本节将接触几个新的CIL操作码如下
ldc.i4.0 将整数值 0 作为 int32 推送到计算堆栈上
Ceq 比较两个值。如果这两个值相等,则将整数值 1 (int32) 推送到计算堆栈上;否则,将 0 (int32) 推送到计算堆栈上。
Brtrue.s 如果 value 为 true、非空或非零,则将控制转移到目标指令(短格式)。
Brfalse.S 如果 value 为 false、空引用或零,则将控制转移到目标指令。
Callvirt 对对象调用后期绑定方法,并且将返回值推送到计算堆栈上。
Ldsfld 将静态字段的值推送到计算堆栈上。
源代码
一、在.NET有几种判断string是否为空的方法,也有两种判断值是否相等的方法。下面我们来看看:
- class Program
- {
- static void Main(string[] args)
- {
- //判断字符串是否为空
- string str1 = "MyWord";
- if (str1 == "")
- ;
- if (str1 == string.Empty)
- ;
- if (str1 != null && str1.Length== 0)
- ;
- if (string.IsNullOrEmpty(str1))
- ;
- }
- }
二、下面我们看看上面的Cs代码生成的CIL代码如下:
- .method private hidebysig static void Main(string[] args) cil managed
- {
- .entrypoint
- // 代码大小 85 (0x55)
- .maxstack 2
- //声明3个参数,分别是str1和bool值
- .locals init ([0] string str1,
- [1] bool CS$4$0000)
- IL_0000: nop
- //推送对元数据中存储的"MyWord"字符串的新对象引用
- IL_0001: ldstr "MyWord"
- //将"MyWord"压栈到参数0
- IL_0006: stloc.0
- //--------string空判断第一种方法 if (str1 == "") --------
- //将"MyWord"从参数0处加载到计算堆栈上
- IL_0007: ldloc.0
- //推送对元数据中存储的""字符串的新对象引用
- IL_0008: ldstr ""
- //通过System.String::op_Equality函数判断是否相等
- IL_000d: call bool [mscorlib]System.String::op_Equality(string,
- string)
- //将整数值 0 作为 int32 推送到计算堆栈上
- IL_0012: ldc.i4.0
- //ceq比较两个值。如果这两个值相等,则将整数值 1 (int32)推送到计算堆栈上;
- //否则,将 0 (int32) 推送到计算堆栈上。
- IL_0013: ceq
- //将true或者false的bool值弹出栈存到参数1去
- IL_0015: stloc.1
- //从参数1中加载数据到计算堆栈上去
- IL_0016: ldloc.1
- //如果 value 为 true、非空或非零,则将控制转移到目标指令(短格式)。
- //也就是if判断中如果结果为true的话,则运行内部代码
- IL_0017: brtrue.s IL_0019
- //--------string空判断第二种方法 if (str1 == string.Empty) --------
- IL_0019: ldloc.0
- //Ldsfld 将静态字段的值推送到计算堆栈上。
- IL_001a: ldsfld string [mscorlib]System.String::Empty
- IL_001f: call bool [mscorlib]System.String::op_Equality(string,
- string)
- IL_0024: ldc.i4.0
- IL_0025: ceq
- IL_0027: stloc.1
- IL_0028: ldloc.1
- IL_0029: brtrue.s IL_002b
- //--------string空判断第三种方法 if (str1!=null&&str1.Length == 0) --------
- IL_002b: ldloc.0
- //对象调用后期绑定方法,并且将返回值推送到计算堆栈上。<==> str1!=null
- IL_002c: brfalse.s IL_003c
- IL_002e: ldloc.0
- //调用系统函数获取长度
- IL_002f: callvirt instance int32 [mscorlib]System.String::get_Length()
- IL_0034: ldc.i4.0
- IL_0035: ceq
- IL_0037: ldc.i4.0
- IL_0038: ceq
- IL_003a: br.s IL_003d
- IL_003c: ldc.i4.1
- IL_003d: stloc.1
- IL_003e: ldloc.1
- IL_003f: brtrue.s IL_0041
- //--------string空判断第四种方法 if (string.IsNullOrEmpty(str1)) --------
- IL_0041: ldloc.0
- //直接调用系统System.String::IsNullOrEmpty(string)函数比对
- IL_0042: call bool [mscorlib]System.String::IsNullOrEmpty(string)
- IL_0047: ldc.i4.0
- IL_0048: ceq
- IL_004a: stloc.1
- IL_004b: ldloc.1
- IL_004c: brtrue.s IL_004e
- } // end of method Program::Main
4种方法的CIL分析
A.if (str1 == ""),在这里我们需要新构造一个""空字符,然后再调用System.String::op_Equality(string,string)函数对str1和空字符进行对比。
- //--------string空判断第一种方法 if (str1 == "") --------
- //将"MyWord"从参数0处加载到计算堆栈上
- IL_0007: ldloc.0
- //推送对元数据中存储的""字符串的新对象引用
- IL_0008: ldstr ""
- //通过System.String::op_Equality函数判断是否相等
- IL_000d: call bool [mscorlib]System.String::op_Equality(string,
- string)
- //将整数值 0 作为 int32 推送到计算堆栈上
- IL_0012: ldc.i4.0
- //ceq比较两个值。如果这两个值相等,则将整数值 1 (int32)推送到计算堆栈上;
- //否则,将 0 (int32) 推送到计算堆栈上。
- IL_0013: ceq
- //将true或者false的bool值弹出栈存到参数1去
- IL_0015: stloc.1
- //从参数1中加载数据到计算堆栈上去
- IL_0016: ldloc.1
- //如果 value 为 true、非空或非零,则将控制转移到目标指令(短格式)。
- //也就是if判断中如果结果为true的话,则运行内部代码
- IL_0017: brtrue.s IL_0019
B.if (str1 == string.Empty),在这里我们通过string [mscorlib]System.String::Empty加载一个CIL代码为.field public static initonly string Empty的静态字段,然后让str1和这个静态字段做比较System.String::op_Equality(string,string),以确定是否为空。
- //--------string空判断第二种方法 if (str1 == string.Empty) --------
- IL_0019: ldloc.0
- //Ldsfld 将静态字段的值推送到计算堆栈上。
- IL_001a: ldsfld string [mscorlib]System.String::Empty
- IL_001f: call bool [mscorlib]System.String::op_Equality(string,
- string)
- IL_0024: ldc.i4.0
- IL_0025: ceq
- IL_0027: stloc.1
- IL_0028: ldloc.1
- IL_0029: brtrue.s IL_002b
C.if (str1.Length == 0),在这里我们调用[mscorlib]System.String::get_Length()函数获取到字符串长度,然后这个长度和0相对比
- //--------string空判断第三种方法 if (str1!=null&&str1.Length == 0) --------
- IL_002b: ldloc.0
- //对象调用后期绑定方法,并且将返回值推送到计算堆栈上。<==> str1!=null
- IL_002c: brfalse.s IL_003c
- IL_002e: ldloc.0
- //调用系统函数获取长度
- IL_002f: callvirt instance int32 [mscorlib]System.String::get_Length()
- IL_0034: ldc.i4.0
- IL_0035: ceq
- IL_0037: ldc.i4.0
- IL_0038: ceq
- IL_003a: br.s IL_003d
- IL_003c: ldc.i4.1
- IL_003d: stloc.1
- IL_003e: ldloc.1
- IL_003f: brtrue.s IL_0041
D.if (string.IsNullOrEmpty(str1)),这种方式直接调用系统的System.String::IsNullOrEmpty(string)函数直接比对出结果。
- //--------string空判断第四种方法 if (string.IsNullOrEmpty(str1)) --------
- IL_0041: ldloc.0
- //直接调用系统System.String::IsNullOrEmpty(string)函数比对
- IL_0042: call bool [mscorlib]System.String::IsNullOrEmpty(string)
- IL_0047: ldc.i4.0
- IL_0048: ceq
- IL_004a: stloc.1
- IL_004b: ldloc.1
- IL_004c: brtrue.s IL_004e
性能分析
下面我们通过using System.Diagnostics;命名空间下的Stopwatch对象来计算这4种调用方式所消耗的大概时间。
请看cs代码如下:
- class Program
- {
- static void Main(string[] args)
- {
- //判断字符串是否为空
- string str1 = "MyWord";
- //第一种方法耗时计算
- Stopwatch sw1 = new Stopwatch();
- sw1.Start();
- if (str1 == "")
- ;
- sw1.Stop();
- //第二种方法耗时计算
- Stopwatch sw2 = new Stopwatch();
- sw2.Start();
- if (str1 == string.Empty)
- ;
- sw2.Stop();
- //第三种方法耗时计算
- Stopwatch sw3 = new Stopwatch();
- sw3.Start();
- if (str1!=null&&str1.Length == 0)
- ;
- sw3.Stop();
- //第四种方法耗时计算
- Stopwatch sw4 = new Stopwatch();
- sw4.Start();
- if (string.IsNullOrEmpty(str1))
- ;
- sw4.Stop();
- Console.WriteLine(@"if (str1 == "")的判断时间是:" + sw1.Elapsed);
- Console.WriteLine(@"if (str1 == string.Empty)的判断时间是:" + sw2.Elapsed);
- Console.WriteLine(@"if (str1!=null&&str1.Length == 0)的判断时间是:" + sw3.Elapsed);
- Console.WriteLine(@"if (string.IsNullOrEmpty(str1)) 的判断时间是:" + sw4.Elapsed);
- Console.ReadLine();
- }
然后我们需要看看结果如何,为了提高精确度,我们运行多次结果,然后就知道哪种方式的效率最高。
下面我们来看在我的电脑上的运行时间情况如下面的图所示:
然后我将这段代码发我一个朋友那里得到的运行情况如下图所示:
鉴于时间跨度太小,以及各种运行环境的不同,还有其他一些原因,对于结果和答案都有有所影响,所以上面的运行结果仅做参考。大家也可以将这段测试代码在自己的电脑上运行一下,看看究竟结果如何?
思考:这4种方法的效率究竟谁高谁低?应该如何排序?为什么形成这样的差异?
扩展阅读:
I.1第一种方法和第二种方法都会使用到一个System.String::op_Equality(string,string)方法,这个方法的CIL代码我们使用ILDASM查看mscorlib.dll文件即可:
- .method public hidebysig specialname static
- bool op_Equality(string a,
- string b) cil managed
- {
- // 代码大小 8 (0x8)
- .maxstack 8
- IL_0000: ldarg.0
- IL_0001: ldarg.1
- IL_0002: call bool System.String::Equals(string,
- string)
- IL_0007: ret
- } // end of method String::op_Equality
I.2上面这段IL代码内部调用了bool System.String::Equals(string,string)方法,这个方法的CIL代码如下:
- .method public hidebysig static bool Equals(string a,
- string b) cil managed
- {
- // 代码大小 22 (0x16)
- .maxstack 8
- IL_0000: ldarg.0
- IL_0001: ldarg.1
- IL_0002: bne.un.s IL_0006
- IL_0004: ldc.i4.1
- IL_0005: ret
- IL_0006: ldarg.0
- IL_0007: brfalse.s IL_000c
- IL_0009: ldarg.1
- IL_000a: brtrue.s IL_000e
- IL_000c: ldc.i4.0
- IL_000d: ret
- IL_000e: ldarg.0
- IL_000f: ldarg.1
- IL_0010: call bool System.String::EqualsHelper(string,
- string)
- IL_0015: ret
- } // end of method String::Equals
I.3上面这段IL代码内部调用了bool System.String::EqualsHelper(string, string) 方法,这个方法的CIL代码如下,其内部调用了多次int32 System.String::get_Length()函数:
- .method private hidebysig static bool EqualsHelper(string strA,
- string strB) cil managed
- {
- .custom instance void System.Security.SecuritySafeCriticalAttribute::.ctor() = ( 01 00 00 00 )
- .custom instance void System.Runtime.ConstrainedExecution.ReliabilityContractAttribute::.ctor(valuetype System.Runtime.ConstrainedExecution.Consistency,
- valuetype System.Runtime.ConstrainedExecution.Cer) = ( 01 00 03 00 00 00 01 00 00 00 00 00 )
- // 代码大小 199 (0xc7)
- .maxstack 3
- .locals init (int32 V_0,
- char& pinned V_1,
- char& pinned V_2,
- char* V_3,
- char* V_4,
- bool V_5)
- IL_0000: ldarg.0
- IL_0001: callvirt instance int32 System.String::get_Length()
- IL_0006: stloc.0
- IL_0007: ldloc.0
- IL_0008: ldarg.1
- IL_0009: callvirt instance int32 System.String::get_Length()
- IL_000e: beq.s IL_0012
- IL_0010: ldc.i4.0
- IL_0011: ret
- IL_0012: ldarg.0
- IL_0013: ldflda char System.String::m_firstChar
- IL_0018: stloc.1
- IL_0019: ldarg.1
- IL_001a: ldflda char System.String::m_firstChar
- IL_001f: stloc.2
- IL_0020: ldloc.1
- IL_0021: conv.i
- IL_0022: stloc.3
- IL_0023: ldloc.2
- IL_0024: conv.i
- IL_0025: stloc.s V_4
- IL_0027: br.s IL_0097
- IL_0029: ldloc.3
- IL_002a: ldind.i4
- IL_002b: ldloc.s V_4
- IL_002d: ldind.i4
- IL_002e: beq.s IL_0038
- IL_0030: ldc.i4.0
- IL_0031: stloc.s V_5
- IL_0033: leave IL_00c4
- IL_0038: ldloc.3
- IL_0039: ldc.i4.4
- IL_003a: conv.i
- IL_003b: add
- IL_003c: ldind.i4
- IL_003d: ldloc.s V_4
- IL_003f: ldc.i4.4
- IL_0040: conv.i
- IL_0041: add
- IL_0042: ldind.i4
- IL_0043: beq.s IL_004a
- IL_0045: ldc.i4.0
- IL_0046: stloc.s V_5
- IL_0048: leave.s IL_00c4
- IL_004a: ldloc.3
- IL_004b: ldc.i4.8
- IL_004c: conv.i
- IL_004d: add
- IL_004e: ldind.i4
- IL_004f: ldloc.s V_4
- IL_0051: ldc.i4.8
- IL_0052: conv.i
- IL_0053: add
- IL_0054: ldind.i4
- IL_0055: beq.s IL_005c
- IL_0057: ldc.i4.0
- IL_0058: stloc.s V_5
- IL_005a: leave.s IL_00c4
- IL_005c: ldloc.3
- IL_005d: ldc.i4.s 12
- IL_005f: conv.i
- IL_0060: add
- IL_0061: ldind.i4
- IL_0062: ldloc.s V_4
- IL_0064: ldc.i4.s 12
- IL_0066: conv.i
- IL_0067: add
- IL_0068: ldind.i4
- IL_0069: beq.s IL_0070
- IL_006b: ldc.i4.0
- IL_006c: stloc.s V_5
- IL_006e: leave.s IL_00c4
- IL_0070: ldloc.3
- IL_0071: ldc.i4.s 16
- IL_0073: conv.i
- IL_0074: add
- IL_0075: ldind.i4
- IL_0076: ldloc.s V_4
- IL_0078: ldc.i4.s 16
- IL_007a: conv.i
- IL_007b: add
- IL_007c: ldind.i4
- IL_007d: beq.s IL_0084
- IL_007f: ldc.i4.0
- IL_0080: stloc.s V_5
- IL_0082: leave.s IL_00c4
- IL_0084: ldloc.3
- IL_0085: ldc.i4.s 20
- IL_0087: conv.i
- IL_0088: add
- IL_0089: stloc.3
- IL_008a: ldloc.s V_4
- IL_008c: ldc.i4.s 20
- IL_008e: conv.i
- IL_008f: add
- IL_0090: stloc.s V_4
- IL_0092: ldloc.0
- IL_0093: ldc.i4.s 10
- IL_0095: sub
- IL_0096: stloc.0
- IL_0097: ldloc.0
- IL_0098: ldc.i4.s 10
- IL_009a: bge.s IL_0029
- IL_009c: br.s IL_00b5
- IL_009e: ldloc.3
- IL_009f: ldind.i4
- IL_00a0: ldloc.s V_4
- IL_00a2: ldind.i4
- IL_00a3: bne.un.s IL_00b9
- IL_00a5: ldloc.3
- IL_00a6: ldc.i4.4
- IL_00a7: conv.i
- IL_00a8: add
- IL_00a9: stloc.3
- IL_00aa: ldloc.s V_4
- IL_00ac: ldc.i4.4
- IL_00ad: conv.i
- IL_00ae: add
- IL_00af: stloc.s V_4
- IL_00b1: ldloc.0
- IL_00b2: ldc.i4.2
- IL_00b3: sub
- IL_00b4: stloc.0
- IL_00b5: ldloc.0
- IL_00b6: ldc.i4.0
- IL_00b7: bgt.s IL_009e
- IL_00b9: ldloc.0
- IL_00ba: ldc.i4.0
- IL_00bb: cgt
- IL_00bd: ldc.i4.0
- IL_00be: ceq
- IL_00c0: stloc.s V_5
- IL_00c2: leave.s IL_00c4
- IL_00c4: ldloc.s V_5
- IL_00c6: ret
- } // end of method String::EqualsHelper
II.1在第三种方法的CIL代码中我们调用了一次int32 [mscorlib]System.String::get_Length()函数.
III.1在第四种方法的CIL代码中调用了一次bool [mscorlib]System.String::IsNullOrEmpty(string)函数,此函数的CIL代码如下,它内部调用了一次System.String::get_Length()函数:
- .method public hidebysig static bool IsNullOrEmpty(string 'value') cil managed
- {
- // 代码大小 15 (0xf)
- .maxstack 8
- IL_0000: ldarg.0
- IL_0001: brfalse.s IL_000d
- IL_0003: ldarg.0
- IL_0004: callvirt instance int32 System.String::get_Length()
- IL_0009: ldc.i4.0
- IL_000a: ceq
- IL_000c: ret
- IL_000d: ldc.i4.1
- IL_000e: ret
- } // end of method String::IsNullOrEmpty