Oracle常用命令
第一章:日志管理
1.forcing log switches
sql> alter system switch logfile;
2.forcing checkpoints
sql> alter system checkpoint;
3.adding online redo log groups
sql> alter database add logfile [group 4]
sql> ('/disk3/log4a.rdo','/disk4/log4b.rdo') size 1m;
4.adding online redo log members
sql> alter database add logfile member
sql> '/disk3/log1b.rdo' to group 1,
sql> '/disk4/log2b.rdo' to group 2;
5.changes the name of the online redo logfile
sql> alter database rename file 'c:/oracle/oradata/oradb/redo01.log'
sql> to 'c:/oracle/oradata/redo01.log';
6.drop online redo log groups
sql> alter database drop logfile group 3;
7.drop online redo log members
sql> alter database drop logfile member 'c:/oracle/oradata/redo01.log';
8.clearing online redo log files
sql> alter database clear [unarchived] logfile 'c:/oracle/log2a.rdo';
9.using logminer analyzing redo logfiles
a. in the init.ora specify utl_file_dir = ' '
b. sql> execute dbms_logmnr_d.build('oradb.ora','c:\oracle\oradb\log');
c. sql> execute dbms_logmnr_add_logfile('c:\oracle\oradata\oradb\redo01.log',
sql> dbms_logmnr.new);
d. sql> execute dbms_logmnr.add_logfile('c:\oracle\oradata\oradb\redo02.log',
sql> dbms_logmnr.addfile);
e. sql> execute dbms_logmnr.start_logmnr(dictfilename=>'c:\oracle\oradb\log\oradb.ora');
f. sql> select * from v$logmnr_contents(v$logmnr_dictionary,v$logmnr_parameters
sql> v$logmnr_logs);
g. sql> execute dbms_logmnr.end_logmnr;
第二章:表空间管理
1.create tablespaces
sql> create tablespace tablespace_name datafile 'c:\oracle\oradata\file1.dbf' size 100m,
sql> 'c:\oracle\oradata\file2.dbf' size 100m minimum extent 550k [logging/nologging]
sql> default storage (initial 500k next 500k maxextents 500 pctinccease 0)
sql> [online/offline] [permanent/temporary] [extent_management_clause]
2.locally managed tablespace
sql> create tablespace user_data datafile 'c:\oracle\oradata\user_data01.dbf'
sql> size 500m extent management local uniform size 10m;
3.temporary tablespace
sql> create temporary tablespace temp tempfile 'c:\oracle\oradata\temp01.dbf'
sql> size 500m extent management local uniform size 10m;
4.change the storage setting
sql> alter tablespace app_data minimum extent 2m;
sql> alter tablespace app_data default storage(initial 2m next 2m maxextents 999);
5.taking tablespace offline or online
sql> alter tablespace app_data offline;
sql> alter tablespace app_data online;
6.read_only tablespace
sql> alter tablespace app_data read only|write;
7.droping tablespace
sql> drop tablespace app_data including contents;
8.enableing automatic extension of data files
sql> alter tablespace app_data add datafile 'c:\oracle\oradata\app_data01.dbf' size 200m
sql> autoextend on next 10m maxsize 500m;
9.change the size fo data files manually
sql> alter database datafile 'c:\oracle\oradata\app_data.dbf' resize 200m;
10.Moving data files: alter tablespace
sql> alter tablespace app_data rename datafile 'c:\oracle\oradata\app_data.dbf'
sql> to 'c:\oracle\app_data.dbf';
11.moving data files:alter database
sql> alter database rename file 'c:\oracle\oradata\app_data.dbf'
sql> to 'c:\oracle\app_data.dbf';
第三章:表
1.create a table
sql> create table table_name (column datatype,column datatype]....)
sql> tablespace tablespace_name [pctfree integer] [pctused integer]
sql> [initrans integer] [maxtrans integer]
sql> storage(initial 200k next 200k pctincrease 0 maxextents 50)
sql> [logging|nologging] [cache|nocache]
2.copy an existing table
sql> create table table_name [logging|nologging] as subquery
3.create temporary table
sql> create global temporary table xay_temp as select * from xay;
on commit preserve rows/on commit delete rows
4.pctfree = (average row size - initial row size) *100 /average row size
pctused = 100-pctfree- (average row size*100/available data space)
5.change storage and block utilization parameter
sql> alter table table_name pctfree=30 pctused=50 storage(next 500k
sql> minextents 2 maxextents 100);
6.manually allocating extents
sql> alter table table_name allocate extent(size 500k datafile 'c:/oracle/data.dbf');
7.move tablespace
sql> alter table employee move tablespace users;
8.deallocate of unused space
sql> alter table table_name deallocate unused [keep integer]
9.truncate a table
sql> truncate table table_name;
10.drop a table
sql> drop table table_name [cascade constraints];
11.drop a column
sql> alter table table_name drop column comments cascade constraints checkpoint 1000;
alter table table_name drop columns continue;
12.mark a column as unused
sql> alter table table_name set unused column comments cascade constraints;
alter table table_name drop unused columns checkpoint 1000;
alter table orders drop columns continue checkpoint 1000
data_dictionary : dba_unused_col_tabs
第四章:索引
1.creating -based indexes
sql> create index summit.item_quantity on summit.item(quantity-quantity_shipped);
2.create a B-tree index
sql> create [unique] index index_name on table_name(column,.. asc/desc) tablespace
sql> tablespace_name [pctfree integer] [initrans integer] [maxtrans integer]
sql> [logging | nologging] [nosort] storage(initial 200k next 200k pctincrease 0
sql> maxextents 50);
3.pctfree(index)=(maximum number of rows-initial number of rows)*100/maximum number of rows
4.creating reverse key indexes
sql> create unique index xay_id on xay(a) reverse pctfree 30 storage(initial 200k
sql> next 200k pctincrease 0 maxextents 50) tablespace indx;
5.create bitmap index
sql> create bitmap index xay_id on xay(a) pctfree 30 storage( initial 200k next 200k
sql> pctincrease 0 maxextents 50) tablespace indx;
6.change storage parameter of index
sql> alter index xay_id storage (next 400k maxextents 100);
7.allocating index space
sql> alter index xay_id allocate extent(size 200k datafile 'c:/oracle/index.dbf');
8.alter index xay_id deallocate unused;
第五章:约束
1.define constraints as immediate or deferred
sql> alter session set constraint[s] = immediate/deferred/default;
set constraint[s] constraint_name/all immediate/deferred;
2. sql> drop table table_name cascade constraints
sql> drop tablespace tablespace_name including contents cascade constraints
3. define constraints while create a table
sql> create table xay(id number(7) constraint xay_id primary key deferrable
sql> using index storage(initial 100k next 100k) tablespace indx);
primary key/unique/references table(column)/check
4.enable constraints
sql> alter table xay enable novalidate constraint xay_id;
5.enable constraints
sql> alter table xay enable validate constraint xay_id;
第六章:LOAD数据
1.loading data using direct_load insert
sql> insert /*+append */ into emp nologging
sql> select * from emp_old;
2.parallel direct-load insert
sql> alter session enable parallel dml;
sql> insert /*+parallel(emp,2) */ into emp nologging
sql> select * from emp_old;
3.using sql*loader
sql> sqlldr scott/tiger \
sql> control = ulcase6.ctl \
sql> log = ulcase6.log direct=true
第七章:数据整理
1.using expoty
$exp scott/tiger tables(dept,emp) file=c:\emp.dmp log=exp.log compress=n direct=y
2.using import
$imp scott/tiger tables(dept,emp) file=emp.dmp log=imp.log ignore=y
3.transporting a tablespace
sql>alter tablespace sales_ts read only;
$exp sys/.. file=xay.dmp transport_tablespace=y tablespace=sales_ts
triggers=n constraints=n
$copy datafile
$imp sys/.. file=xay.dmp transport_tablespace=y datafiles=(/disk1/sles01.dbf,/disk2
/sles02.dbf)
sql> alter tablespace sales_ts read write;
4.checking transport set
sql> DBMS_tts.transport_set_check(ts_list =>'sales_ts' ..,incl_constraints=>true);
在表transport_set_violations 中查看
sql> dbms_tts.isselfcontained 为true 是, 表示自包含
一、ORACLE的启动和关闭
1、在单机环境下
要想启动或关闭ORACLE系统必须首先切换到ORACLE用户,如下
su - oracle
a、启动ORACLE系统
oracle>svrmgrl
SVRMGR>connect internal
SVRMGR>startup
SVRMGR>quit
b、关闭ORACLE系统
oracle>svrmgrl
SVRMGR>connect internal
SVRMGR>shutdown
SVRMGR>quit
启动oracle9i数据库命令:
$ sqlplus /nolog
SQL*Plus: Release 9.2.0.1.0 - Production on Fri Oct 31 13:53:53 2003
Copyright (c) 1982, 2002, Oracle Corporation. All rights reserved.
SQL> connect / as sysdba
Connected to an idle instance.
SQL> startup^C
SQL> startup
ORACLE instance started.
2、在双机环境下
要想启动或关闭ORACLE系统必须首先切换到root用户,如下
su - root
a、启动ORACLE系统
hareg -y oracle
b、关闭ORACLE系统
hareg -n oracle
Oracle数据库有哪几种启动方式
说明:
有以下几种启动方式:
1、startup nomount
非安装启动,这种方式启动下可执行:重建控制文件、重建数据库
读取init.ora文件,启动instance,即启动SGA和后台进程,这种启动只需要init.ora文件。
2、startup mount dbname
安装启动,这种方式启动下可执行:
数据库日志归档、
数据库介质恢复、
使数据文件联机或脱机,
重新定位数据文件、重做日志文件。
执行“nomount”,然后打开控制文件,确认数据文件和联机日志文件的位置,
但此时不对数据文件和日志文件进行校验检查。
3、startup open dbname
先执行“nomount”,然后执行“mount”,再打开包括Redo log文件在内的所有数据库文件,
这种方式下可访问数据库中的数据。
4、startup,等于以下三个命令
startup nomount
alter database mount
alter database open
5、startup restrict
约束方式启动
这种方式能够启动数据库,但只允许具有一定特权的用户访问
非特权用户访问时,会出现以下提示:
ERROR:
ORA-01035: ORACLE 只允许具有 RESTRICTED SESSION 权限的用户使用
6、startup force
强制启动方式
当不能关闭数据库时,可以用startup force来完成数据库的关闭
先关闭数据库,再执行正常启动数据库命令
7、startup pfile=参数文件名
带初始化参数文件的启动方式
先读取参数文件,再按参数文件中的设置启动数据库
例:startup pfile=E:Oracleadminoradbpfileinit.ora
8、startup EXCLUSIVE