Linux shell编程学习实例与参数分析（二）

第三章 shell的输入和输出
1.echo    echo [option] string
            -e 解析转移字符
           -n 回车不换行，linux系统默认回车换行
            转移字符 \c \t \f \n
#!/bin/bash
#echo
echo -e "this echo's 3 newlne\n\n\n"
echo "OK"
echo
echo "this is echo's 3 ewline\n\n\n"
echo "this log file have all been done">mylogfile.txt
[test@szbirdora ~]$ sh echod.sh
this echo's 3 newlne

 

OK

this is echo's 3 ewline\n\n\n
上面可以看到有-e则可以解析转移字符，没有不能解析。echo空输出为空

2.read 可以从键盘或文件的某一行文本中读入信息，并将其赋给一个变量
read variable1 variable2
eg.
#!/bin/bash
#readname
echo -n "first name:"
read firstname
echo -n "last name:"
read lastname
echo "this name is $firstname $lastname"

3.cat        显示文件的内容，创建内容，还可以显示控制字符
            cat [options]filename1 filename2
                   -v   显示控制字符（Windows文件）
             cat命令不会分页显示，要分页可以采用more、less

4.管道|

5.tee     把输出的一个副本输送到标准输出，另一个副本拷贝到相应的文件中,一般与管道合用
              tee [options] files
              -a 在文件中追加
eg.
[test@szbirdora 1]$ echo |tee myfile

[test@szbirdora 1]$ cat myfile

将myfile文件置空

6.文件重定向
command>filename                                        ---覆盖输出
command>>filename                                      ---追加输出
command>filename>&1                                 ---把标准输出和标准错误重定向
command<<delimiter                                     ---输入直到delimiter分解符
command<filename                                       ----输入文件内容到命令
command<-                                                     --- 关闭标准输入
>nullfile.txt                                                       ---创建字节为0的文件
command1<filename>command3               ---按从左到右顺序执行
eg.
说明：myfile为空间
[test@szbirdora 1]$ df -lh>myfile
[test@szbirdora 1]$ cat myfile
Filesystem            Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/sda1              20G 3.3G   16G 18% /
none                  2.0G     0 2.0G   0% /dev/shm
/dev/sda2              79G   17G   59G 23% /u01
/dev/sda4              28G 3.9G   22G 15% /u02
[test@szbirdora 1]$ df -lh>myfile
[test@szbirdora 1]$ cat myfile
Filesystem            Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/sda1              20G 3.3G   16G 18% /
none                  2.0G     0 2.0G   0% /dev/shm
/dev/sda2              79G   17G   59G 23% /u01
/dev/sda4              28G 3.9G   22G 15% /u02
[test@szbirdora 1]$ df -lh>>myfile
[test@szbirdora 1]$ cat myfile
Filesystem            Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/sda1              20G 3.3G   16G 18% /
none                  2.0G     0 2.0G   0% /dev/shm
/dev/sda2              79G   17G   59G 23% /u01
/dev/sda4              28G 3.9G   22G 15% /u02
Filesystem            Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/sda1              20G 3.3G   16G 18% /
none                  2.0G     0 2.0G   0% /dev/shm
/dev/sda2              79G   17G   59G 23% /u01
/dev/sda4              28G 3.9G   22G 15% /u02
[test@szbirdora 1]$ cat >>myfile<<exit
> China
> Hubei
> Suizhou
> exit
[test@szbirdora 1]$ cat myfile
China
Hubei
Suizhou

7.exec        可以用来替代当前shell。现有任何环境变量都会清除

第四章 控制流结构
1.if语句
if 条件1
then
     命令1
elif 条件2
then
     命令2
else
     命令3
fi
------------------
if 条件
then 命令
fi
eg：
#!/bin/bash
#if test
#this is a comment line
if [ "10" -lt "12" ];then
#yes 10 is less than 12
echo "yes,10 is less than 12"
else
echo "no"
fi
注意：if语句必须以fi终止
   "10" 前一个空格，“12”后也有一个空格。这个条件都是通过test命令来指定。条件表达为test expression或者[expression]

条件表达式中的比较函数
man test
NAME
       test - check file types and compare values

SYNOPSIS
       test EXPRESSION
       [ EXPRESSION ]
       [ OPTION

DESCRIPTION
       Exit with the status determined by EXPRESSION.

       --help display this help and exit

       --version
              output version information and exit

       EXPRESSION is true or false and sets exit status. It is one of:

       ( EXPRESSION )
              EXPRESSION is true

       ! EXPRESSION
              EXPRESSION is false

       EXPRESSION1 -a EXPRESSION2
              both EXPRESSION1 and EXPRESSION2 are true

       EXPRESSION1 -o EXPRESSION2
              either EXPRESSION1 or EXPRESSION2 is true

       [-n] STRING
              the length of STRING is nonzero

       -z STRING
              the length of STRING is zero

       STRING1 = STRING2
              the strings are equal

       STRING1 != STRING2
               the strings are not equal

       INTEGER1 -eq INTEGER2
              INTEGER1 is equal to INTEGER2

       INTEGER1 -ge INTEGER2
              INTEGER1 is greater than or equal to INTEGER2

       INTEGER1 -gt INTEGER2
              INTEGER1 is greater than INTEGER2

       INTEGER1 -le INTEGER2
              INTEGER1 is less than or equal to INTEGER2

       INTEGER1 -lt INTEGER2
              INTEGER1 is less than INTEGER2

       INTEGER1 -ne INTEGER2
              INTEGER1 is not equal to INTEGER2

       FILE1 -ef FILE2
              FILE1 and FILE2 have the same device and inode numbers

       FILE1 -nt FILE2
              FILE1 is newer (modification date) than FILE2

       FILE1 -ot FILE2
              FILE1 is older than FILE2

       -b FILE
              FILE exists and is block special

       -c FILE
              FILE exists and is character special

       -d FILE
              FILE exists and is a directory

       -e FILE
              FILE exists

       -f FILE
              FILE exists and is a regular file
       -g FILE
              FILE exists and is set-group-ID

       -h FILE
              FILE exists and is a symbolic link (same as -L)

       -G FILE
              FILE exists and is owned by the effective group ID

       -k FILE
              FILE exists and has its sticky bit set

       -L FILE
              FILE exists and is a symbolic link (same as -h)

       -O FILE
              FILE exists and is owned by the effective user ID

       -p FILE
              FILE exists and is a named pipe

       -r FILE
              FILE exists and is readable

       -s FILE
              FILE exists and has a size greater than zero

       -S FILE
              FILE exists and is a socket

       -t [FD]
              file descriptor FD (stdout by default) is opened on a terminal

       -u FILE
              FILE exists and its set-user-ID bit is set

       -w FILE
              FILE exists and is writable

       -x FILE
             FILE exists and is executable

eg.
#!/bin/bash
#if test
#this is a comment line
echo "Enter your filename:"
read myfile
if [ -e $myfile ]
then
   if [ -s $myfile ];then
    echo "$myfile exist and size greater than zero"
   else
    echo "$myfile exist but size is zero"
   fi
else
echo "file no exist"
fi
[test@szbirdora 1]$ sh iftest.sh
Enter your filename:
11
11 exist but size is zero

2.case语句
case语句为多选择语句。
case 值 in
模式1）
    命令1
    ;;
模式2)
    命令2
    ;;
esac
eg.
#!/bin/bash
#case select
echo -n "enter a number from 1 to 3:"
read ans
case $ans in
1)
echo "you select 1"
;;
2)
echo "you select 2"
;;
3)
echo "you select 3"
;;
*)
echo "`basename $0`:this is not between 1 and 3">&2
exit;
;;
esac

3.for 循环
for循环一般格式：
for 变量名 in 列表 (列表以空格作为分割)
do
   命令1
   命令2
done

eg：
#!/bin/bash
#forlist1
for loop in 1 2 3 4 5
do
echo $loop
done

4.until循环
until 条件
do
   命令1
   命令2
   ...
done
条件测试发生在循环末尾，所以循环至少可以执行一次。

5.
while循环
while 命令 （可以是一个命令也可以是多个，做条件测试）
do
      命令1
      命令2
      ...
done
注意：如果从文件中读入变量<filename要放到done后

6.break和continue控制
break跳出，continue跳过