowing that they are infected.
   
Section B I．Fill in the blanks with the information given in the text:
1． Macro
2． boot sector
3． Parasitic
4． Trojan或Trojan Horse

II．Translate the following terms or phrases from English into Chinese and vice versa:
1． partition table  分区表
2． host program  主机程序
3． anti-virus software  反毒软件
4． global template  公用模板
5． virus signature  病毒特征代码
6． BBS (bulletin board system)  公告板系统 
7． data corruption  数据毁损 
8． MBR (master boot record)  主引导记录 
9． boot sector  引导扇区 
10． macro virus  宏病毒 
   
Section C I．Fill in the blanks with the information given in the text:
1． Protect
2． entertainment; challenge
3． IP address
4． back doors

II．Translate the following terms or phrases from English into Chinese and vice versa:
1． system platform  系统平台
2． install back doors  安置后门
3． email attachment  电子邮件的附件
4． vulnerability assessment tool  弱点评估工具
5． network security measure  网络安全措施 
6． system maintenance personnel  系统维护人员 
7． MX record  函件交换记录 
8． hack a system  非法闯入系统 
   
Unit 15 Remarks by IT Giants    
Section A I．Fill in the blanks with the information given in the text:
1． color TVs
2． Web
3． Corporations
4． Connectivity
5． access或connectivity
6． telecommunications; telephone
7． wireless; high-bandwidth
8． Internet

II．Translate the following terms or phrases from English into Chinese and vice versa:
1． PC-plus era  PC影响力增强的时代
2． cable modem  海底电缆
3． universal PC model  通用PC模式
4． multifunctional device  多功能设备5． 
6． information overload  信息过载，7． 信息超负荷
8． high-bandwidth connectivity  高带宽连通性
9． consumer electronics  消费类电器
10． investment portfolio  投资组合
11． virtual convergence  虚拟整合
12． tablet PC  便笺簿式个人电脑
13． voice recognition  语音识别 
14． smart television  智能电视 
15． R & D (research and development)  研究与开发 
16． surf  the  Web  在网上冲浪 
17． Auto PC  自动个人计算机 
18． e-mail colleagues  给同19． 事发电子邮件 
20． Web-enabled cell phone  具有上网功能的手机 
21． digital technology  数字技术 
22． wireless technology  无线技术 
23． broadband communications  宽带通信 

III．Fill in each of the blanks with one of the words given in the following list, making changes if necessary:

At home, you’ll be able to operate your PC by talking to it. It will automatically back up all your information, update its own software and synchronize itself with your TV, cell phone, handheld, and all the devices on your home network. The refrigerator in your kitchen will know how well stocked it is, suggest recipes based on what’s available, and order more food from your online grocer. Your TV will double as an interactive shopping mall, letting you buy advertised products or clothes you saw in a sitcom. And if you don’t want to watch TV, you’ll be able to read an electronic book that knows your favorite authors and automatically downloads their latest novels. If you decide to read one of them, your bank account will be debited.
Sounds like science fiction? Just a few years ago, it was. But thanks to the microprocessor—and to all the incredible innovations in software, hardware, the Internet and telecommunications—everything I’ve described is already possible. And although you can’t yet buy all these devices at your local computer retailer, the incredible speed at which technology is advancing means that it won’t be long before they’re as commonplace as the PC.
   
Section B I．Fill in the blanks with the information given in the text:
1． information; communication
2． e-business
3． Restructuring
4． Application

II．Translate the following terms or phrases from English into Chinese and vice versa:
1． networking technology  网络技术
2． assembly plant  组装厂
3． state-owned enterprise  国有企业
4． economic reform  经济改革
5． supply chain  供应链
6． cable television 有线电视 
7． cost control  成本控制 
8． joint venture  合资企业 
9． application software  应用软件 
10． inventory management  库存管理 
   
Section C I．Fill in the blanks with the information given in the text:
1． Fundamentals
2． Opportunities
3． technology; technological
4． memory chips; microprocessors

II．Translate the following terms or phrases from English into Chinese and vice versa:
1． inflection point  拐点，2． 回折点
3． media industry  媒体业
4． mainframe computer  大型计算机
5． problem diagnosis  问题诊断
6． technological concept  技术概念
7． ATM (Automatic Teller Machine)  自动柜员机
8． memory chip 存储芯片
9． competitive environment  竞争环境